Turbinidae
Encyclopedia
Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family
of small to large marine
gastropods. Turbinidae have a strong, thick calcareous
operculum
readily distinguishing them from the somewhat similar Trochidae
or top snails, which have a corneous
operculum. This strong operculum serves as a passive defensive structure against predators that try to enter by way of the aperture
or that would break the shell at the outer lip
.
turban snail presumably refers to the shell's similarity in appearance to a turban
. However, the scientific name Turbinidae is based on the genus name Turbo, which is Latin for spinning top, a child's toy. Turbine
has a similar derivation.
, in the order Archaeogastropoda
in the superfamily
Trochacea. Trochaecea is now a synonym for the superfamily Trochoidea
. However, this is a quite ancient group of gastropods, probably originating in the Permian
period 298 to 250 million years ago. They have typical primitive characters like the nacreous interior of the shell.
according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005
).
This family consists of eight following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005
):
according to Williams et al. (2008): Angariidae was elevated to family level, Colloniinae was elevated to family Colloniidae
within Phasianelloidea
, Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae.
This family consists of five following subfamilies according to Williams et al. (2008):
The following subfamilies (sensu Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) classification of subfamilies in Turbinidae) were kept in Turbinidae :
Genera in the Turbinidae family include:
Turbininae
Skeneinae
Recent molecular evidence suggests that a number of these genera in Skeneinae probably belong to other families altogether, so many of these assignments must be regarded as provisional.
Margaritinae
Tegulinae
Prisogasterinae
Moelleriinae
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
of small to large marine
Marine (ocean)
Marine is an umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the sea or ocean, such as marine biology, marine ecology and marine geology...
gastropods. Turbinidae have a strong, thick calcareous
Calcareous
Calcareous is an adjective meaning mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate, in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.-In zoology:...
operculum
Operculum (gastropod)
The operculum, meaning little lid, is a corneous or calcareous anatomical structure which exists in many groups of sea snails and freshwater snails, and also in a few groups of land snails...
readily distinguishing them from the somewhat similar Trochidae
Trochidae
The Trochidae, common name top snails, are a taxonomic family of very small to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Vetigastropoda ....
or top snails, which have a corneous
Corneous
Corneous is a biological and medical term meaning horny, in other words made out of a substance similar to that of horns and hooves in some mammals....
operculum. This strong operculum serves as a passive defensive structure against predators that try to enter by way of the aperture
Aperture (mollusc)
The aperture is an opening in certain kinds of mollusc shells: it is the main opening of the shell, where part of the body of the animal emerges for locomotion, feeding, etc....
or that would break the shell at the outer lip
Gastropod shell
The gastropod shell is a shell which is part of the body of a gastropod or snail, one kind of mollusc. The gastropod shell is an external skeleton or exoskeleton, which serves not only for muscle attachment, but also for protection from predators and from mechanical damage...
.
Etymology
The common nameCommon name
A common name of a taxon or organism is a name in general use within a community; it is often contrasted with the scientific name for the same organism...
turban snail presumably refers to the shell's similarity in appearance to a turban
Turban
In English, Turban refers to several types of headwear popularly worn in the Middle East, North Africa, Punjab, Jamaica and Southwest Asia. A commonly used synonym is Pagri, the Indian word for turban.-Styles:...
. However, the scientific name Turbinidae is based on the genus name Turbo, which is Latin for spinning top, a child's toy. Turbine
Turbine
A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.The simplest turbines have one moving part, a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades, or the blades react to the flow, so that they move and...
has a similar derivation.
Taxonomy
Previously they were classified in the subclass ProsobranchiaProsobranchia
Not to be confused with the bivalve order Protobranchia.Prosobranchia was a large taxonomic subclass of sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. This taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s...
, in the order Archaeogastropoda
Archaeogastropoda
Archaeogastropoda was a taxonomic order of sea snails used in older classifications of gastropods, i.e. snails and slugs. Archeogastropoda are marine prosobranch gastropod mollusks, mainly herbivores, typically having two gills and a double-chambered heart, with the eggs and sperm discharged...
in the superfamily
Taxonomic rank
In biological classification, rank is the level in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, and class. Each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories...
