Ujani dam
Encyclopedia
Ujjani Dam, also known as Bhima Dam or Bhima Irrigation Project, on the Bhima River, a tributary of the Krishna River, is an earthfill cum Masonry gravity dam located near Ujjani village of Madha Taluk in Solapur district
of the state of Maharashtra
in India
.
The Bhima River, which originates in Bhimshankar of the Western Ghats
, and forms the Bhima Valley with its tributary rivers and streams, has 22 dams built on it of which the Ujjani Dam is the terminal dam on the river and is the largest in the valley that intercepts a catchment area of 14858 km² (5,736.7 sq mi) (which includes a free catchment of 9766 km² (3,770.7 sq mi)). The construction of the dam project including the canal system on both banks was started in 1969 at an initial estimated cost of Rs
400 million and when completed in June 1980 the cost incurred was of the order of Rs 3295.85 million.
The reservoir created by the 56.4 m (185 ft) high earth cum concrete gravity dam on the Bhima River has a gross storage capacity of 3320 km³ (796.5 cu mi). The annual utilization is 2410 km³ (578.2 cu mi). The project provides multipurpose benefits of irrigation, hydroelectric power, drinking and industrial water supply and fisheries development. The irrigation supplies benefit 500 km² (193.1 sq mi) of agricultural land, particularly in the Solapur district. Water supplied from the reservoir to irrigate agricultural areas primarily aims to reduce incidence of famines and scarcity during drought conditions. The reservoir operation also lessens threat due floods to cities such as Pandharpur
(an important religious pilgrimage centre) for the Hindus. As a result of irrigation facilities, some of the important crops grown under irrigated conditions are sugarcane, wheat, millet and cotton.
) at Narsingpur in Solapur district. Bhima River Basin has many tributaries of which the major ones are the Kundali River
, Kumandala River, Ghod river
, Bhama River, Indrayani River
, Mula River
, Mutha River
, Pavna River, Bori, Sina, Man, Bhogwati and Nira
. The total drainage area of 48631 km² (18,776.5 sq mi) of Bhima River basin, an inter state river basin, covers both Maharashtra (75%) and Karnataka
(25 %) states, out of which 14858 km² (5,736.7 sq mi) drains into the Ujjani Reservoir created by the Ujjani Dam. The Upper Bhima River basin is subdivided into three zones namely northern, middle and southern, the main stem of the river is in the middle zone where the Bhima Dam is built, while the southern zone is dominated by five reservoirs. The basin above the dam has intense rural, agricultural, urban and industrial activities. The river basin, which has a slope from west to east has extreme physiographic
and agro-climatic variations. The drainage basin has rich and fertile agricultural land, and several water resources development projects have been built on its river system. Government of Maharashtra has classified the stretches of the Upper Bhima River for the purpose of various uses as, A-I for drinking water without conventional treatment but after disinfection, A-II Drinking water after conventional treatment followed by disinfection, A-III for fish and wildlife propagation and A-IV for agriculture, industrial cooling and process. The dam and the reservoir are approachable from Pune city
, which is 160 km (99.4 mi) away. The dam is about 5 mi (8 km) upstream of the bridge across the Bhima River on the Pune-Sholapur Road.
ic rock formations.
As a result of reservoir submergence, realignment of railway line (of the Dhound Solapur
section) to a length of 33.251 km (20.7 mi), realignment of National Highway No. 9 between Pune and Solapur sector over a length of 23.4 km (14.5 mi), and the State Highway between Tembhurni and Karmala
to the extent of 15.35 km (9.5 mi) was involved.
Two years after commissioning of the project, the reservoir water quality was tested to establish its suitability for various uses. The physical and chemical analysis indicated that the pH
values, free carbon dioxide, total hardness, alkalinity, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, sulphates, calcium and magnesium were within prescribed limits. Heavy metals, copper and lead were not present. However, during the rainy season, the iron content though high, was found to be within permissible limits. Potassium
and ammonia
were within prescribed safe limits of acceptance for use of stored water for drinking, industrial use and for fish propagation. However, since its creation in 1980, it is now recorded that substantial quantity of the untreated sewage is discharged into the streams which flow into the Ujjani Reservoir, particularly in the river stretch close to the Pune city.
