The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is a hieratic

Hieratic

Hieratic refers to a cursive writing system that was used in the provenance of the pharaohs in Egypt and Nubia that developed alongside the hieroglyphic system, to which it is intimately related...

 papyrus

Papyrus

Papyrus is a thick paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge that was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt....

 thought to date from the reign of Ramesses II

Ramesses II

Ramesses II , referred to as Ramesses the Great, was the third Egyptian pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire...

, now in the Museo Egizio

Museo Egizio

The Museo Egizio is a museum in Turin, Italy, specialising in Egyptian archaeology and anthropology. It houses the world's largest and most comprehensive collection of Egyptian antiquities outside the Egyptian Museum in Cairo...

 (Egyptian Museum) at Turin

Turin

Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...

. The papyrus is believed to be the most extensive list of kings compiled by the Egyptians

Egyptians

Egyptians are nation an ethnic group made up of Mediterranean North Africans, the indigenous people of Egypt.Egyptian identity is closely tied to geography. The population of Egypt is concentrated in the lower Nile Valley, the small strip of cultivable land stretching from the First Cataract to...

, and is the basis for most chronology

Chronology

Chronology is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time, such as the use of a timeline or sequence of events. It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events".Chronology is part of periodization...

 before the reign of Ramesses II.

Creation and Use

The papyrus is believed to date from the reign of Ramesses II, during the middle of the New Kingdom

New Kingdom

The New Kingdom of Egypt, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt....

, or the 19th Dynasty. The beginning and ending of the list are now lost; there is no introduction, and the list does not continue after the 19th Dynasty. The composition may thus have occurred at any subsequent time, from the reign of Ramesses II to as late as the 20th Dynasty.

The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of reigns in years, and months and days for individual kings. In some cases they are grouped together by family, which approximately corresponds to the dynasties of Manetho

Manetho

Manetho was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos who lived during the Ptolemaic era, approximately during the 3rd century BC. Manetho wrote the Aegyptiaca...

’s outline. The list includes the names of ephemeral rulers or those ruling over small territories that may be unmentioned in other sources.

The list also is believed to contain kings from the 15th Dynasty, which were the Hyksos

Hyksos

The Hyksos were an Asiatic people who took over the eastern Nile Delta during the twelfth dynasty, initiating the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt....

 ruling Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt is the northern-most section of Egypt. It refers to the fertile Nile Delta region, which stretches from the area between El-Aiyat and Zawyet Dahshur, south of modern-day Cairo, and the Mediterranean Sea....

 and the Delta

Nile Delta

The Nile Delta is the delta formed in Northern Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers some 240 km of Mediterranean coastline—and is a rich...

. Although the Hyksos rulers do not have cartouche

Cartouche

In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche is an ellipse with a horizontal line at one end, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name, coming into use during the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty under Pharaoh Sneferu, replacing the earlier serekh...

s, a hieroglyphic sign is added to indicate that they were foreigners. Typically on King Lists foreign rulers are not listed.

The papyrus was originally a tax roll, but on its back is written a list of rulers of Egypt

Egypt

Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

 – encompassing gods, demi-gods, spirits, and human kings. That the back of an older papyrus was used may indicate that the list was not of great formal importance to the writer, although the primary function of the list is thought to have been as an administrative aid. The papyrus, being a king list, is not supposed to be biased against certain rulers and is believed to contain all the kings of Egypt up through at least the 19th Dynasty.

Discovery and Reconstruction

The papyrus was found by the Italian traveler Bernardino Drovetti

Bernardino Drovetti

Bernardino Michele Maria Drovetti was an Italian diplomat, lawyer, explorer and antiquarian, appointed by Napoleon as French consul to Egypt at a time when the country and its antiquities were being opened rapidly to European knowledge and acquisition. His methods were deplorable...

 in 1820 at Luxor

Luxor

Luxor is a city in Upper Egypt and the capital of Luxor Governorate. The population numbers 487,896 , with an area of approximately . As the site of the Ancient Egyptian city of Thebes, Luxor has frequently been characterized as the "world's greatest open air museum", as the ruins of the temple...

 (Thebes), Egypt and was acquired in 1824 by the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy and was designated papyrus no. 1874. When the box in which it had been transported to Italy was unpacked, the list had disintegrated into small fragments. Jean-Francois Champollion

Jean-François Champollion

Jean-François Champollion was a French classical scholar, philologist and orientalist, decipherer of the Egyptian hieroglyphs....

, examining it, could recognize only some of the larger fragments containing royal names, and produced a drawing of what he could decipher. A reconstruction of the list was created to better understand it and to aid in research.

The Saxon researcher Gustav Seyffarth

Gustav Seyffarth

Gustav Seyffarth was a German-American Egyptologist, born at Uebigan in Saxony. He studied at the University of Leipzig and under Campolion in Paris in 1820. He became professor of philosophy at Leipzig in 1825 and professor of archæology in 1829...

 re-examined the fragments, some only one square centimeter in size, and made a more complete reconstruction of the papyrus based only on the papyrus fibers, as he could not yet determine the meaning of the hieratic characters. Subsequent work on the fragments was done by the Munich Egyptologist Jens Peter Lauth, which largely confirmed the Seyffarth reconstruction.

In 1997 prominent Egyptologist Kim Ryholt

Kim Ryholt

Kim S B Ryholt is a Danish Egyptologist, who works at the Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies at the University of Copenhagen....

 published a new and better interpretation of the list in his book, "The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c.1800-1550 B.C." Following another study of the papyrus, an updated version from Ryholt is expected. Egyptologist Donald Redford has also studied the papyrus and has noted that although much of the list’s names correspond to monuments and documents, there are some discrepancies. Not all of the names on the list line up with monuments and documents, questioning the absolute reliability of the document as the foundation of pre-Ramessses II chronology.

