Union of Horodlo
Encyclopedia
The Union of Horodło or Pact of Horodło was a set of three acts signed in the town of Horodło on October 2, 1413. The first act was written by Jogaila
, King of Poland, and Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. The second and third acts were composed by the Lithuanian and Polish nobility (szlachta) respectively. The union amended the earlier Polish–Lithuanian unions of Krewo
and Vilnius–Radom. Politically, Lithuania received more autonomy as, after the death of Vytautas, the Lithuanian nobles could choose another Grand Duke instead of passing the title to Jogaila or his heir. However, culturally, Lithuania and Poland grew closer. Lithuania adopted Polish institutions of castellan
s and voivodes. Catholic Lithuanian nobles and church officials were granted equal rights with the Polish nobles and clergy. Forty-seven selected Lithuanian nobles were adopted by Polish families and granted Polish coats of arm
. Thus the union signified the beginnings of Polonization
of Lithuanian culture and the rise of the Lithuanian nobility. It was one of the major steps towards the modernization and Europeanization of Lithuania.
since the Union of Krewo
of 1385. Both countries were ruled by Jogaila. However, after the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)
and the Ostrów Agreement
, Vytautas gained the supreme power in Lithuania. The legal basis for Polish–Lithuanian relations was revisited by the Union of Vilnius and Radom of 1401, which reiterated de facto
Lithuanian independence and de jure
Polish supremacy. Vytautas was to be known by the title of Grand Duke (magnus dux) and enjoyed vast power in Lithuania, while technically he was subordinate to Jogaila, 'Greatest Duke' (supremus dux) and King of Poland. The union was signed after Vytautas' army was soundly defeated in the Battle of the Vorskla River
and weakened Lithuania was looking for Polish support. Taking advantage of the Lithuanian defeat, the Principality of Smolensk
, Veliky Novgorod
, and Pskov
rebelled against Lithuanian rule, drawing Vytautas into a war with the Grand Duchy of Moscow
. However, within a few years peace was re-established in the east.
In 1409, the second Samogitian uprising against the Teutonic Knights
escalated into the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. Joint Polish–Lithuanian forces defeated the Knights in the decisive Battle of Grunwald
in 1410. However, the war did not resolve all the disputes and by 1413 Poland–Lithuania was preparing for another war with the Knights (see Hunger War). These developments encouraged Poland and Lithuania to review their relationship.
. The Polish and Lithuanian nobles agreed to hold a joint general sejm
to discuss all major matters, but such a sejm did not take place until 1564. Nevertheless, it was a recognition of the political powers of the Lithuanian nobles.
The Lithuanian nobles and clergy were granted equal rights with the Polish nobility and clergy. However, this extended only to Catholics; many Ruthenia
n nobles, who were Eastern Orthodox, were excluded. Selected Lithuanian nobles, 47 in total, were adopted by Polish families and granted Polish coats of arm
. This symbolic gesture signified their desire to adopt Western customs and integrate into Western society. Equal rights encouraged cooperation and kinship between Polish and Lithuanian nobles. The influence of Polish culture continued to increase, culminating in the Union of Lublin
of 1569.
Another significant resolution was the adoption of Polish administrative divisions and offices like voivode and castellan
by Lithuania. The union created the Voivodeship of Trakai
and Vilnius
, governed by two Lithuanian nobles. Former Slavic principalities and duchies largely preserved their old political, social, and administrative features for another century. Kiev Voivodeship was established in 1471, another five voivodeships were established between 1504 and 1514. This administrative change signified the modernization of the Grand Duchy and a decline of traditional dynastic politics. Previously major regions of the Grand Duchy were ruled by members of the ruling dynasty (siblings, children, cousins, etc. of the Grand Duke). Such principalities remained semi-independent and their rulers could become powerful rivals of the Grand Duke with their own claims to the throne. The new voivodeships were governed by trustworthy nobles, unrelated to the royal clan, who could be easily replaced. Soon the nobility replaced members of the ruling dynasty as the driving force behind Lithuanian politics.
