Tie (typography)
Encyclopedia
The tie is a symbol in the shape of an arc
similar to a large breve
, used in Ancient Greek
, phonetic alphabets, and Z notation
. It can be used between two characters with spacing as punctuation
, or non-spacing as a diacritic
. It can be above or below, and reversed.
Its forms are called tie, double breve, enotikon, ligature tie, papyrological hyphen, and undertie.
was invented.
The enotikon ("uniter"), is used as a word non-divider, similar to hyphen
, as opposed to the hypodiastole
used as a word divider. The enotikon can be both spacing and non-spacing. On computers both characters and can be used
Enotikon was also used in Ancient Greek music notation, as a slur
under two notes. When a syllable was sung with three notes, this slur was used in combination with a double point
and a diseme
over the notes.
uses two type of ties : the ligature tie (IPA #433), above or below two symbols ; and the undertie (IPA #509) between two symbols.
(e.g. [k͡p]), affricates
(e.g. [t͡ʃ]) or prenasalized consonant
(e.g. [m͡b]) in the IPA. It is mostly found above but can also be found below when more suitable (e.g. [k͜p]).
On computers, it is encoded with characters and, as an alternative when raisers might be interfering with the bow, .
.
On computers, the character used is , a spacing character, which is not to be confused with , a combining diacritic, used as an alternative to the ligature tie .
uses several forms of the tie or double breve:
in combination with a double o, , to represent the near-close near-back vowel (ʊ in IPA).
for three letter combinations.
. It is encoded with in Unicode. For example "" represents the concatenation sequence of sequences called s and t; and the notation "" is the distributed concatenation of the sequence of sequences called q.
and its A1 brand.
The diacritic signs triple inverted breve, triple breve, and double inverted breve have not yet been encoded for computers.
Unicode has characters similar to the tie : and and
Arc (geometry)
In geometry, an arc is a closed segment of a differentiable curve in the two-dimensional plane; for example, a circular arc is a segment of the circumference of a circle...
similar to a large breve
Breve
A breve is a diacritical mark ˘, shaped like the bottom half of a circle. It resembles the caron , but is rounded, while the caron has a sharp tip...
, used in Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek is the stage of the Greek language in the periods spanning the times c. 9th–6th centuries BC, , c. 5th–4th centuries BC , and the c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD of ancient Greece and the ancient world; being predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek...
, phonetic alphabets, and Z notation
Z notation
The Z notation , named after Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, is a formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems. It is targeted at the clear specification of computer programs and computer-based systems in general.-History:...
. It can be used between two characters with spacing as punctuation
Punctuation
Punctuation marks are symbols that indicate the structure and organization of written language, as well as intonation and pauses to be observed when reading aloud.In written English, punctuation is vital to disambiguate the meaning of sentences...
, or non-spacing as a diacritic
Diacritic
A diacritic is a glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph. The term derives from the Greek διακριτικός . Diacritic is both an adjective and a noun, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the acute and grave are often called accents...
. It can be above or below, and reversed.
Its forms are called tie, double breve, enotikon, ligature tie, papyrological hyphen, and undertie.
Ancient Greek
The Papyrological hyphen or enotikon can be found in Greek as written on papyri, before spaceSpace (punctuation)
In writing, a space is a blank area devoid of content, serving to separate words, letters, numbers, and punctuation. Conventions for interword and intersentence spaces vary among languages, and in some cases the spacing rules are quite complex....
was invented.
The enotikon ("uniter"), is used as a word non-divider, similar to hyphen
Hyphen
The hyphen is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. The hyphen should not be confused with dashes , which are longer and have different uses, or with the minus sign which is also longer...
, as opposed to the hypodiastole
Hypodiastole
Hypodiastole is a textual mark developed in ancient Greek texts before the separation of words by spaces was commonplace. It was used together with the hyphen to mark how the words should be read correctly. A hyphen was placed between words that should be read as one, while a hypodiastole was put...
used as a word divider. The enotikon can be both spacing and non-spacing. On computers both characters and can be used
Enotikon was also used in Ancient Greek music notation, as a slur
Slur (music)
A slur is a symbol in Western musical notation indicating that the notes it embraces are to be played without separation. This implies legato articulation, and in music for bowed string instruments, it also indicates the notes should be played in one bow; and in music for wind instruments, that the...
under two notes. When a syllable was sung with three notes, this slur was used in combination with a double point
Colon (punctuation)
The colon is a punctuation mark consisting of two equally sized dots centered on the same vertical line.-Usage:A colon informs the reader that what follows the mark proves, explains, or lists elements of what preceded the mark....
and a diseme
Overline
An overline or overbar or overscore , refers to the typographical feature of a line drawn immediately above the text, for example used to indicate medieval sigla. Specifically, a line drawn over one symbol is a macron, and a line over a collection of symbols is a vinculum...
over the notes.