Despite attempts at reconstruction, approximately 50% of the papyrus remains missing. This papyrus as presently constituted is 1.7 m long and 0.41 m high, broken into over 160 fragments. In 2009 previously unpublished fragments were discovered in the storage room of the Egyptian Museum of Turin, in good condition http://www.lastampa.it/_web/cmstp/tmplrubriche/arte/grubrica.asp?ID_blog=62&ID_articolo=1164&ID_sezione=117&sezione=News. A new edition of the papyrus is expected.

Contents of the papyrus

The papyrus is divided into eleven columns, distributed as follows. The names and positions of several kings are still being disputed, since the list is so heavily damaged.

• Column 1 — Gods of Ancient Egypt
• Column 2 — Rows 1-10 Spirits and mythical kings
• Column 2 — Rows 11-25 (Dynasties 1-2)
• Column 3 — Rows 1-25 (Dynasties 2-5)
• Column 4 — Rows 1-26 (Dynasties 6-8/9/10)
• Column 5 — Rows 12-25 (Dynasties 11-12)
• Column 6 — Rows 1-2 (Dynasties 12-13)
• Column 7 — Rows 1-23 (Dynasty 13)
• Column 8 — Rows 1-27 (Dynasty 13-14)
• Column 9 — Rows 1-30 (Dynasty 14)
• Column 10 — Rows 1-30 (Dynasties 14-15)
• Column 11 — Rows 1-17 (Dynasties 16-17)

These are the actual names written on the papyrus, omitting the years, summations and headings:

Second Column
Row	Common name	Name in list	Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...	Manuel de Codage Manuel de Codage The Manuel de Codage is a standard system for the computer-encoding of transliterations of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts.-History:...
11	Menes Menes Menes was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty ....	Meni		<-Y5:N35-M17->
12	Hor-Aha Hor-Aha Hor-Aha is considered the second pharaoh of the first dynasty of ancient Egypt in current Egyptology. He lived around the thirty-first century BC.- Name :...	Teti		<-X1:X1-M17-Z4->
13	Djer Djer Djer was the second or third pharaoh of the first dynasty of Egypt, which dates from approximately 3100 BC. Some scholars, however, debate whether the first pharaoh, Menes or Narmer, and Hor-Aha might have been different rulers. If they were separate rulers, this would make Djer the third pharaoh...	Iti, Ita		<-M17-X1-//-G7->
15	Djet Djet Djet, also known as Wadj, Zet, and Uadji , was the fourth Egyptian pharaoh of the first dynasty...	Itui		<-//-G4#12-M17->
16	Den Den Den may refer to:*Den , a part of a house similar to the living room: a den is about the size of a living room, but smaller than a family room*Den , a Ukrainian newspaper*Den , a Pharaoh of Egypt...	Qenti		<-Aa8:X1*Z4->
17	Anedjib Anedjib Anedjib, more correctly Adjib and also known as Hor-Anedjib, Hor-Adjib and Enezib, is the Horus name of an early Egyptian king who ruled during the 1st dynasty. The ancient Greek historian Manetho named him "Miebîdós" and credited him with a reign of 26 years, whilst the Royal Canon of Turin...	Merbiapen		<-U7:D21-U17-Q3:N35-//->
18	Semerkhet Semerkhet Semerkhet is the Horus name of an early Egyptian king who ruled during the 1st dynasty. This ruler became known through a tragic legend handed down by ancient Greek historian Manetho, who reported that a calamity of some sort occurred during Semerkhet's reign...	Semsem		<-S29-G17-S29-G17->
19	Qa'a Qa'a -Legacy:Qa'a had a fairly large tomb in Abydos which measures 98.5 X 75.5 feet or 30 X 23 meters. Manetho gives him a reign of 26 years in his Epitome if this ruler was a certain Biechenes. A long reign is supported by the large size of this ruler's burial site at Abydos...	(Qe)beh		<-//-D58-V28-G7->
20	Hotepsekhemwy Hotepsekhemwy Hotepsekhemwy is the Horus name of a early Egyptian king who was the founder of the 2nd dynasty. The exact length of his reign is not known; the Turin canon suggests an improbable 95 years while the ancient Greek Historian Manetho reports that the reign of "Boëthôs" lasted for 38 years...	Baunetjer		<-//-G30-R4:Q3-G7->
21	Nebre	Kakau		<-//-E2-D52:Z1*Z1*Z1-G7->
22	Nynetjer Nynetjer Nynetjer is the Horus name of the third early Egyptian king during the 2nd dynasty. The exact length of his reign is unknown. The Turin Canon suggests an improbable reign of 96 years and the ancient Greek historian Manetho suggested that Nynetjer's reign lasted 47 years...	..netjeren		<-//-R8-D21:N35-G7->
23	Wadjnes	..s		<-//-//-S29-G7->
24	Senedj Senedj Senedj is the name of an early Egyptian king who may have ruled during the 2nd dynasty. His historical standing remains uncertain, as there are no contemporary records about Senedj. The earliest mention of his name appears during the 4th dynasty. The exact duration of Senedj´s reign is unknown...	Sened..		<-G54-//->
25	Neferkara I Neferkara I Neferkara I is the cartouche name of a king who is said to have ruled during the 2nd dynasty of Ancient Egypt. The exact length of his reign is unknown since the Turin canon lacks the years of rulership and the ancient Greek historian Manetho suggests that Neferkara´s reign lasted 25 years...	Aaka		<-O29-D28-Z1->
Third Column
Row	Common name	Name in list	Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...	Manuel de Codage Manuel de Codage The Manuel de Codage is a standard system for the computer-encoding of transliterations of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts.-History:...
2	Neferkasokar Neferkasokar Neferkasokar is the name of an Ancient Egyptian king who may have ruled in Egypt during the 2nd dynasty. Very little is known about him, since no contemporary records about him have been found...	Neferkasokar		<-F35-D28-Z1-O34:V31:D21-Z5-G7->
3	Khasekhemwy Khasekhemwy Khasekhemwy was the fifth and final king of the Second dynasty of Egypt. Little is known of Khasekhemwy, other than that he led several significant military campaigns and built several monuments, still extant, mentioning war against the Northerners...	Bebti		<-D58-D58-N21-G7->
4	Sanakhte Sanakhte Sanakht, generally identified with the Nebka of much later king lists, was probably either the first or second pharaoh of the Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. The dates assigned to his reign by Shaw are ca. 2686-2667 BC; for various conjectures of other scholars, see the...	Nebka		<-V30-D28-Z1->
5	Djoser Djoser Netjerikhet or Djoser is the best-known pharaoh of the Third dynasty of Egypt. He commissioned his official, Imhotep, to build the first of the pyramids, a step pyramid for him at Saqqara...	Djoser..it		<-D45:D21-M17-.:X1#12-G7->
6	Sekhemkhet Sekhemkhet Sekhemkhet was a Pharaoh in Egypt during the Third dynasty. According to the Manethonian tradition, a king known as Tyris reigned for a relatively brief period of seven years, and modern scholars believe Djoserty and Sekhemkhet are the same person...	Djoserti		<-D45:D21-X1:Z4-G7->