The reservoir created by the Ujjani dam is also one of the largest wetlands in Asia
, known as the Bhadalwadi Lake. Since its creation in 1980, the reservoir backwaters attract, every year, a large number of migratory birds (from North India
and other countries); about 100–150 species of flamingo
s and cormorants are reported. The migratory bird species in the Ujjani reservoir have been studied by the Science and Technology Park (STP), a Pune based institution, who have recommended to the Ministry of Environment and Forests that the reservoir be recognized as a "Wetland of International Importance" under the Ramsar Convention
in view of the wetland recording 384 aqua fauna species including 112 species of birds out of which 11 are under the IUCN category of threatened species
. There are 166 species of vertebrates, 182 invertebrates and 23 genera of phytoplankton
. Some of the key species which measure to the international status of this wetland are: Greater Flamingo
s, Pheasant-tailed Jacana
, Painted Stork
, moorhen
, Small Pratincole, river terns
, aquatic insects, Pied kingfisher
and Stilts
.
The storage created by the Ujjani Dam has resulted in the irrigation of 500 km² (193.1 sq mi), particularly in Solapur district, resulting in doubling the yield of jowar (millet) and tripling the yield of groundnut
. Farmers management organizations set up in the command area of the project are an important component of equitable distribution of irrigation under the rotational irrigation water management practice followed in the command. The irrigation component of the Ujjani Dam project was co-financed by IFAD
and the World Bank
with specific objective to enhance the social and economic conditions of the Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribe people in the command.
, 915 m (3,002 ft) below the Ujjani Dam to control the lower pond for operation during the pumping mode. A penstock pipe of 3.2 m (10.5 ft) diameter (12 mm (0.47244094488189 in) thick) and 70 m (229.7 ft) length embedded in the dam diverts the flow of 44 m3/s from a gate controlled trash racks (15 panels) covered intake into the powerhouse. The lower pond in the pumped storage scheme of operation was built initially itself, soon after commissioning of the dam. The power plant is reported to be providing benefits since then. However, the power generation estimated initially at 105 GWh was expected to reduce to 21 GWh, as water was utilized for irrigation through the RBC and LBC canal systems.
Solapur District
- Solapur District is a district in Maharashtra state of India. The city of Solapur is the district headquarters. It is located on the south east edge of the state and lies entirely in the Bhima and Seena basins. The entire district is drained by the Bhima River.Solapur district leads in beedi...
of the state of Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India...
in India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
.
The Bhima River, which originates in Bhimshankar of the Western Ghats
Western Ghats
The Western Ghats, Western Ghauts or the Sahyādri is a mountain range along the western side of India. It runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The Western Ghats block rainfall to the Deccan...
, and forms the Bhima Valley with its tributary rivers and streams, has 22 dams built on it of which the Ujjani Dam is the terminal dam on the river and is the largest in the valley that intercepts a catchment area of 14858 km² (5,736.7 sq mi) (which includes a free catchment of 9766 km² (3,770.7 sq mi)). The construction of the dam project including the canal system on both banks was started in 1969 at an initial estimated cost of Rs
Rupee
The rupee is the common name for the monetary unit of account in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan, Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, and formerly in Burma, and Afghanistan. Historically, the first currency called "rupee" was introduced in the 16th century...
400 million and when completed in June 1980 the cost incurred was of the order of Rs 3295.85 million.
The reservoir created by the 56.4 m (185 ft) high earth cum concrete gravity dam on the Bhima River has a gross storage capacity of 3320 km³ (796.5 cu mi). The annual utilization is 2410 km³ (578.2 cu mi). The project provides multipurpose benefits of irrigation, hydroelectric power, drinking and industrial water supply and fisheries development. The irrigation supplies benefit 500 km² (193.1 sq mi) of agricultural land, particularly in the Solapur district. Water supplied from the reservoir to irrigate agricultural areas primarily aims to reduce incidence of famines and scarcity during drought conditions. The reservoir operation also lessens threat due floods to cities such as Pandharpur
Pandharpur
Pandharpur is an important pilgrimage city on the Bhimā river in Solāpur district, Maharashtra, India. The Vithoba temple attracts about half a million Hindu pilgrims during the major yātrā in the month of Ashadh ....
(an important religious pilgrimage centre) for the Hindus. As a result of irrigation facilities, some of the important crops grown under irrigated conditions are sugarcane, wheat, millet and cotton.
Geography
The Bhima River on which the Ujjani Dam has been built rises from Bhimshankar hills in the Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri hill range. The river flows for a length of 725 km (450.5 mi) till it meets the Krishna River (one of the two major river systems in Maharashtra, the other being the Godavari RiverGodavari River
The Godavari is a river that runs from western to southern India and is considered to be one of the big river basins in India. With a length of 1465 km, it is the second longest river in India , that runs within the country and also the longest river in South India...
) at Narsingpur in Solapur district. Bhima River Basin has many tributaries of which the major ones are the Kundali River
Kundali River
Kundali River is a river originating in the Kundali Hills of the Western Ghats in the state of Maharashtra and flowing into the Upper Bhima River Basin...