Jogaila
Jogaila, later 'He is known under a number of names: ; ; . See also: Jogaila : names and titles. was Grand Duke of Lithuania , king consort of Kingdom of Poland , and sole King of Poland . He ruled in Lithuania from 1377, at first with his uncle Kęstutis...
, King of Poland, and Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. The second and third acts were composed by the Lithuanian and Polish nobility (szlachta) respectively. The union amended the earlier Polish–Lithuanian unions of Krewo
Union of Krewo
In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or Act of Krėva was a set of prenuptial promises made in the Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in exchange for marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland...
and Vilnius–Radom. Politically, Lithuania received more autonomy as, after the death of Vytautas, the Lithuanian nobles could choose another Grand Duke instead of passing the title to Jogaila or his heir. However, culturally, Lithuania and Poland grew closer. Lithuania adopted Polish institutions of castellan
Castellan
A castellan was the governor or captain of a castle. The word stems from the Latin Castellanus, derived from castellum "castle". Also known as a constable.-Duties:...
s and voivodes. Catholic Lithuanian nobles and church officials were granted equal rights with the Polish nobles and clergy. Forty-seven selected Lithuanian nobles were adopted by Polish families and granted Polish coats of arm
Polish heraldry
Polish heraldry is a branch of heraldry focused on studying the development of coats of arms in the lands of historical Poland , as well as specifically-Polish traits of heraldry. The term is also used to refer to Polish heraldic system, as opposed to systems used elsewhere, notably in Western Europe...
. Thus the union signified the beginnings of Polonization
Polonization
Polonization was the acquisition or imposition of elements of Polish culture, in particular, Polish language, as experienced in some historic periods by non-Polish populations of territories controlled or substantially influenced by Poland...
of Lithuanian culture and the rise of the Lithuanian nobility. It was one of the major steps towards the modernization and Europeanization of Lithuania.
Historical background
Poland and Lithuania had been joined in a personal unionPersonal union
A personal union is the combination by which two or more different states have the same monarch while their boundaries, their laws and their interests remain distinct. It should not be confused with a federation which is internationally considered a single state...
since the Union of Krewo
Union of Krewo
In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or Act of Krėva was a set of prenuptial promises made in the Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in exchange for marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland...
of 1385. Both countries were ruled by Jogaila. However, after the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)
Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)
The Lithuanian Civil War of 1389–1392 was the second civil conflict between Jogaila, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his cousin Vytautas the Great. At issue was control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, then the largest state in Europe. Jogaila had been crowned King of Poland in...
and the Ostrów Agreement
Ostrów Agreement
The Ostrów or Astrava Agreement was a treaty between Jogaila , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his cousin Vytautas the Great, signed on August 4, 1392...
, Vytautas gained the supreme power in Lithuania. The legal basis for Polish–Lithuanian relations was revisited by the Union of Vilnius and Radom of 1401, which reiterated de facto
De facto
De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...
Lithuanian independence and de jure
De jure
De jure is an expression that means "concerning law", as contrasted with de facto, which means "concerning fact".De jure = 'Legally', De facto = 'In fact'....
Polish supremacy. Vytautas was to be known by the title of Grand Duke (magnus dux) and enjoyed vast power in Lithuania, while technically he was subordinate to Jogaila, 'Greatest Duke' (supremus dux) and King of Poland. The union was signed after Vytautas' army was soundly defeated in the Battle of the Vorskla River
Battle of the Vorskla River
The Battle of the Vorskla River was a great battle in the medieval history of Eastern Europe. It was fought on August 12, 1399, between the Tatars, under Edigu and Temur Qutlugh, and the armies of Tokhtamysh and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania...
and weakened Lithuania was looking for Polish support. Taking advantage of the Lithuanian defeat, the Principality of Smolensk
Principality of Smolensk
The Principality of Smolensk was a Kievan Rus' lordship from the eleventh to the fifteenth century...
