The Triaenonychidae are a family of harvestmen with about 120 genera

Genus

In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...

 and more than 440 described species.

Description

Most Triaenonychidae are from three to five millimeters long, although some species from South Africa can be only 1 millimetre (0.0393700787401575 in) long. Some species in the subfamily Adaeinae are almost 10 mm (0.393700787401575 in) long. Legs are almost always short, measuring 4 millimetre. The armed pedipalp

Pedipalp

Pedipalps , are the second pair of appendages of the prosoma in the subphylum Chelicerata. They are traditionally thought to be homologous with mandibles in Crustacea and insects, although more recent studies Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi), are the second pair of appendages of the...

s are large, and much stronger than the legs.

Distribution

Triaenonychidae are found in North

North America

North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...

 and South America

South America

South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...

, Japan

Japan

Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...

 and Korea

Korea

Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...

, Australia

Australia

Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...

 and New Zealand

New Zealand

New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...

, and Madagascar

Madagascar

The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...

.

Relationships

The Triaenonychidae should probably split into at least two families. The genera from the Australian region are considered Triaenonychidae sensu stricto, and may include the strange Synthetonychiidae

Synthetonychiidae

The Synthetonychiidae are a small family of harvestman with a handful of species in a single genus. They are endemic to New Zealand.-Description:Species in this family are between one and two millimeters long, with legs up to almost six mm.-Relationships:...

; the northern species should be grouped with Travuniidae

Travuniidae

The Travuniidae are a small family of harvestman with little more than ten described species, within the suborder Laniatores.-Description:Travuniidae are at the most three millimeters long, with slender, unarmed legs and robust, strongly spined pedipalps....

.

Name

The name of the type genus Triaenonyx is combined from Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the stage of the Greek language in the periods spanning the times c. 9th–6th centuries BC, , c. 5th–4th centuries BC , and the c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD of ancient Greece and the ancient world; being predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek...

  (, "trident, fish spear") and (, "claw").

Genera

The following genera are included in the family:

Triaenonychinae Sørensen in L. Koch, 1886

• Triaenonychini Sørensen in L. Koch, 1886
• Acumontia Loman, 1898
• Allonuncia Hickman, 1958
• Amatola Lawrence, 1931
• Ankaratrix Lawrence, 1959
• Ankylonuncia Hickman, 1958
• Antongila Roewer, 1931
• Austromontia Lawrence, 1931
• Austronuncia Lawrence, 1931
• Bezavonia Roewer, 1949
• Biacumontia Lawrence, 1931
• Brasiloctis Mello-Leitão, 1938
• Breviacantha Kauri, 1954
• Bryonuncia Hickman, 1958
• Callihamina Roewer, 1942
• Callihamus Roewer, 1931
• Calliuncus Roewer, 1931
• Ceratomontia Roewer, 1915
• Cluniella Forster, 1955
• Conoculus Forster, 1949
• Decarynella Fage, 1945
• Diaenobunus Roewer, 1914
• Diasia Sørensen, 1902
• Equitius Simon, 1880
• Graemontia Lawrence, 1931
• Gunvoria Kauri, 1961
• Hedwiga Roewer, 1931
• Hendea Roewer, 1931
• Hendeola Forster, 1954
• Heteronuncia Roewer, 1920
• Hickmanoxyomma G. S. Hunt, 1990
• Holonuncia Forster, 1955
• Hovanuncia Lawrence, 1959
• Ivohibea Lawrence, 1959
• Lawrencella Strand, 1932
• Leionuncia Hickman, 1958
• Lispomontia Lawrence, 1937
• Lizamontia Kury, 2004 South Africa
• Lomanella Pocock, 1903
• Mensamontia Lawrence, 1931
• Metanuncia Roewer, 1914
• Micromontia Lawrence, 1939
• Millomontia Lawrence, 1959
• Millotonyx Lawrence, 1959
• Monomontia Lawrence, 1931
• Nahuelonyx E. A. Maury, 1988
• Neonuncia Roewer, 1914
• Notonuncia Hickman, 1958
• Nucina Hickman, 1958
• Nuncia Loman, 1902
• Nunciella Roewer, 1929
• Nuncioides Hickman, 1958
• Odontonuncia Hickman, 1958
• Paramontia Lawrence, 1934
• Paranuncia Roewer, 1914
• Parattahia Roewer, 1914
• Paulianyx Lawrence, 1959
• Perthacantha Roewer, 1931
• Planimontia Kauri, 1961
• Prasma Roewer, 1931
• Prasmiola Forster, 1954
• Promecostethus Enderlein, 1909
• Psalenoba Roewer, 1931
• Rhynchobunus Hickman, 1958
• Roewerania Lawrence, 1934
• Rostromontia Lawrence, 1931
• Speleomontia Lawrence, 1931
• Stylonuncia Hickman, 1958
• Tasmanonyx Hickman, 1958
• Triaenomontia Roewer, 1914
• Triaenonychoides H. Soares, 1968
• Triaenonyx Sørensen in L. Koch, 1886
• Triconobunus Roewer, 1914
• Valdivionyx E. A. Maury, 1988
• Yatala Roewer, 1942
• Yulella Lawrence, 1939
• Adaeini Pocock, 1902
• Adaeulum Roewer, 1914
• Adaeum Karsch, 1880
• Cryptadaeum Lawrence, 1931
• Heteradaeum Lawrence, 1963
• Larifuga Loman, 1898
• Larifugella Lawrence, 1933
• Micradaeum Lawrence, 1931
• Montadaeum Lawrence, 1931
• Paradaeum Lawrence, 1931
• Triregia Forster, 1948
• Triaenobunini Pocock, 1902
• Pyenganella Hickman, 1958
• Tasmanonuncia Hickman, 1958
• Thelbunus Hickman, 1958
• Triaenobunus Sørensen in L. Koch, 1886
• Dingupa Forster, 1952
• Algidia Hogg, 1920
• Allobunus Hickman, 1958
• Americobunus Muñoz-Cuevas, 1972
• Araucanobunus Muñoz-Cuevas, 1973
• Cenefia Roewer, 1931
• Chilobunus Hickman, 1958
• Chrestobunus Roewer, 1914
• Dipristes Roewer, 1931
• Eubunus Hickman, 1958
• Glyptobunus Roewer, 1914
• Mestonia Hickman, 1958
• Miobunus Roewer, 1915
• Muscicola Forster, 1954
• Phanerobunus Roewer, 1915
• Phoxobunus Hickman, 1958
• Pristobunus Roewer, 1931
• incertae sedis
  Incertae sedis
  , is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by , , and similar terms.-Examples:*The fossil plant Paradinandra suecica could not be assigned to any...
  
  
• Fumontana Shear, 1977
• Picunchenops E. A. Maury, 1988

Kaolinonychinae Suzuki, 1975

• Kaolinonychus Suzuki, 1975
• Mutsunonychus Suzuki, 1976

Nippononychinae Suzuki, 1975

• Nippononychus Suzuki, 1975
• Metanippononychus Suzuki, 1975
• Izunonychus Suzuki, 1975

Paranonychinae Briggs, 1971

• Kainonychus Suzuki, 1975
• Metanonychus Briggs, 1971
• Paranonychus Briggs, 1971

Sclerobuninae Dumitrescu, 1976

• Cyptobunus Banks, 1905
• Sclerobunus
  Sclerobunus
  Sclerobunus is a genus of harvestman that occurs in North America.-Species:* Sclerobunus nondimorphicus Briggs, 1971 * Sclerobunus parvus Roewer, 1931 * Sclerobunus robustus...
  
  Banks, 1893
• Zuma Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942

Soerensenellinae Forster, 1954

• Karamea Forster, 1954
• Soerensenella Pocock, 1903