Trochacea. Trochaecea is now a synonym for the superfamily Trochoidea
Trochoidea (superfamily)
Trochoidea is a superfamily of small to very large vetigastropod sea snails with gills and an operculum.They have nacre as the inner shell layer...
. However, this is a quite ancient group of gastropods, probably originating in the Permian
Permian
The PermianThe term "Permian" was introduced into geology in 1841 by Sir Sir R. I. Murchison, president of the Geological Society of London, who identified typical strata in extensive Russian explorations undertaken with Edouard de Verneuil; Murchison asserted in 1841 that he named his "Permian...
period 298 to 250 million years ago. They have typical primitive characters like the nacreous interior of the shell.
2005 taxonomy
Turbinidae belongs to superfamily TurbinoideaTurbinoidea
Turbinoidea is a superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda . But it is an available name, because it is not used in current taxonomy of gastropods sensu Williams et al...
according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...
).
This family consists of eight following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...
):
- Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- Angariinae Gray, 1857 - synonym: Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868
- Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917
- tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
- tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
- tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
- tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
- † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - synonym: "Prisogastrinae" in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) is an spelling error.
- Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
2008 taxonomy
Turbinidae was redefined and moved to the redefined superfamily TrochoideaTrochoidea (superfamily)
Trochoidea is a superfamily of small to very large vetigastropod sea snails with gills and an operculum.They have nacre as the inner shell layer...
according to Williams et al. (2008): Angariidae was elevated to family level, Colloniinae was elevated to family Colloniidae
Colloniidae
Colloniidae is a family of small sea snails with calcareous opercula, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda.- 2005 taxonomy :...
within Phasianelloidea
Phasianelloidea
Phasianelloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda.-Taxonomy :Superfamily Phasianelloidea was created as new superfamily by Williams et al. ....
, Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae.
This family consists of five following subfamilies according to Williams et al. (2008):
- Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924
- Margaritinae Thiele, 1924 - tribes are sensu taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...
)- tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
- tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
- tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
The following subfamilies (sensu Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) classification of subfamilies in Turbinidae) were kept in Turbinidae :
- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - MoelleriaMoelleriaMoelleria is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Moelleria include:* Moelleria costulata...
was not included in the molecular studies performed in 2010. - † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
Genera
Turbininae
- Turbo Linnaeus, 1758 - type genus
- AstraeaAstraea (gastropod)Astraea is a genus of medium to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within this genus include:*Astraea cookii *Astraea danieli Alf & Kreipl, 2006...
Röding, 1798 - AstraliumAstraliumAstralium, common name star snails, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails and star snails.- Species:...
Link, 1807 - BellastraeaBellastraeaBellastraea is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Bellastraea include:* Bellastraea aurea * Bellastraea rutidoloma...
Iredale, 1924 - BolmaBolmaBolma is a genus of medium to large sea snails with a calcareous operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:...
Risso, 1826 - CookiaCookiaCookia is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Cookia is sometimes treated as a subgenus of the genus Bolma...
Lesson, 1832 - GuildfordiaGuildfordiaGuildfordia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Guildfordia include:* Guildfordia aculeata Kosuge, 1979* Guildfordia radians Dekker, 2008...
Gray, 1850 - LithopomaLithopomaLithopoma is a genus of medium-sized to large sea snails with a calcareous operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. -Species:Species within this genus were previously placed in the genus Astraea...
Gray, 1850 - LunellaLunellaLunella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Lunella include:subgenus Ninella* Lunella torquata subgenus Subninella...
Röding, 1798 - MegastraeaMegastraeaMegastraea is a genus of medium-sized to large sea snails with a calcareous operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:...
McLean, 1970 - Micrastraea Cotton, 1939
- ModeliaModeliaModelia is a genus of medium to large sea snails in which the shell has a pearly interior and the snail has a calcareous operculum; marine gastropod mollusks, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.- Further reading :...