, Veliky Novgorod
Veliky Novgorod
Veliky Novgorod is one of Russia's most historic cities and the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. It is situated on the M10 federal highway connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg. The city lies along the Volkhov River just below its outflow from Lake Ilmen...
, and Pskov
Pskov Republic
Pskov, known at various times as the Principality of Pskov or the Pskov Republic , was a medieval state on the south shore of Lake Pskov. The capital city, also named Pskov, was located at the southern end of the Peipus–Pskov Lake system at the southeast corner of Ugandi, about southwest of...
rebelled against Lithuanian rule, drawing Vytautas into a war with the Grand Duchy of Moscow
Grand Duchy of Moscow
The Grand Duchy of Moscow or Grand Principality of Moscow, also known in English simply as Muscovy , was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow, and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia....
. However, within a few years peace was re-established in the east.
In 1409, the second Samogitian uprising against the Teutonic Knights
Teutonic Knights
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem , commonly the Teutonic Order , is a German medieval military order, in modern times a purely religious Catholic order...
escalated into the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. Joint Polish–Lithuanian forces defeated the Knights in the decisive Battle of Grunwald
Battle of Grunwald
The Battle of Grunwald or 1st Battle of Tannenberg was fought on 15 July 1410, during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Jogaila and Grand Duke Vytautas , decisively defeated the Teutonic Knights, led...
in 1410. However, the war did not resolve all the disputes and by 1413 Poland–Lithuania was preparing for another war with the Knights (see Hunger War). These developments encouraged Poland and Lithuania to review their relationship.
Provisions
The treaty repeated the indissoluble character of the Polish–Lithuanian union while carefully balancing Polish and Lithuanian interests. The Lithuanians gained more autonomy as they received the right to elect a new Grand Duke after the death of Vytautas. The earlier Union of Vilnius and Radom stipulated that Lithuania would pass to Jogaila or his heir. However, the Lithuanian nobles promised to consult the Polish nobles when choosing a successor to Vytautas. The reverse was also true: the Polish nobles promised to consult with the Lithuanians when electing the next Polish King. The pact contained one of the first mentions of the Seimas of the Grand Duchy of LithuaniaSeimas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Seimas was an early parliament in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was active from 1445 to 1569, when it was officially abolished by the Union of Lublin. The Seimas was an irregular gathering of the Lithuanian nobility, called as needed by the Grand Duke or during an interregnum the Lithuanian...
. The Polish and Lithuanian nobles agreed to hold a joint general sejm
General sejm
The general sejm was the parliament of Poland for four centuries from the late 15th until the late 18th century.-Genesis:The power of early sejms grew during the period of Poland's fragmentation , when the power of individual rulers waned and that of various councils and wiece grew...
to discuss all major matters, but such a sejm did not take place until 1564. Nevertheless, it was a recognition of the political powers of the Lithuanian nobles.
The Lithuanian nobles and clergy were granted equal rights with the Polish nobility and clergy. However, this extended only to Catholics; many Ruthenia
Ruthenia
Ruthenia is the Latin word used onwards from the 13th century, describing lands of the Ancient Rus in European manuscripts. Its geographic and culturo-ethnic name at that time was applied to the parts of Eastern Europe. Essentially, the word is a false Latin rendering of the ancient place name Rus...
n nobles, who were Eastern Orthodox, were excluded. Selected Lithuanian nobles, 47 in total, were adopted by Polish families and granted Polish coats of arm
Polish heraldry
Polish heraldry is a branch of heraldry focused on studying the development of coats of arms in the lands of historical Poland , as well as specifically-Polish traits of heraldry. The term is also used to refer to Polish heraldic system, as opposed to systems used elsewhere, notably in Western Europe...
. This symbolic gesture signified their desire to adopt Western customs and integrate into Western society. Equal rights encouraged cooperation and kinship between Polish and Lithuanian nobles. The influence of Polish culture continued to increase, culminating in the Union of Lublin
Union of Lublin
The Union of Lublin replaced the personal union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy, since Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellons, remained childless after three marriages. In addition, the autonomy of Royal Prussia was...
of 1569.
