Tripartite motif family
Encyclopedia
Function
Many TRIM proteins are induced by interferonInterferon
Interferons are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens—such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites—or tumor cells. They allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors.IFNs belong to...
s, which are important component of resistance to pathogens and several TRIM proteins are known to be required for the restriction of infection by lentivirus
Lentivirus
Lentivirus is a genus of slow viruses of the Retroviridae family, characterized by a long incubation period...
es. TRIM proteins are involved in pathogen-recognition and by regulation of transcriptional pathways in host defence.
Structure
The tripartite motif is always present at the N-terminus of the TRIM proteins. The TRIM motif includes the following three domains:- (1) a RING fingerRING finger domainIn molecular biology, a RING finger domain is a protein structural domain of zinc finger type which contains a Cys3HisCys4 amino acid motif which binds two zinc cations. This protein domain contains from 40 to 60 amino acids...
domain - (2) one or two B-box zinc fingerZinc fingerZinc fingers are small protein structural motifs that can coordinate one or more zinc ions to help stabilize their folds. They can be classified into several different structural families and typically function as interaction modules that bind DNA, RNA, proteins, or small molecules...
domains- when only one B-box is present, it is always a type-2 B-box
- when two B-boxes are present the type-1 B-Box always precedes the type-2 B-Box
- (3) coiled coilCoiled coilA coiled coil is a structural motif in proteins, in which 2-7 alpha-helices are coiled together like the strands of a rope . Many coiled coil type proteins are involved in important biological functions such as the regulation of gene expression e.g. transcription factors...
region
The C-terminus of TRIM proteins contain either:
- Group 1 proteins: a C-terminal domain selected from the following list:
- NHL and IGFLMN domains, either in association or alone
- PHD domainPHD fingerThe PHD finger was discovered in 1993 as a Cys4-His-Cys3 motif in the homeodomain protein HAT3 in Arabidopsis thaliana.The PHD finger motif resembles the metal binding RING domain and FYVE domain...
associated with a bromodomainBromodomainA bromodomain is a protein domain that recognizes acetylated lysine residues such as those on the N-terminal tails of histones. This recognition is often a prerequisite for protein-histone association and chromatin remodeling. The domain itself adopts an all-α protein fold, a bundle of four alpha... - MATHMATH domainThe MATH domain, in molecular biology, is a binding domain that was defined originally by a region of homology between otherwise functionally unrelated domains, the intracellular TRAF-C domains of TRAF proteins and a C-terminal region of extracellular meprins A and B.Although apparently...
domain (in e.g., TRIM37TRIM37Tripartite motif-containing protein 37 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM37 gene.-Further reading:...
) - ARF domain (in e.g., TRIM23TRIM23GTP-binding protein ARD-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM23 gene.-Interactions:TRIM23 has been shown to interact with TRIM31, TRIM29 and PSCD1.-Further reading:...
) - EXOIII domain (in e.g., TRIM19) or
- Group 2 proteins: a SPRY C-terminal domain
Family members
The TRIM family is split into two groups that differ in domain structure and genomic organization:- Group 1 members possess a variety of C-terminal domains, and are represented in both vertebrate and invertebrates
- Group 2 is absent in invertebrates, possess a C-terminal SPRY domain
Members of the family include:
- Group 1
- PHD-BROMO domain containing: TRIM24TRIM24Tripartite motif-containing 24 also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1α is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRIM24 gene.- Function :...
(TIF1α), TRIM28TRIM28Tripartite motif-containing 28 also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1β is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM24 gene.- Function :...
(TIF1β), TRIM33TRIM33Tripartite motif-containing 33 also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1 gamma , is a human gene.The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be a transcriptional corepressor...
(TIF1γ)– act as corepressorCorepressor (genetics)In molecular genetics, a corepressor is a substance that inhibits the expression of genes. A corepressor downregulates the expression of genes not through direct interaction with a gene promoter , but rather indirectly through interaction with repressor proteins that in turn bind to the...
s - 1-10: TRIM1, TRIM2, TRIM3TRIM3Tripartite motif-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM3 gene.-Interactions:TRIM3 has been shown to interact with Actinin alpha 4.-Further reading:...