Gray, 1850 - PomaulaxPomaulaxPomaulax is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Pomaulax include:* Pomaulax japonicus * Pomaulax gibberosus...
Gray, 1850 - UvanillaUvanillaUvanilla is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. -Species:Species within the genus Uvanilla include:* Uvanilla babelis * Uvanilla buschii...
Gray, 1850
Skeneinae
- AkritogyraAkritogyraAkritogyra is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Akritogyra include:* Akritogyra conspicua * Akritogyra curvilineata Warén, 1992...
Warén, 1992 - AnekesAnekesAnekes is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Anekes include:* Anekes affinis * Anekes inflata Warén, 1992* Anekes paucistriata Warén, 1992...
Bouchet & Warén, 1979 - BruceiellaBruceiellaBruceiella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Bruceiella include:* Bruceiella athlia Warén & Bouchet, 2001* Bruceiella wareni Okutani, Hashimoto & Sasaki, 2004...
Warén & Bouchet, 1993 - CallomphalaCallomphalaCallomphala is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Callomphala include:* Callomphala hoeksemai Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 2008...
A. Adams & Angas, 1864 - CirsonellaCirsonellaCirsonella is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Cirsonella include:* Cirsonella ateles Cirsonella is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus...
Angas, 1877 - synonym: Tharsiella Bush, 1897 - DasyskeneaDasyskeneaDasyskenea is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Dasyskenea include:* Dasyskenea suavis Fasulo & Cretella, 2002...
Fasulo & Cretella, 2003 - DidianemaDidianemaDidianema is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.Older taxonomies categorized this genus in the family Turridae.-Species:Species within the genus Didianema include:...
Woodring, 1928 - DikolepsDikolepsDikoleps is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Dikoleps include:* Dikoleps cutleriana * Dikoleps depressa...
Hoisaeter, 1968 - DillwynellaDillwynellaDillwynella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Dillwynella include:* Dillwynella fallax Hasegawa, 1997...
Dall, 1889 - EudaroniaEudaroniaEudaronia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Eudaronia include:* Eudaronia aperta...
Cotton, 1945 - FucariaFucariaFucaria is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Peltospiridae.-Species:Species within the genus Fucaria include:* Fucaria mystax Warén & Bouchet, 2001...
Warén & Bouchet, 1993 - GanesaGanesa (gastropod)Ganesa is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Ganesa include:* Ganesa bujnitzkii * Ganesa nitidiuscula Jeffreys, 1883...
Jeffreys, 1883 - GranigyraGranigyraGranigyra is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Granigyra include:* Granigyra arenosa Warén, 1993* Granigyra granulifera Warén, 1992...
Dall, 1889 - HaplocochliasHaplocochliasHaplocochlias is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Haplocochlias include:* Haplocochlias cubensis Espinosa, Ortea, Fernandez-Garcés & Moro, 2007...
Carpenter, 1864 - IheyaspiraIheyaspiraIheyaspira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails.-Species:Species within the genus Iheyaspira include:* Iheyaspira lequios Okutani, Sasaki & Tsuchida, 2000...
Okutani, Sasaki & Tsuchida, 2000 - LeucorhynchiaLeucorhynchiaLeucorhynchia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Leucorhynchia include:* Leucorhynchia lirata...
Crosse, 1867 - LissomphaliaLissomphaliaLissomphalia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Lissomphalia include:* Lissomphalia bithynoides...
Warén, 1992 - LissospiraLissospiraLissospira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Lissospira include:* Lissospira abyssicola Bush, 1897* Lissospira bujnitzkii...
Bush, 1897 - LissotestaLissotestaLissotesta is a genus of minute sea snails or micromolluscs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Lissotesta include:* Lissotesta ambigua Dell, 1956* Lissotesta aupouria Powell, 1937...
Iredale, 1915 - LodderenaLodderenaLodderena is a genus of minute sea snails or micromolluscs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Lodderena include:* Lodderena catenoides* Lodderena formosa Powell, 1930...