Another significant resolution was the adoption of Polish administrative divisions and offices like voivode and castellan
Castellan
A castellan was the governor or captain of a castle. The word stems from the Latin Castellanus, derived from castellum "castle". Also known as a constable.-Duties:...
by Lithuania. The union created the Voivodeship of Trakai
Trakai Voivodeship
Trakai Voivodeship, Trakai Palatinate, or Troki Voivodeship , was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1413 until 1795.-History:...
and Vilnius
Vilnius Voivodeship
The Vilnius Voivodeship was one of voivodeships in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, created in 1413, from the Duchy of Lithuania and neighbouring lands.- Geography and administrative division :...
, governed by two Lithuanian nobles. Former Slavic principalities and duchies largely preserved their old political, social, and administrative features for another century. Kiev Voivodeship was established in 1471, another five voivodeships were established between 1504 and 1514. This administrative change signified the modernization of the Grand Duchy and a decline of traditional dynastic politics. Previously major regions of the Grand Duchy were ruled by members of the ruling dynasty (siblings, children, cousins, etc. of the Grand Duke). Such principalities remained semi-independent and their rulers could become powerful rivals of the Grand Duke with their own claims to the throne. The new voivodeships were governed by trustworthy nobles, unrelated to the royal clan, who could be easily replaced. Soon the nobility replaced members of the ruling dynasty as the driving force behind Lithuanian politics.
Adopted Polish coat of arms
| Arms Coat of arms A coat of arms is a unique heraldic design on a shield or escutcheon or on a surcoat or tabard used to cover and protect armour and to identify the wearer. Thus the term is often stated as "coat-armour", because it was anciently displayed on the front of a coat of cloth... |
Clan Polish clans Polish clans differ from most clan systems in that while they are mostly composed of families sharing male-line origin there can also be some genealogically unrelated families bearing the same coat of arms and clan name because of a formal adoption upon ennoblement or sometimes because of a... |
Polish representative | Lithuanian representative |
|---|---|---|---|
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Abdank | Piotr of Widawa Widawa The Widawa is a river in Poland, a right-bank tributary of the Oder River. Towns along the Widawa include Namysłów, Bierutów, and Psie Pole.... (Judge of Sieradz Sieradz Sieradz is a town on the Warta river in central Poland with 44,326 inhabitants . It is situated in the Łódź Voivodship , but was previously the eponymous capital of the Sieradz Voivodship , and historically one of the minor duchies in Greater Poland.It is one of the oldest towns in Poland,... ), Jakub of Rogoźno Rogozno Rogoźno is a town in Poland, in Greater Poland Voivodeship, about 40 km north of Poznań. Its population is 11,337 . It is the seat of the administrative district called Gmina Rogoźno.... |
Jonas Goštautas Jonas Goštautas Jonas Gostautas or Goštautas was a Lithuanian nobleman from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the Goštautai noble family, a politician and skillful land owner... (Jan Gasztołd) |
| Bogorya | Marek of Nakola | Stanisław Visgintas (Wyszygin) | |
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Ciołek | Stanisław of Brzeża (?) | Jan Eiviltas (Ewild) |
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Dębno | Dobiesław of Oleśnica Olesnica Oleśnica is a town in the Trzebnickie Hills in southwestern Poland with 36,951 inhabitants . It is situated in Lower Silesian Voivodeship... (Castellan Castellan A castellan was the governor or captain of a castle. The word stems from the Latin Castellanus, derived from castellum "castle". Also known as a constable.-Duties:... of Wojnicz Wojnicz Wojnicz is a town in Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship.The Battle of Wojnicz took place here on September 23, 1655, against Sweden.- People :* Sebastian Lubomirski* Jan Wielopolski the elder* Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski* Chaim Kreiswirth, rabbi... ) |
Albrecht Kareiva (Korewa) of Sowgotsko |