, TRIM8, TRIM9TRIM9Tripartite motif-containing protein 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM9 gene.-Further reading:... - 11-20: TRIM12, TRIM13, TRIM14, TRIM16TRIM16Tripartite motif-containing protein 16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM16 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM18, TRIM19 - 21-30: TRIM23TRIM23GTP-binding protein ARD-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM23 gene.-Interactions:TRIM23 has been shown to interact with TRIM31, TRIM29 and PSCD1.-Further reading:...
, TRIM25TRIM25Tripartite motif-containing protein 25 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM25 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM29TRIM29Tripartite motif-containing protein 29 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM29 gene.-Interactions:TRIM29 has been shown to interact with TRIM23 and GCC1.-Further reading:...
, TRIM30 - 31-40: TRIM32TRIM32Tripartite motif-containing protein 32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM32 gene. Since its discovery in 1995, TRIM32 has been shown to be implicated in a number of diverse biological pathways.- Structure :...
, TRIM36, TRIM37TRIM37Tripartite motif-containing protein 37 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM37 gene.-Further reading:... - 41-50: TRIM42, TRIM44, TRIM45TRIM45tripartite motif containing 45, also known as TRIM45, is a human gene.This gene encodes a member of the tripartite motif family. The encoded protein may function as a [transcriptional repressor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been...
, TRIM46, TRIM47 - 51-60: TRIM51, TRIM53, TRIM54, TRIM55TRIM55Tripartite motif-containing protein 55 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM55 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM56, TRIM57, TRIM59 - 61-70: TRIM62TRIM62TRIM62, also called DEAR1 , is a protein in the tripartite motif family. In human it is encoded by the gene TRIM62. TRIM62 is involved in the morphogenesis of the mammary gland, and loss of TRIM62 gene expression in breast is associated with a higher risk of recurrence in early-onset breast cancer....
, TRIM63TRIM63E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM63 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TRIM63 gene.-Interactions:TRIM63 has been shown to interact with Titin, GMEB1 and SUMO2.-Further reading:...
, TRIM65, TRIM66, TRIM67, TRIM69, TRIM70 - 71-75: TRIM71
- PHD-BROMO domain containing: TRIM24
- Group 2
- 1-10: TRIM4, TRIM5, TRIM6TRIM6Tripartite motif-containing protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM6 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM7, TRIM10 - 11-20: TRIM11TRIM11Tripartite motif-containing protein 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM11 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM12, TRIM15TRIM15Tripartite motif-containing protein 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM15 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM17, TRIM20 - 21-30: TRIM21TRIM21Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 also known as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM21 gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants for this gene have been described but the full-length nature of only one has been determined...
, TRIM22TRIM22Tripartite motif-containing 22, also known as TRIM22, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TRIM22 gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tripartite motif family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2,...
, TRIM26, TRIM27TRIM27Zinc finger protein RFP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM27 gene.-Interactions:TRIM27 has been shown to interact with PRAM1 and EIF3S6.-Further reading:...
, TRIM30 - 31-40: TRIM31TRIM31Tripartite motif-containing protein 31 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM31 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM34, TRIM35, TRIM38, TRIM39, TRIM40 - 41-50: TRIM41TRIM41Tripartite motif-containing protein 41 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM41 gene.-Further reading:...
, TRIM43, TRIM48, TRIM49, TRIM50TRIM50Tripartite motif-containing 50, also known as TRIM50, is a human gene. TRIM50 encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tripartite motif family, also called the 'RING-B-box-coiled-coil' subgroup of RING finger proteins. The gene is located at 7q11.23,... - 51-60: TRIM51, TRIM52, TRIM53, TRIM57, TRIM58, TRIM60
- 61-70: TRIM61, TRIM64, TRIM68TRIM68Tripartite motif-containing protein 68 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM68 gene.-Interactions:TRIM68 has been shown to interact with Androgen receptor.-Further reading:...
, TRIM69, TRIM70 - 71-75: TRIM72, TRIM73, TRIM74, TRIM75
- 1-10: TRIM4, TRIM5, TRIM6