, Kumandala River, Ghod river
Ghod River
Ghod River is located in Pune District, Maharashtra, western India. It is a tributary of the Bhima River. The Ghod originates on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats at above sea level. It flows in an east-southeast direction for approximately before its confluence with the Bhima...
, Bhama River, Indrayani River
Indrayani River
The Indrayani river originates near Lonavla, a hill station on the Mumbai-Pune highway. Fed by rain, it flows east from there to meet the Bhima river, through the religious villages of Dehu and Alandi, and north of Pune....
, Mula River
Mula River (India)
Mula is a tributary of the Bhima River in Deccan India. It passes through the towns of Pune and Khadki. Biologists have recorded 108 species of fish, 102 flowering plant species, 130 bird species in and around the river and surrounding areas...
, Mutha River
Mutha River
The Mutha is a river in western Maharashtra, India.It arises in the western ghats and flows eastward until in merges with the Mula River in the city of Pune...
, Pavna River, Bori, Sina, Man, Bhogwati and Nira
Nira River
Nira is a river flowing through the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is a tributary of Bhima river and flows through Pune and Solapur districts of Maharashtra. Karha is a tributary of Nira....
. The total drainage area of 48631 km² (18,776.5 sq mi) of Bhima River basin, an inter state river basin, covers both Maharashtra (75%) and Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava...
(25 %) states, out of which 14858 km² (5,736.7 sq mi) drains into the Ujjani Reservoir created by the Ujjani Dam. The Upper Bhima River basin is subdivided into three zones namely northern, middle and southern, the main stem of the river is in the middle zone where the Bhima Dam is built, while the southern zone is dominated by five reservoirs. The basin above the dam has intense rural, agricultural, urban and industrial activities. The river basin, which has a slope from west to east has extreme physiographic
Physical geography
Physical geography is one of the two major subfields of geography. Physical geography is that branch of natural science which deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere, as opposed to the cultural or built environment, the...
and agro-climatic variations. The drainage basin has rich and fertile agricultural land, and several water resources development projects have been built on its river system. Government of Maharashtra has classified the stretches of the Upper Bhima River for the purpose of various uses as, A-I for drinking water without conventional treatment but after disinfection, A-II Drinking water after conventional treatment followed by disinfection, A-III for fish and wildlife propagation and A-IV for agriculture, industrial cooling and process. The dam and the reservoir are approachable from Pune city
Pune
Pune , is the eighth largest metropolis in India, the second largest in the state of Maharashtra after Mumbai, and the largest city in the Western Ghats. Once the centre of power of the Maratha Empire, it is situated 560 metres above sea level on the Deccan plateau at the confluence of the Mula ...
, which is 160 km (99.4 mi) away. The dam is about 5 mi (8 km) upstream of the bridge across the Bhima River on the Pune-Sholapur Road.
Climate
The basin experiences tropical monsoon climatic conditions. The rainfall is dictated by the southwest monsoon, which varies from 6000 millimetre (from South to North) near the North–South trending mountain range of the basin but drastically drops to 700 mm (27.6 in) within a distance of 70 km (43.5 mi) towards the east. The average annual precipitation of the basin above the dam in the Upper Bhima River Basin (UBB) has been assessed as 1096 mm (43.1 in) out of which 945 mm (37.2 in) (87%) occurs during the four monsoon months (mid June to mid September). Thereafter, the basin falls under the rain shadow area towards east with rainfall incidence ranging between 450 millimetre and is thus under drought conditions quite frequently.Hydrology
Based on rainfall data and other characteristics of the basin, the average annual yield of the Upper Bhima River basin has been assessed as 7373 km³ (1,768.9 cu mi). Since the Bhima River which is a major tributary of the Krishna River is an interstate river, the flows are shared by the Upper riparian state of Maharashtra with the lower riparian Karnataka state. The Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal, in its award of 1976 permitted Maharashtra to use only 4753 km³ (1,140.3 cu mi) from the Upper Bhima River Basin. The Bhima or Ujjani dam has planned annual utilization of 1878 km³ (450.6 cu mi) (including evaporation losses).Features
The Ujjani Dam commissioned in June 1980 is an earth cum concrete masonry dam, which has created a multipurpose reservoir. The total length of the dam is 2534 m (8,313.6 ft), which comprises a central portion which is the spillway dam of 602 m (1,975.1 ft) length, of concrete gravity section of 56.4 m (185 ft) (maximum height above the deepest foundation level). The spillway is flanked by Non Overflow (NOF) concrete gravity dams of 314 m (1,030.2 ft) length. Earth dam sections flank the NOF dams on the left and right banks. The volume content of the dams is 3320 km³ (796.5 cu mi). The gross storage capacity created is 3320 km³ (796.5 cu mi) at the Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of 497.58 m (1,632.5 ft). The spillway, structure has an Ogee shaped downstream slope designed to dispose a design flood discharge of 15717 m3/s (the maximum probable flood discharge of 18013 m3/s and a breaching section is provided between the NOF block and the earth dam section, controlled by 41 radial gates of 12 m (39.4 ft)x6.5 m (21.3 ft) size erected over the crest of the dam. In addition, four river sluices (gate controlled) are also provided in the body of the spillway pier numbers 3, 4, 5 and 6 with outlet level at 470 m (1,542 ft), with each sluice designed for a discharge capacity of 60 m3/s for silt flushing. The energy dissipation arrangements on the downstream slope of the spillway is in the form of high level and low level slotted roller bucket type. Measuring instruments have been installed in the body of the dam to record and analyse various parameters related to the behaviour of the dam over the years as part of the dam safety programme The dam is founded on massive basaltBasalt
Basalt is a common extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually grey to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet. It may be porphyritic containing larger crystals in a fine matrix, or vesicular, or frothy scoria. Unweathered basalt is black or grey...