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Doliwa | Maciej Kot (Castellan of Nakielsk), Janusz Furman (Castelllan of Międzyrzec), Piotr of Falkowa |
Naczko |
| Dołęga | Unknown | Mantvilas (Monstywild) | |
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Drya | Janusz of Tuliszków Tuliszków Tuliszków is a town in Turek County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 3,406 inhabitants . It was also home to the first Jewish Ghetto established by Nazi Germany during the World War II. The walls for the ghetto were estimated to have been raised in December 1939, or January 1940.... (Castellan of Kalisz Kalisz Kalisz is a city in central Poland with 106,857 inhabitants , the capital city of the Kalisz Region. Situated on the Prosna river in the southeastern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship, the city forms a conurbation with the nearby towns of Ostrów Wielkopolski and Nowe Skalmierzyce... ) |
Mikołaj Tautgirdas (Tawtygierd) |
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Działosza | Unknown | Wołczko Rokutowicz |
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Gierałt | Mikołaj of Gorzków Gmina Gorzków Gmina Gorzków is a rural gmina in Krasnystaw County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Gorzków, which lies approximately south-west of Krasnystaw and south-east of the regional capital Lublin.... (Bishop of Vilnius) |
Surgintas (Surgut) Reszyński |
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Godziemba | Andrzej of Lubraniec Lubraniec Lubraniec is a town in Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 3,235 inhabitants .... (Judge of Kujawy), Andrzej (Pastor of Włocławek) |
Stanisław Butautas (Butowtowicz) |
| Gryf | Unknown | Butautas (Butowd) | |
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Grzymała | Domarat of Kobylan (Castellan of Biecz Biecz Biecz is a town and municipality in southeastern Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Gorlice County. It is in the Carpathian Mountains, in the Doły Jasielsko Sanockie, by the Ropa River... ) |
Jan Rimvydas (Rymwidowicz) |
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Janina | Maciej (Bishop of Przemyśl), Mikołaj of Suchodół (Judge of Lublin Lublin Lublin is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 . Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river... ), Piotr of Tura (Judge of Łęczyca) |
Wojsym Danejkowicz (Danis?) |
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Jastrzębiec | Wojciech (Bishop of Kraków), Marcin of Lubnica |
Nirmedas (Nemir) (Starost of Polotsk) |
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Jelita | Klemens of Mokrsko Gmina Mokrsko Gmina Mokrsko is a rural gmina in Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Mokrsko, which lies approximately south-west of Wieluń and south-west of the regional capital Łódź.... (Castellan of Radom Radom Radom is a city in central Poland with 223,397 inhabitants . It is located on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Voivodeship , having previously been the capital of Radom Voivodeship ; 100 km south of Poland's capital, Warsaw.It is home to the biennial Radom Air Show, the largest and... ), Florian of Korytnicy Gmina Korytnica Gmina Korytnica is a rural gmina in Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Korytnica, which lies approximately 11 kilometres west of Węgrów and 60 km north-east of Warsaw.... (Castellan of Wiślica Wislica Wiślica is a village in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Wiślica. It lies on the Nida River, approximately south of Busko-Zdrój and south of the regional capital Kielce... ) |
Girdutis (Gierdut) |
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Kopacz | Unknown | Getautas (Getowd) |
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Korczak | Unknown | Czupa |
| Kot Morski | Unknown | Vaišnoras Vilgailaitis (Wojsnar Wilkolewicz) | |
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Leliwa | Jan of Tarnów (Voivode of Kraków), Jadwiga of Leżenic |
Manvydas (Moniwid) (Voivode of Vilnius) |
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Lis | Krystyn of Kozichgłówy (Castellan of Sącz Stary Sacz Stary Sącz - is a town in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, seat of the municipality Stary Sącz. It's a one of the oldest towns in Poland, founded in 13th century.- Geography :... ) |