7	Khaba Khaba Khaba was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom and is generally considered to have reigned near the end of the Third Dynasty. He was successor to Sekhemkhet, and he was probably a son of Sekhemkhet...	Hudjefa Hudjefa Hudjefa is an ancient Egyptian word meaning "missing" or ″erased″. It was used by the royal scribes of the Ramesside era during the 19th dynasty of Ancient Egypt when the scribes compiled king lists such as the royal table of Sakkara and the royal canon of Turin and the name of a deseased pharaoh...		<-O34-I10-S29->
8	Huni Huni Huni was the last Pharaoh of Egypt of the Third dynasty. He was the successor to Khaba.-Family:Huni was the father of Hetepheres I, the wife of Sneferu who was the first king of the Fourth Dynasty...	Huni		<-V28-Z5-A25-//-G7->
9	Sneferu Sneferu Sneferu, also spelled as Snephru, Snefru or Snofru , was the founder of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt. Estimates of his reign vary, with for instance The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt suggesting a reign from around 2613 BC to 2589 BC, a reign of 24 years, while Rolf Krauss suggests a 30-year reign...	Senefer		<-S29-F35-I9:D21-G7->
10	Khufu Khufu Khufu , also known as Cheops or, in Manetho, Suphis , was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom. He reigned from around 2589 to 2566 BC. Khufu was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty. He is generally accepted as being the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of...	—	—	//-//
11	Djedefre	—	—	<-//-//-G7->
12	Khafre	..kha..		<-//-N28-D36-//-G7->
13	Baka	—	—	<-//-//-G7->
14	Menkaure	—	—	<-//-//-G7->
15	Shepseskaf Shepseskaf Shepseskaf was a son of Menkaure who succeeded his father on the throne. Shepseskaf's name means "His Soul is Noble."- Family :Shepseskaf was a son of Menkaure and grandson of Khafra, but his mother's name is not known. His mother can be either Khamerernebty II or Rekhetre...	—	—	<-//-//-G7->
16	Unknown	—	—	—
17	Userkaf Userkaf Userkaf was the founder of the Fifth dynasty of Egypt and the first pharaoh to start the tradition of building sun temples at Abusir. His name means "his Ka is powerful". He ruled from 2494-2487 BC and constructed the Pyramid of Userkaf complex at Saqqara.- Family :Userkaf's wife was Queen...	..kaf		<-//-//-D28:I9-G7->
18	Sahure Sahure - Etymology :Sahure's birth name means "He who is Close to Re". His Horus name was Nebkhau.- Biography :Sahure was a son of queen Neferhetepes, as shown in scenes from the causeway of Sahure's pyramid complex in Abusir. His father was Userkaf. Sahure's consort was queen Neferetnebty. Reliefs show...	—	—	—
19	Neferirkare Neferirkare *For the better known Fifth dynasty pharaoh by this name, see Neferirkare KakaiNeferirkare was an Eighth dynasty king of Ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. His name is only clearly attested in the Abydos King List but it is assumed that the reign length figure for the last 8th...	—	—	—
20	Shepseskare	—	—	—
21	Neferefre Neferefre Neferefre was a Pharaoh of Egypt during the Fifth dynasty. His name means "Beautiful is Re" in Egyptian.-Family:Neferefre was the son of king Neferirkare Kakai by queen Khentkaus II, and the elder brother of pharaoh Nyuserre Ini....	—	—	—
22	Nyuserre	—	—	—
23	Menkauhor	Menkahor		G5-<-G7-Y5:N35-D28-Z1-G7->
24	Djedkare	Djed		<-R11-R11->
25	Unas Unas Unas was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, and the last ruler of the Fifth dynasty from the Old Kingdom. His reign has been dated as falling between 2375 BC and 2345 BC...	Unis		<-E34:N35-M17-S29->
Fourth Column
Row	Common name	Name in list	Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...	Manuel de Codage Manuel de Codage The Manuel de Codage is a standard system for the computer-encoding of transliterations of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts.-History:...
1	Teti Teti Teti, less commonly known as Othoes, was the first Pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt and is buried at Saqqara. The exact length of his reign has been destroyed on the Turin King List, but is believed to have been about 12 years.-Biography:...	—	—	—
2	Userkare Userkare Userkare was the second king of the Sixth Dynasty. He is generally seen as one of the leaders who opposed his predecessor, Teti's royal line and was most likely an usurper to the throne...	—	—	—
3	Pepi Pepi Pepi is the name of:* Pepi I Meryre, the third pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt * Pepi II Neferkare, the fifth pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt * Pepi III, the seventh pharaoh of the Hyksos Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt...	—	—	—
4	Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I was the fourth king of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt. His nomen, theophorically referring to Nemty, was formerly read as Antyemsaf, a reading now known to be incorrect.- Biography :...	—	—	—
5	Pepi II	—	—	—
6	Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II was briefly Pharaoh of Egypt, likely succeeding his long-lived father Pepi II Neferkare. The Turin King List says that Merenre reigned for only a year, after succeeding his father Pepi II. His name is also mentioned on a stela that was discovered near the site of the pyramid...	—	—	—
7	Lost	—	—	—