ic rock formations.
Reservoir
The reservoir created by the dam has a water spread area of 357 km² (137.8 sq mi) at the High Flood Level (HFL) and 336.5 km² (129.9 sq mi) at Full Reservoir Level causing submergence of land and houses in 82 villages. The reservoir stretches upstream of the dam to a length of 134 km (83.3 mi), and the maximum width of the reservoir is 8 km (5 mi). The rim of the reservoir periphery measures 670 km (416.3 mi).As a result of reservoir submergence, realignment of railway line (of the Dhound Solapur
Solapur
Solapur is a city in South Western Maharashtra, India governed by municipal corporation.Solapur is one of the four districts that form the region of Western Maharashtra . It is the fourth largest district in Maharashtra in terms of land area and seventh largest in terms of population...
section) to a length of 33.251 km (20.7 mi), realignment of National Highway No. 9 between Pune and Solapur sector over a length of 23.4 km (14.5 mi), and the State Highway between Tembhurni and Karmala
Karmala
Karmala is a city and a municipal council in Solapur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.-Geography:Karmala is located at . It has an average elevation of ....
to the extent of 15.35 km (9.5 mi) was involved.
Two years after commissioning of the project, the reservoir water quality was tested to establish its suitability for various uses. The physical and chemical analysis indicated that the pH
PH
In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at . Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline...
values, free carbon dioxide, total hardness, alkalinity, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, sulphates, calcium and magnesium were within prescribed limits. Heavy metals, copper and lead were not present. However, during the rainy season, the iron content though high, was found to be within permissible limits. Potassium
Potassium
Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction.Potassium and sodium are...
and ammonia
Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . It is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent odour. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or...
were within prescribed safe limits of acceptance for use of stored water for drinking, industrial use and for fish propagation. However, since its creation in 1980, it is now recorded that substantial quantity of the untreated sewage is discharged into the streams which flow into the Ujjani Reservoir, particularly in the river stretch close to the Pune city.
The reservoir created by the Ujjani dam is also one of the largest wetlands in Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
, known as the Bhadalwadi Lake. Since its creation in 1980, the reservoir backwaters attract, every year, a large number of migratory birds (from North India
North India
North India, known natively as Uttar Bhārat or Shumālī Hindustān , is a loosely defined region in the northern part of India. The exact meaning of the term varies by usage...
and other countries); about 100–150 species of flamingo
Flamingo
Flamingos or flamingoes are gregarious wading birds in the genus Phoenicopterus , the only genus in the family Phoenicopteridae...
s and cormorants are reported. The migratory bird species in the Ujjani reservoir have been studied by the Science and Technology Park (STP), a Pune based institution, who have recommended to the Ministry of Environment and Forests that the reservoir be recognized as a "Wetland of International Importance" under the Ramsar Convention
Ramsar Convention
The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, i.e., to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural,...
in view of the wetland recording 384 aqua fauna species including 112 species of birds out of which 11 are under the IUCN category of threatened species
Threatened species
Threatened species are any speciesg animals, plants, fungi, etc.) which are vulnerable to endangerment in the near future.The World Conservation Union is the foremost authority on threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories,...
. There are 166 species of vertebrates, 182 invertebrates and 23 genera of phytoplankton
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton are the autotrophic component of the plankton community. The name comes from the Greek words φυτόν , meaning "plant", and πλαγκτός , meaning "wanderer" or "drifter". Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye...