Jan Sangailas (Sunigajło) (Castellan of Trakai Trakai Trakai is a historic city and lake resort in Lithuania. It lies 28 km west of Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Because of its proximity to Vilnius, Trakai is a popular tourist destination. Trakai is the administrative centre of Trakai district municipality. The town covers 11.52 km2 of... ) |
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Łodzia | Mościc of Stęszew Steszew Stęszew is a town in Poland, with 5,248 inhabitants in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodship.-References:Location [edit]... (Castellan of Poznań Poznan Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be... ) |
Mikusz Wilczkowicz |
| Łabędź | Dziersław of Skrzynna ? | Gelgantas (Goligunt) | |
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Nałęcz | Sędziwoj of Ostroroga (Voivode of Poznań), Mikołaj of Czarnków Czarnków Czarnków is a town in Poland in Czarnków-Trzcianka County in Greater Poland Voivodeship, previously in Piła Voivodeship . It has 12,000 inhabitants.The town lies on the Noteć river... (Judge of Poznan) |
Koczan |
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Nowina | Mikołaj of Sepna | Mikołaj Beinoras (Boynar) |
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Odrowąż | Jan of Szczekociny Szczekociny Szczekociny is a town in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, with 4,115 inhabitants . The Battle of Szczekociny was fought near the town on June 6, 1794 during the Kościuszko Uprising.-Jewish population of Szczekociny:... (Castellan of Lublin Lublin Lublin is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 . Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river... ) |
Visgirdas (Wyszegerd) |
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Ogończyk | Wojciech of Kościola (Castellan of Brzeg Brzeg Brzeg is a town in southwestern Poland with 38,496 inhabitants , situated in Silesia in the Opole Voivodeship on the left bank of the Oder... ), Mikołaj of Taczów Taczów Taczów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakrzew, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Radom and south of Warsaw.-References:... |
Jerzy Sangraw (Sungaila) |
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Oksza | Mikołaj of Strzelc (Judge of Sandomierz Sandomierz Sandomierz is a city in south-eastern Poland with 25,714 inhabitants . Situated in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship , previously in Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship . It is the capital of Sandomierz County . Sandomierz is known for its Old Town, a major tourist attraction... ), Klemens Wątróbka of Strzelc |
Minmantas (Minimod) Sesnikowicz |
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Ossorya | Mikołaj of Korabiowic | Tvirbutas (Twerbut) |
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Paprzyca | Unknown | Mažtautas (Mosztołd) |
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Pierzchała | Piotr of Włoszczowa (Castellan of Dobrzyn) | Daukšas (Dauksza) |
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Pobóg | Jakub Koniecpolski (Voivode of Sieradz), Piotr of Kozłow |
Ralo |
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Pomian | Jan Pella (Bishop of Włocławek) | Stanisław Sak |
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Poraj | Micał of Michałow (Voivode of Sandomierz), Jaka (Judge of Kalisz Kalisz Kalisz is a city in central Poland with 106,857 inhabitants , the capital city of the Kalisz Region. Situated on the Prosna river in the southeastern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship, the city forms a conurbation with the nearby towns of Ostrów Wielkopolski and Nowe Skalmierzyce... ) |
Mikołaj Bilminas (Bylimin) |
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Półkozic | Jan of Rzeszów Rzeszów Rzeszów is a city in southeastern Poland with a population of 179,455 in 2010. It is located on both sides of the Wisłok River, in the heartland of the Sandomierska Valley... (Bishop of Lviv), Jan Ligęza of Bobrku (Voivode of Łęczyca), Micha of Bogumiłowice (Castellan of Sandomierz Sandomierz Sandomierz is a city in south-eastern Poland with 25,714 inhabitants . Situated in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship , previously in Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship . It is the capital of Sandomierz County . Sandomierz is known for its Old Town, a major tourist attraction... ), Jan of Bogumiłowice (Castellan of Czchów Czchów Czchów is a town in Brzesko County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,205 inhabitants .... ), Paweł of Bogumiłowice (Judge of Kraków), Marcin of Wrocimowice Marcin of Wrocimowice Marcin of Wrocimowice was a Polish knight and diplomat from the Półkozic clan.He served as Starosta of Łowicz and as Standard-Bearer of the Territory of Kraków... (Chorąży Chorąży Chorąży or Khorunzhyi is a military rank in Poland, Ukraine and some neighboring countries. A chorąży was once a knight who bore a standard — the emblem of an armed troop, a province , a land , a duchy, or the kingdom... of Kraków) |