8	Neterikare Neitiqerty Siptah The Ancient Egyptian king, Neitiqerty Siptah is an obscure successor to Merenre Nemtyemsaf II, towards the end of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt. His reign is usually replaced with that of Nitocris, the 'first female pharaoh', who seems not to have actually existed, as although it was claimed that...	Neitiqerty		<-N35:X1*Z5-M17-N29-D21:X1*Z4-G7->
9	Menkare Neferka Neferka was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, ruling during the Sixth dynasty. His reign lasted from about 2200 BC to 2199 BC.He is only mentioned in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. However, his reign lasted during the reign of Pepi II, suggesting that he may be his son or co-reigner....	Neferka		<-F35-D28-Z1-G7->
10	Nefer Nefer - Definition :Nefer is a word in the Ancient Egyptian language that was used to symbolize beauty and goodness. The exact translation of the word in English is "Beautiful on the inside and the outside".-Hieroglyphs and Symbolism:... kare	Nefer		<-F35-I9:D21-G7->
11	Ibi Ibi Ibi is a town located in the comarca of Alcoià, in the province of Alicante, Spain. As of 2009, Ibi has a total population of c. 24,000 inhabitants. The town, which is located 37 km from the city of Alicante, is surrounded by mountains and gorges.The economy of Ibi is chiefly based on the toy...	Ibi		<-M17-D58-E8->
12	Lost	—	—	—
13	Lost	—	—	—
18	Lost	—	—	—
19	Lost	—	—	—
20	Neferkare Neferkare Neferkare is a common name amongst Ancient Egyptian kings in the First Intermediate Period, and can refer to the following* Neferkara I a king of either the Second Dynasty of Egypt or the Seventh dynasty of Egypt...	Neferkare		<-N5-F35-D28-Z1-G7#12->
21	Khety	Khety		<-F32:X1-A50-M17-M17-G7->
22	Senenh..	Senenh..		<-S29-M22-M22-N35:N35-A53-.:O4-//>
23	Lost	—	—	—
24	Mer..	Mer..		<-U7:D21-//->
25	Shed..	Shed..		<-F30:D46#24-//->
26	H..	H..		<-V28-//->
Fifth Column
Row	Common name	Name in list	Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...	Manuel de Codage Manuel de Codage The Manuel de Codage is a standard system for the computer-encoding of transliterations of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts.-History:...
1	Lost	—	—	—
2	Lost	—	—	—
3	Lost	—	—	—
4	Lost	—	—	—
5	Lost	—	—	—
6	Lost	—	—	—
7	Lost	—	—	—
8	Lost	—	—	—
9	Lost	—	—	—
12	Mentuhotep I Mentuhotep I Mentuhotep I was a local Egyptian prince at Thebes during the First Intermediate Period. He became the first openly acknowledged ruler of the Eleventh dynasty by assuming the title of first "supreme chief of Upper Egypt" and, later, declaring himself king over all Egypt. He is named as a nomarch in...	Wah..		<-V28#1234-//->
13	Intef I Intef I Intef I was a local Egyptian ruler at Thebes, and a member of the Eleventh dynasty during the First Intermediate Period. He was the first of his dynasty to assume the title of Pharaoh, with the Horus name of Sehertawy, . Intef I was the son of Mentuhotep I...	—	—	—
14	Intef II Intef II Intef II was a Pharaoh of the Eleventh dynasty during the First Intermediate Period. His capital was located at Thebes. At this time, Egypt was split between several local dynasties. After the death of the nomarch Ankhtifi, Intef II was able to unite all the southern nomes down to the First Cataract...	..n..		<-//-N35-//->
15	Intef III Intef III Intef III was a Pharaohin Egypt of the Eleventh Dynasty during the First Intermediate Period. His Horus name was Nakjtnebtepnefer, which translates to "Horus, the victorious one, Lord of the good beginning". He was buried in a saff-tomb at el-Tarif , and little is known about his deeds...	—	—	—
16	Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep II Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II was a Pharaoh of the 11th dynasty, the son of Intef III of Egypt and a minor queen called Iah. His own wife was the 'king's mother' Tem. Other wives were Neferu and several secondary wives, one or more who it has been suggested were possibly Nubian, buried in his...	Nebhepetre		<-N5:V30-P8->
17	Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep III Sankhkare Mentuhotep III of the Eleventh dynasty was Pharaoh of Egypt during the Middle Kingdom. He was assigned a reign of 12 years in the Turin Canon.-Family:Mentuhotep III was the son and successor of Mentuhotep II...	Seankhkare		<-S29#34-S34#34-N35:Aa1-D28#34->
20	Amenemhat I Amenemhat I Amenemhat I, also Amenemhet I, was the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty . He ruled from 1991 BC to 1962 BC...	..pib..		<-//-.:Q3-.:F34-.:Z1-G7->
21	Sesostris I	..ka..		<-//-D28-Z1->
22	Amenemhat II Amenemhat II Nubkhaure Amenemhat II was the third pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Not much is known about his reign. He ruled Egypt for 35 years from 1929 BC to 1895 BC and was the son of Senusret I through the latter's chief wife, Queen Nefru. His queen is not known; although recently a...	—	—	—
23	Sesostris II	—	—	—
24	Sesostris III	—	—	—
25	Amenemhat III Amenemhat III Amenemhat III, also spelled Amenemhet III was a pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from c.1860 BC to c.1814 BC, the latest known date being found in a papyrus dated to Regnal Year 46, I Akhet 22 of his rule. He is regarded as the greatest monarch of the Middle Kingdom...	—	—	—
Sixth Column
Row	Common name	Name in list	Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...	Manuel de Codage Manuel de Codage The Manuel de Codage is a standard system for the computer-encoding of transliterations of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts.-History:...
1	Amenemhet IV	Maakherure		<-N5-U5:D36-P8-V1-A2->