. Some of the key species which measure to the international status of this wetland are: Greater Flamingo
Greater Flamingo
The Greater Flamingo is the most widespread species of the flamingo family. It is found in parts of Africa, southern Asia , and southern Europe...
s, Pheasant-tailed Jacana
Pheasant-tailed Jacana
The Pheasant-tailed Jacana is a jacana in the monotypic genus Hydrophasianus. Jacanas are a group of waders in the family Jacanidae that are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in shallow lakes, their preferred habitat...
, Painted Stork
Painted Stork
The Painted Stork is a large wading bird in the stork family. It is found in the wetlands of the plains of tropical Asia south of the Himalayas in South Asia and extending into Southeast Asia. Their distinctive pink tertial feathers give them their name. They forage in flocks in shallow waters...
, moorhen
Moorhen
Moorhens, sometimes called marsh hens, are medium-sized water birds that are members of the rail family Rallidae. They constitute the genus Gallinula....
, Small Pratincole, river terns
River Tern (bird)
The Indian River Tern or just River Tern is a bird in the tern family . It is a resident breeder along inland rivers from Iran east through Pakistan into India and Myanmar to Thailand, where it is uncommon. It does not occur in Sri Lanka...
, aquatic insects, Pied kingfisher
Pied Kingfisher
The Pied Kingfisher is a water kingfisher and is found widely distributed across Africa and Asia. Their black and white plumage, crest and the habit of hovering over clear lakes and rivers before diving for fish makes it distinctive. Males have a double band across the breast while females have a...
and Stilts
Stilts
Stilts are poles, posts or pillars used to allow a person or structure to stand at a distance above the ground. Walking stilts are poles equipped with steps for the feet to stand on, or straps to attach them to the legs, for the purpose of walking while elevated above a normal height...
.
Benefits
The Ujjani Dam and its large reservoir provide multi-purpose benefits of irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, drinking and industrial water supply, and fisheries.Irrigation
Irrigation from the storage created in the reservoir are provided via two irrigation canal systems originating from the dam – The Left Bank Main Canal (LBMC) and The Right Bank Main canal (RBMC) – the LBMC is 126 km (78.3 mi) long, designed to carry a discharge of 109 m3/s and provides irrigation to a command of 688.4 km² (265.8 sq mi) while the RBMC, which is 112 km (69.6 mi) long, designed to carry 42.5 m3/s provides irrigation benefits to an area of 44100 m3/s through its network of canal system.The storage created by the Ujjani Dam has resulted in the irrigation of 500 km² (193.1 sq mi), particularly in Solapur district, resulting in doubling the yield of jowar (millet) and tripling the yield of groundnut
Peanut
The peanut, or groundnut , is a species in the legume or "bean" family , so it is not a nut. The peanut was probably first cultivated in the valleys of Peru. It is an annual herbaceous plant growing tall...
. Farmers management organizations set up in the command area of the project are an important component of equitable distribution of irrigation under the rotational irrigation water management practice followed in the command. The irrigation component of the Ujjani Dam project was co-financed by IFAD
International Fund for Agricultural Development
The International Fund for Agricultural Development , a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as one of the major outcomes of the 1974 World Food Conference. IFAD is dedicated to eradicating rural poverty in developing countries...
and the World Bank
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty...
with specific objective to enhance the social and economic conditions of the Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribe people in the command.
Hydropower
A pumped storage type powerhouse has been built at the toe of the dam with an installed capacity of 12 MW (one unit of vertical Francis-reversible pump turbine) on the left bank of the dam, 65 m (213.3 ft) downstream from the axis of the dam. It operates under 20 percent load factor under a range of maximum head of 36.77 m (120.6 ft) and minimum head of 25.6 m (84 ft). The hydropower component involved construction of a 13.42 m (44 ft) high weirWeir
A weir is a small overflow dam used to alter the flow characteristics of a river or stream. In most cases weirs take the form of a barrier across the river that causes water to pool behind the structure , but allows water to flow over the top...
, 915 m (3,002 ft) below the Ujjani Dam to control the lower pond for operation during the pumping mode. A penstock pipe of 3.2 m (10.5 ft) diameter (12 mm (0.47244094488189 in) thick) and 70 m (229.7 ft) length embedded in the dam diverts the flow of 44 m3/s from a gate controlled trash racks (15 panels) covered intake into the powerhouse. The lower pond in the pumped storage scheme of operation was built initially itself, soon after commissioning of the dam. The power plant is reported to be providing benefits since then. However, the power generation estimated initially at 105 GWh was expected to reduce to 21 GWh, as water was utilized for irrigation through the RBC and LBC canal systems.