Wołczko Kovaldas (Kukwa) |
| Rawicz | Krystyn of Ostrów Ostrów Ostrów is a Polish name for a river island. It appears in many Polish toponyms:* Ostrów Lubelski, a town in Lublin Voivodship * Ostrów Mazowiecka, a town in Masovian Voivodship... (Castellan of Kraków), Grot of Jankowice (Castellan of Małogojszcz) |
Mingailas (Minigajło, then Minigał) (Castellan of Vilnius) | |
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Rola | Jan of Łąkoszyn (Castellan of Łęczyca), Mikołaj of ... |
Danguolis (Dangel) |
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Sulima | Stanisław Gamrat of Klimuntowic (Castellan of Połaniec) | Radvilas (Rodywił-Radziwił(ł)), then Radziwił(ł)owicz |
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Syrokomla | Jakub of Kurdwanowa (Bishop of Płock) | Jonas Mingailis (Jan Minigel) |
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Szreniawa | Jan of Łańcuchów and Grodziny (Castellan of Zawichost Zawichost Zawichost is a small town in Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland. It is located by the Vistula River in southern Poland, near Sandomierz.... ) |
Jotautas (Jadat) |
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Świnka | Unknown | Andrzej Daukantas (Dewknotowicz) |
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Topór | Maciej of Wąsosz Wasosz Wąsosz is a town in Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district called Gmina Wąsosz. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany.... (Voivode of Kalisz) |
Jonas Butrimas (Jan Butrym) of Żyrmonów |
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Trąby | Mikołaj Trąba (Archbishop of Gniezno) | Kristinas Astikas Kristinas Astikas Kristinas Astikas was a leading Lithuanian noble and statesman of the Astikai family. Kristinas was a supporter and a companion of Vytautas the Great, his brother Sigismund Kestutaitis and nephew Casimir Jagiellon, he became the Castellan of Vilnius in 1419.Kristinas is mentioned in 1389 in the... (Ościk) |
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Trzaska | Unknown | Vaidilas (Wojdyło) Kuszulowicz |
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Wadwicz | Jan Mężyk of Dąbrowy | Piotr Mantgirdas (Montygerd, then Montygerdowicz) |
| Wąż | Unknown | Koczan Sukowicz | |
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Zadora | Zbigniew of Brzezia (Crown Marshall) | Jaunutis Valimantaitis (Jawnuta Wolimuntowicz), Voivode of Trakai (from his yonger brother Mykolas Kęsgaila Mykolas Kesgaila Mykolas Kęsgaila ValimantaitisMykolas is Christian given name, Kęsgaila is pagan given name, and Valimantaitis is patronymic used as last name. His sons used Kęsgaila as their last name. was a Lithuanian nobleman from Deltuva. He established the Kęsgailos family in Samogitia, where their power... the Kęsgailos Kesgailos Kęsgailos was a Lithuanian noble family, one of the biggest landowners in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The family traces its roots to the 14th century AD . Their seat was in the Samogitia and Trakai regions... family descended) |
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Zaremba | Jan of Królików Królików Królików is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grodziec, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Grodziec, south-west of Konin, and south-east of the regional capital Poznań.The village has a population of... (Castellan of Gniezno), Marcin of Kalinów (Castelan of Sieradz Sieradz Sieradz is a town on the Warta river in central Poland with 44,326 inhabitants . It is situated in the Łódź Voivodship , but was previously the eponymous capital of the Sieradz Voivodship , and historically one of the minor duchies in Greater Poland.It is one of the oldest towns in Poland,... ) |
Gintas (Ginet) Konczewicz |