2	Sobekneferu Sobekneferu Sobekneferu was an Egyptian pharaoh of the twelfth dynasty. Her name meant "the beauty of Sobek." She was the daughter of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. Manetho states she also was the sister of Amenemhat IV, but this claim is unproven. Sobekneferu had an older sister named Nefruptah who may have been...	Sobeknefrure
5	Wegaf Wegaf Khutawyre Wegaf was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty who is known from several sources, including a stelae and statues. There is a general known from a scarab with the same name who is perhaps identical with this king....	Khutawire		<-N5-D43:N17:N17#1234->
6	Amenemhat V Sekhemkare Horus name: Mekhibtaui Nebti name: ItisekhemefThrone name: SekhemkareBirth name: Amenemhat SenebefAmenemhat V Sekhemkare was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He appears as 'Sekhemkare' in the Turin King List. Contemporary monuments of this king are several Nile level records and a statue found...	Sekhemkare		<-N5#123-Y8#1234-D28#1234-Z1->
7	Amenemhat Amenemhat Amenemhat or Amenemhet may refer to:* Amenemhat I was the first ruler of the 12th dynasty of Egypt. Amenemhat I was a vizier of his predecessor Mentuhotep IV, overthrowing him from power. Amenemhat I moved the capital from Thebes to Itjtawy.* Amenemhat II Amenemhat or Amenemhet may refer to:*...	Amenemhat..re		N5-Y5:.#34-G17-F4:X1*Z1-G7
8	Sehetepibre II	Sehetepibre		N5-S29-R4:X1*Q3-F34
9	Iufni Iufni Iufni was an Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh from the 13th dynasty. He ruled for a short period....	Iufeni		i-Z7-f-n:A1
10	Amenemhet VI Amenemhet VI )|name explanation = Translation: He who satisfies the Two Lands|name2 = G16-s-sxm-xa:a-w|name2 in cartouche =|name2 cartouche symbol =|name2 determinative =|name2 transcription = Nebti Name Sekhem-khau ...	Seankhibre		ra-s-anx-ib
11	Semenkare Semenkare Semenkare was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. "Semenkare" means "the one who establishes the Ka of Re"....	Semenkare		ra-s-mn:n-kA
12	Sehetepibre III	Sehetepibre		N5-s-R4:t*p-ib-Z1
13	Sewadjkare Sewadjkare Sewadjkare was an Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh of the 13th dynasty.- Evidence :This ruler is only known from the Turin King List, where he appears as the tenth ruler of the 13th dynasty....	Sewadjkare		ra-s-wAD-kA
14	Nedjemibre	Nedjemibre		ra-nDm-m-mDAt-ib
15	Sobekhotep I Sobekhotep I Sobekhotep I was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty.-Evidence:He appears in the Turin King List as Sobekhotep and is otherwise mainly known from reliefs coming from a chapel set up in Abydos and from a fragment of a column. His reign was most likely only very short...	Sebek..p..re		//-N5-I4-//
16	Renseneb Renseneb Renseneb or Ranisonb was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty.-Legacy:He appears in the Turin King List with a reign of four months. He is only known from one contemporary object, a bead which shows that he had a double name: Renseneb Amenemhat...	Renseneb		r:n-A2-//-n:b-Y1
17	Awybre Hor I Hor Hor was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He appears in the Turin King List as Au-ib-Rê. He most likely reigned only for a short time, not long enough to prepare a pyramid, which was in this dynasty still the common burial place for kings.-Burial:...	Autibre		ra-Aw-Z7:t-Y1:Z2-ib-Z1
18	Amenemhat VII Sedjefakare birth name: Amenemhat Kaythrone name: SedjefakareSedjefakare Amenemhat was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty, known from the Turin King List, and several other objects, including six cylinder seals, one bark stand from Madamud and two scarab seals. His name appears as graffito in the tomb of...	Sedjefakare		ra-s-D:f-A-//-kA
19	Sobekhotep II Sobekhotep II birth name: Sobekhotep throne name: Sekhemre KhutawySobekhotep II was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty.He is known from several monuments, including a statue, several Nile level records in Nubia and from building works at Medamud and Luxor...	Amenemhatsebekhotep		M17-Y5:N35-G17-F4:X1-I4-R4:X1-Q3
20	Khendjer Khendjer Khendjer was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. The name Khendjer is poorly attested in Egyptian. Khendjer "has been interpreted as a foreign name hnzr and equated with the Semitic personal name hzr, [for] boar" according to the Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt...	User..re ..djer		N5-F12-//-Z1-N5:N35-M36:D21
21	Imyremeshaw Imyremeshaw Imyremeshaw Smenkhkare was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty, who is known from the Turin King List as well as two massive colossal statues and a bead...	..kare		<-N5-//-D28-G7->
22	Intef IV	..re		//-D28-Z1-G7-W25:N35-X1:I9-G7
23	Seth	..ibre..seth		//-F34-Z1-G7-C7-G7
24	Sobekhotep III Sobekhotep III Sobekhotep III was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty.-Family:The family of the king is known from several sources. A monument from Sehel Island shows Sobekhotep with his father Mentuhotep, his mother was Iuhetibu , his brothers Seneb and Khakau, and a half-sister called Reniseneb...	Sekhem..re..sebekhotep		N5-Y8-//-I5-Htp:t-p
25	Neferhotep I Neferhotep I Neferhotep I was an Egyptian king of the Thirteenth Dynasty and one of the most powerful rulers of this dynasty. The Turin Canon assigned him a reign length of 11 years....	Khamaatreneferhotep		N5-N28:D36:Y1-//-F35-R4:X1-Q3
26	Sahathor	(Re)Sahathor		<-N5-O6-X1:O1-G5-G7-G38-Z1-G7->