Iredale, 1924 - LopheliellaLopheliellaLopheliella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Lopheliella include:* Lopheliella hermesae Hoffman, van Heugten & Lavaleye, 2008...
Hoffman, van Heugten & Lavaleye, 2008 - MikroMikro (gastropod)Mikro is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Mikro include:* Mikro giustii * Mikro globulus Warén, 1996...
Warén, 1996 - MoelleriopsisMoelleriopsisMoelleriopsis is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Moelleriopsis include:* Moelleriopsis abyssicola Bush, 1897* Moelleriopsis messanensis...
Bush, 1897 - NotosetiaNotosetiaNotosetia is a genus of minute sea snails or micromolluscs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Rissoidae.-Species:Species within the genus Notosetia include:* Notosetia ghanensis* Notosetia neozelanica...
Iredale, 1915 - PalazziaPalazziaPalazzia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Palazzia include:* Palazzia ausonia * Palazzia pankakare Absalao, 2009...
Warén, 1991 - ParviturboParviturboParviturbo is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Parviturbo include:* Parviturbo alboranensis Peñas & Rolán, 2006...
Pilsbry & McGinty, 1945 - ProtoliraProtoliraProtolira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Protolira include:* Protolira thorvaldssoni Warén, 1996* Protolira valvatoides Warén & Bouchet, 1993...
Warén & Bouchet, 1993 - PseudorbisPseudorbisPseudorbis is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Pseudorbis include:* Pseudorbis granulum * Pseudorbis jameoensis...
Monterosato, 1884 - RetigyraRetigyraRetigyra is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Retigyra include:* Retigyra granulosa * Retigyra iheringi...
Warén, 1989 - SkeneaSkeneaSkenea is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Skenea include:* Skenea areolata * Skenea basistriata...
Fleming, 1825 - type genus - SkeneoidesSkeneoidesSkeneoides is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Skeneoides include:* Skeneoides digeronimoi * Skeneoides exilissima...
Warén, 1992 - Tharsis Jeffreys, 1883
- Trenchia Knudsen, 1964
- XyloskeneaXyloskeneaXyloskenea is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Xyloskenea include:* Xyloskenea naticiformis...
Marshall, 1988
Recent molecular evidence suggests that a number of these genera in Skeneinae probably belong to other families altogether, so many of these assignments must be regarded as provisional.
Margaritinae
- AntimargaritaAntimargaritaAntimargarita is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails.-Species:Species within the genus Antimargarita include:* Antimargarita bentarti Aldea, Zelaya & Troncoso, 2009...
Powell, 1951 - CallogazaCallogazaCallogaza is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails....
Dall, 1881 - GazaGaza (gastropod)Gaza is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails.-Species:Species within the genus Gaza include:* Gaza compta Simone & Cunha, 2006* Gaza cubana Clench & Aguayo, 1940...
Watson, 1879 - Kaiparathina Laws, 1941
- MargaritesMargaritesMargarites is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Margarites include: * Margarites albolineatus Margarites is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban...
Gray, 1847
Tegulinae
- ChlorostomaChlorostomaChlorostoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Chlorostoma include:* Chlorostoma lischkei...
- CittariumCittariumCittarium is a genus of a sea snails, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae.- Species :There are two species in the genus Cittarium:* † Cittarium maestratii Lozouet, 2002* Cittarium pica...
Philippi, 1847 - NorrisiaNorrisiaNorrisia is a genus of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae.-Species:Norrisia is a monotypic genus and its only species is Norrisia norrisi....
Bayle, 1880 - OmphaliusOmphaliusOmphalius is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Omphalius include:* Omphalius rusticus...
- TectusTectusTectus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Tectus include:* Tectus conus * Tectus dentatus...
Montfort, 1810 - Tegula Lesson, 1835
Prisogasterinae
- PrisogasterPrisogasterPrisogaster is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Prisogaster include:* Prisogaster niger...
Moelleriinae
- MoelleriaMoelleriaMoelleria is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.-Species:Species within the genus Moelleria include:* Moelleria costulata...
Jeffreys, 1865