International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic AlphabetInternational Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...
uses two type of ties : the ligature tie (IPA #433), above or below two symbols ; and the undertie (IPA #509) between two symbols.
Ligature tie
The ligature tie, also called double inverted breve, is used to represent double articulationDoubly articulated consonant
Doubly articulated consonants are consonants with two simultaneous primary places of articulation of the same manner . They are a subset of co-articulated consonants. They are to be distinguished from co-articulated consonants with secondary articulation, that is, a second articulation not of the...
(e.g. [k͡p]), affricates
Affricate consonant
Affricates are consonants that begin as stops but release as a fricative rather than directly into the following vowel.- Samples :...
(e.g. [t͡ʃ]) or prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonants are phonetic sequences of a nasal and an obstruent that behave phonologically like single consonants. The reasons for considering these sequences to be single consonants is in their behavior, not in their actual composition...
(e.g. [m͡b]) in the IPA. It is mostly found above but can also be found below when more suitable (e.g. [k͜p]).
On computers, it is encoded with characters and, as an alternative when raisers might be interfering with the bow, .
Undertie
The undertie is used to represent linking (absence of a break) in the IPA. For example it is used to indicate liaison (e.g. /vuz‿ave/) but can also be used for other types of sandhiSandhi
Sandhi is a cover term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries . Examples include the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words...
.
On computers, the character used is , a spacing character, which is not to be confused with , a combining diacritic, used as an alternative to the ligature tie .
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
The Uralic Phonetic AlphabetUralic Phonetic Alphabet
The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet or Finno-Ugric transcription system is a phonetic transcription or notational system used predominantly for the transcription and reconstruction of Uralic languages...
uses several forms of the tie or double breve:
- The triple inverted breve or triple breve below indicates a triphthongTriphthongIn phonetics, a triphthong is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement of the articulator from one vowel quality to another that passes over a third...
- The double inverted breve, also known as the ligature tie, marks a diphthongDiphthongA diphthong , also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: That is, the tongue moves during the pronunciation of the vowel...
- The double inverted breve below indicates a syllable boundary between vowels
- The undertie is used for prosodyProsody (linguistics)In linguistics, prosody is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance: the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the utterance ; the presence of irony or sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus; or other elements of...
- The inverted undertie is used for prosody.
American Heritage Dictionary
The double breve is used in the phonetic notation of the American Heritage DictionaryThe American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language is an American dictionary of the English language published by Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin, the first edition of which appeared in 1969...
in combination with a double o, , to represent the near-close near-back vowel (ʊ in IPA).
Rheinische Dokumenta
The triple breve below is used in the phonetic writing Rheinische DokumentaRheinische Dokumenta
The Rheinische Dokumenta is a phonetic writing system developed in the early 1980s by a working group of academics, linguists, local language experts, and local language speakers of the Rhineland....
for three letter combinations.
Z notation
The character tie is used for sequence concatenation in Z notationZ notation
The Z notation , named after Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, is a formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems. It is targeted at the clear specification of computer programs and computer-based systems in general.-History:...
. It is encoded with in Unicode. For example "" represents the concatenation sequence of sequences called s and t; and the notation "" is the distributed concatenation of the sequence of sequences called q.
Other uses
The ligature tie is used in the logotypes of mobilkom AustriaMobilkom Austria
Mobilkom Austria is a major Austrian mobile network operator. It has been operating commercially since 1994 and in testing since 1992.One of the most well-known commercial brand is A1 in Austria.The Mobilkom Austria group also owns:...
and its A1 brand.
Encoding tie
| name | character | HTML code | Unicode | Unicode name | sample |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| non-spacing | |||||
| double breve | ͝ | ͝ | U+035D | o͝o | |
| ligature tie | ͡ | ͡ | U+0361 | /k͡p/ | |
| ligature tie below, enotikon |
͜ | ͜ | U+035C | /k͜p/ | |
| spacing | |||||
| undertie, enotikon |
‿ | ‿ | U+203F | /vuz‿ave/ | |
| tie | ⁀ | ⁀ | U+2040 | s⁀t | |
| inverted undertie | ⁔ | ⁔ | U+2054 | o⁔o | |
The diacritic signs triple inverted breve, triple breve, and double inverted breve have not yet been encoded for computers.
Unicode has characters similar to the tie : and and