27	Sobekhotep IV Sobekhotep IV Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV was one of the most powerful Egyptian kings of the 13th Dynasty. He was the son of the 'god's father' Haankhef and of the 'king's mother' Kemi. His brother, Neferhotep I, was his predecessor on the throne....	Khaneferre-Sobekhotep		<-N5-N28:D36-Y1-F35-I3-R4:X1-Q3->
Seventh Column
Row	Common name	Name in list	Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...	Manuel de Codage Manuel de Codage The Manuel de Codage is a standard system for the computer-encoding of transliterations of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts.-History:...
1	Sobekhotep V Sobekhotep V Sobekhotep V was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. His birth name was Sobekhotep, and his throne name was MerhotepreSobekhotep V appears in the Turin King List as the successor of Sobekhotep IV. According to this document, he only reigned for four years. Sobekhotep IV was perhaps his father, as...	Khaheteprehotep	ḫꜥḥtprꜥḥtp	N5-N28:D36*Y1-R4:X1-Q3-G7
2	Wahibre Ibiau Wahibre Ibiau throne name: Wahibrebirth name: IbiauWahibre Ibiau was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty, who reigned for 10 years, 8 months and 29 days according to the Turin King List. He is not known from many contemporary monuments. There are several scarab seals with his name as well as a stela of an...	Wahibreibiau	wꜣḥibrꜥibiaw	ra-wAH-H-Y1-ib-Z1-i-a:mw-A24-ib-Z1
3	Merneferre Ay	Merneferre	mrnfrrꜥ	N5-U7:D21-F35
4	Sebekhotep VI Merhotepre Ini Merhotepre Ini was the son and successor of Merneferre Ay and a king of the late Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt. He is assigned a brief reign of 2 Years 3 or 4 Months and 9 days in the Turin Canon...	Merhetepre	mriḥtprꜥ	N5-U6-R4:X1*Q3
5	Sankhenre Sewadjtu Sankhenre Sewadjtu Sankhenre Sewadjtu is almost unknown from contemporary historical records since he ruled Egypt at a time when the 13th Dynasty's control over all of Egypt was receding. He is listed as the successor of Ini in the Turin Canon and is given a reign of 3 years and 2-4 months.-References:* Kim Ryholt,...	Seankhenresewadjtu	sꜥnḫnrꜥswꜣḏtw	ra-s-anx-n:x-n-s-wAD-t-Z7
6	Neferhotep II	Mersekhemre Ined	mrsḫmrꜥind	ra-U7:r-sxm-Z1-i-in:n-d:wr
7	Hori Sewadjkare Hori Sewadjkare Hori is a Pharaoh of the Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt. He is listed in the Turin Canon and is given a reign of 5 full Years.-References:...	Sewadjkare Hori	swꜣḏkꜣrꜥḥri	N5-S29-M13-S28-Z1-G7-G5-M17
8	Sebekhotep VII	Merkaure Sebek..	mrkꜣwrꜥsbkı͗j	N5-U7:D21-Z1-D28-Z1-//-I3-//
9	Lost	—	—	—
10	Lost	—	—	—
11	Lost	—	—	—
12	Lost	—	—	—
13	Djedneferre Dedumose Dedumose II Dedumose II was a native Ancient Egyptian king of the 16th Theban dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. His Horus name was Djedneferre.-Dating Issues:Williams and other place Dedumose as the last king of Egypt's 13th Dynasty...	..mose	ı͗jmss	//-F31-S29-Z5
14	Ibi	..maat..re Ibi	ı͗jmꜣꜥtrꜥibi	<-N5-//-X1-H6->-G7-M17-E8-M17-A1
15	Hor	ı͗jwebenre Hor	rꜥı͗jwbn ḥr	<-N5-//-G43-D58-N35:N5->-G7-G5
16	Se..kare	Se?..kare	ı͗jkꜣrꜥ	N5-S29-//-D28-Z1-G7
17	Senebmiu	..enre	..enrꜥ	N5-//-Y1:N35
18	Lost	—	—	—
19	Lost	—	—	—
20	Sekhaenre	?	?	<-//-Y1:.#34-G7->
21	Lost	—	—	—
22	Merkheperre	Merkheperre	mrḫprrꜥ	N5-U7:D21-L1
23	Merkare	Merka..		//-U7:.#234-D28-Z1
Eighth Column
Row	Common name	Name in list	Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...	Manuel de Codage Manuel de Codage The Manuel de Codage is a standard system for the computer-encoding of transliterations of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts.-History:...
1	Nehesy Nehesy Nehesy was a ruler traditionally placed in the 14th Dynasty of Egypt of the Second Intermediate Period.-Attestation:His name is also known from scarabs. Arguably, he is the best-known ruler of the 14th Dynasty...	Nehesy	nḥsi	G21-V28-S29-Z4-T14
2	Khatyre	Khatyre	ḫꜥititrꜥ	N5-N28:D36*Y1-U33-Z4
3	Nebfautre	Nebfaure	nbfꜣwrꜥ	N5-V30:I9-F40-Z7:X1-Y1:Z2
4	Sehabre	Sehabre	sḥbrꜥ	N5-S29-V28-b-W3:N5
5	Merdjefare	Merdjefare	mrḏfꜣrꜥ	N5-U7:D21-G42-G41:G37
6	Sewadjkare Sewadjkare Sewadjkare was an Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh of the 13th dynasty.- Evidence :This ruler is only known from the Turin King List, where he appears as the tenth ruler of the 13th dynasty....	Sewadjkare	swꜣḏkꜣrꜥ	N5-S29-M13-D28-Z1
7	Nebdjefare	Neb("erased")re	nbḏfꜣwrꜥ	N5-N5:V30-I10:I9-G42-Z7-G41:G37
8	Webenre	Webenre	wbnrꜥ	N5-Z7-D58-N35:N5-G7
9	Lost	—	—	—
10	..re	("erased")re	rꜥı͗jḏfꜣw	N5-//-G41:G37
11	..webenre		ı͗jwbnı͗j	//-D58#3-N35:N5-G7
12	Autibre	Autibre	ꜣwtibrꜥ	N5-F40-Z7:X1-Y1:Z2-F34-Z1
13	Heribre	Heribre	hribrꜥ	N5-O4-D21:Y1-F34-Z1
14	Renebsen	Renebsen	nbsnrꜥ	N5-V30-S29-N35:Z2
15	Lost	—	—	—
16	Sekheperenre	Sekheperenre	sḫprnrꜥ	N5-S29-L1-D21:N35
17	Djedkherure	Djedkherure	ḏdḫrwrꜥ	N5-R11-G7-P8-Z7
18	Seankhibre	Seankhibre	sꜥnḫibrꜥ	N5-S29-S34-N35:Aa1-F34-Z1
19	Kanefertemre	(Ka)nefertemre	ı͗jnfrtmrꜥ	N5-F35-X1:U15-//-G7
20	Sekhem..re	Sekhem..re	sḫmı͗jrꜥ	N5-S42-G17-//
21	Kakemure	Ka..kemure	kꜣı͗jkmwrꜥ	N5-D28-D52:E1-//-I6-Z7:X1-E1
22	Neferibre	Neferib..re	rꜥnfribı͗j	N5-F35-F34-//
23	I..re	I..re	iı͗jrꜥ	N5-M17-A2-//
24	Kha..re	Kha..re	ḫaı͗jrꜥı͗j	N5-N28:D36*Y1-//
25	Aakare	Aakare	ꜥꜣkꜣrꜥ	N5-O29v-D28-//
26	Semen..re	Semen..re	smnı͗jrꜥı͗j	N5-S29-Y5:N35-//
27	Djed..re	Djed..re	ḏdı͗jrꜥ	<-N5-R11-R11-//
Ninth Column
Row	Common name	Name in list	Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...	Manuel de Codage Manuel de Codage The Manuel de Codage is a standard system for the computer-encoding of transliterations of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts.-History:...
1	Lost	—	—	N5-//
2	Lost	—	—	—
3	Lost	—	—	—
4	Lost	—	—	—
5	Lost	—	—	N5-//
6	Lost	—	—	N5-//
7	Senefer..re	Senefer..re	snfrı͗jrꜥ	N5-S29-F35-//
8	Men..re	Men(ib)..re	mnı͗jraı͗j	N5-Y5:N35-ib*Z1#1234
9	Djed..	Djed..	ḏdı͗j	R11*R11#34-//
10	Lost	—	—	—
11	Lost	—	—	—
12	Lost	—	—	—
13	Lost	—	—	—
14	Inenek	Inenek	innkı͗j	M17-K1:N35:V31A-//
15	Ineb	Ineb	inbı͗j	M17-A1-V30-//
16	Ip..	Ip..	ipı͗j	M17-A1-Q3-//
17	Hab	Hab	hꜣb	M17-O4-G1-D58
18	Sa	Sa	sꜣ	G39-Z1
19	Hepu	Hepu	ḥpw	Aa5:Q3-Z7-E1
20	Shemsu	Shemsu	šmsw	T18-S29-Z7-D54
21	Meni	Meni	mni	Y5:N35-M17-//
22	Werqa..	werqa..	wrkꜣı͗j	G36:D21-N29-A28
23	Lost	—	—	—
24	Lost	—	—	—
25	..ka	..ka	ı͗jkꜣ	<-//-A2-D28-Z1->
26	..ka	..ka	ı͗jkꜣ	<-//-D28-Z1->
27	Lost	..	ı͗j	<-//-Z1-G7->
28	..ren..hepu	..ren..hepu..	ḥpwı͗j	<-//-D21:N35->-G7-Aa5:Q3-Z7-Y1
29	Anati	Anati	ꜥꜣnꜣti	<-//-D28-Z1-G7->-G7-V30:N35-N35:G1-U33-M17-D54
30	..ka.. Bebenem	..ka.. Bebnem	ı͗jkꜣı͗jbbnm	<-//-D28-Z1-G7->-G7-D58-D58-N35:Z2-G17-D54
31	Lost	..	ı͗j	ı͗j
Tenth Column
Row	Common name	Name in list	Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...	Manuel de Codage Manuel de Codage The Manuel de Codage is a standard system for the computer-encoding of transliterations of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts.-History:...
1	I..	I..		M17-//
2	Seth II	Seth	stẖ..	<-C7-G7-//->
3	Sunu..	Sunu..	swnw	<-T11-W24-Z7-//->
4	Hor..	Hor..	ḥrı͗j	<-G5-G7://-//->
5	Lost	—	—	—
6	Lost	—	—	—
7	Nib..	Nob..	nibwmw..	<-D35-M17-D58-E8-N35A#24-/->
8	Mer..en..	Mer..en..		<-U6://-N35://-G7->
9	Penensetensepet	Penensetensepet	pnnsttnspt	Q3:N35:N35-S29-K3:X1*X1-N35-S29-Q3:X1
10	Kherethebshepesu	Kherethebshepesu		<-T28:D21-W3:X1*B1-Z3A-A50-Z3A-//->
11	Khut..hemet	Khut..hemet		<-Aa1:D43-Z7-//-N42:X1-B1-//->
12	Lost	—	—	—
15	Salitis Salitis Salitis was the first king of the Hyksos Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt, who began to rule Egypt around 1648 BC. The precise dates of his rule are unknown. Northern Egypt was controlled by Hyksos rulers throughout the Dynasty. The Hyksos were people of Semitic origin who were thought to have invaded...	—	—	—
16	Beon	—	—	—
17	Sakir-Har Sakir-Har The obscure Hyksos king, Sakir-Har, was discovered in a recently excavated door jamb from Tell el-Dab'a of Ancient Egypt by Manfred Bietak. His titulary appear on door jamb, Cairo TD-8316...	—	—	—
18	Khyan Khyan Seuserenre Khyan, Khian or Khayan was reportedly the fourth king of the Hyksos Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt who ruled approximately c.1610-1580 BC The Danish Egyptologist, Kim Ryholt, who published an extensive catalogue of the monuments of all the numerous pharaohs of the Second Intermediate Period...	—	—	—
19	Apepi	—	—	—
20	Khamudi Khamudi Khamudi was the last pharaoh of the Hyksos fifteenth dynasty of Egypt, who came to power in the northern portion of Egypt...	Khamudi	ḫꜣmdw	xA-A-m-Z7-d:y-T14
23	Lost	—	—	—
24	Lost	—	—	—
25	Zeket..	Zeket..	sktı͗j	<-O34:V31:X1*Z5-//-Z1-G7-//->
26	Ar..	Ar..		<-D36:D21-//->
27	Lost	—	—	—
28	Lost	—	—	—
29	..nia..	..nia..	ı͗jniꜣı͗j	//-G7-N35-M17-G1-//
Eleventh Column
Row	Common name	Name in list	Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...	Manuel de Codage Manuel de Codage The Manuel de Codage is a standard system for the computer-encoding of transliterations of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts.-History:...
1	Sekhem..re	Sekhem..re	sḫmı͗jrꜥ	<-N5-S42-Z1-//->
2	Sekhem..re	Sekhem..re	sḫmı͗jrꜥ	<-N5-S42-Z1-G7-//->
3	Sekhemre S..	Sekhemre S..	sḫmı͗jrꜥsı͗j	<-N5-S42-Z1-G7-S29-//->
4	Sewadjenre	Sewadjenre..	swꜣḏnrꜥ..	<-N5-S29-M13-N35:.#234-//->
5	Nebiriaure Nebiriau II Nebiriau II or Nebiryerawet was a king of the 16th or 17th Theban dynasty who ruled Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt. He is commonly assumed by some Egyptologists to be the son of Sewadjenre Nebiriau I, his predecessor given the rarity of the name Nebiriau in...	Nebiriaure	nbirjꜣwtrꜥ	#b-<-N5-V30-M17-D21:Z4-F40-Z7-Y1:Z2->#e
6	Nebiretaure	Nebiretaure	nbirjꜣwtrꜥ	#b-<-N5-V30-M17-D21:Z4-X1:.-F40-Z7-Y1:Z2->#e
7	Semenre Semenre Semenre was a poorly attested 16th dynasty Theban king during the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt who succeeded the equally obscure Nebiriau II...	Semenre	smnrꜥ	#b-<-N5-S29-Y5:N35-U32-Y1:.*Z1->#e
8	Seuserre..	Seuserre..		#b-<-N5-S29-F12-S29-D21:D36->#e
9	Sekhemre Shedwaset Sekhemre Shedwast Sekhemre Shedwast was a native Ancient Egyptian king of the 16th Theban dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period and the successor of king Bebiankh....	Sekhemre Shedwaset	sḫmrꜥšdwꜣst	<-N5-S42-F30:D46-A24-R19-X1:O49-G7->
10	Lost	—	—	—
11	Lost	—	—	—
12	Lost	—	—	—
13	Lost	—	—	—
14	Lost	—	—	—
16	User..re	User..re		<-N5-F12-D21:.#1234-//->
17	User..	User..		<-F12#3-//->

• The transliteration use the unicode character ⟨ꜣ⟩ as ⟨A⟩ (uppercase a), and ⟨ꜥ⟩ as ⟨a⟩ (lowercase a).
• The Manuel de Codage text was written using the Open Source hieroglyphic editor JSesh.

See also

• List of ancient king lists
• List of pharaohs
• Palermo stone
  Palermo stone
  The Palermo Stone is a large fragment of a stele known as the Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. It contains records of the kings of Egypt from the first dynasty through the fifth dynasty....
  
  (An older fragmented king list)

External links

• Description and Translation of the king list.
• Specialty Interests.