Thromde
Encyclopedia
A thromde is a third-level administrative division in Bhutan
. The legal administrative status of thromdes was most recently codified under the Local Government Act of 2009
, and the role of thromdes in elections in Bhutan
was defined in the Election Act of 2008.
decides the boundaries of Thromde in consultation with the National Land Commission Secretariat and local authorities.
Each Thromde Tshogde is composed of seven to ten elected members and headed by a Thrompon. Thromde Tshogdes are empowered to regulate advertising, enforce public health and safety rules, and to levy taxes on land, property, property transfer (sales tax
) and, "betterment." The municipal governments are also authorized to levy special taxes on vacant and underdeveloped land to encourage development, and to raise and spend money in to promote local economic development.
The administrations overseeing Class B Thromdes and Yenlag Thromdes are tasked with encouraging and overseeing their progressive development into Class A Thromdes – locally governed municipalities.
Although Class A and Class B Thromdes were established ahead of local elections in 2011
, Yenlag Thromdes were to be declared only after the second parliamentary elections in 2013. This would be followed by another delimitation of the 16 Dzongkhag Thromdes (Class B) and a review of chiwog numbers and boundaries affected by the declaration of the Yenlag Thromdes.
The Local Government Act of 2007 was the first piece of Bhutanese legislation
to provide distinctions among thromdes, dividing them into two classes: Dzongkhag Thromdes, which lacked the developmental capacity to form administrations in their own right; and Gyelong Thromdes, which were independent, non-legislating municipalities administered by a Gyelyong Thromde Tshogdu (Gyelyong administration). Each Gyelong administration was headed by an Executive Secretary. The administrative role of Gyelong Thromde Tshogdus were largely analogous to later roles for more developed municipalities.
The Constitution of 2008
confirmed the status of thromdes, providing for Thromde Tshogdes as the most basic level of some local government administration; for other thromdes, administration was provided directly through Dzongkhag Thromde
representation by one elected member from Dzongkhag Thromdes, and a second from Dzongkhag Yenlag Thromdes. The Constitution provided the basic legal framework for thromde administrations in the terms that continue today.
, gewog
, and rank:
Bhutan
Bhutan , officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China...
. The legal administrative status of thromdes was most recently codified under the Local Government Act of 2009
Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009
The Local Government Act of Bhutan was enacted on September 11, 2009, by parliament of Bhutan in order to further implement its program of decentralization and devolution of power and authority.Local Gov't Act 2008: Preamble It is the most recent reform of the law on Bhutan's administrative...
, and the role of thromdes in elections in Bhutan
Elections in Bhutan
Elections in Bhutan are conducted at national and local levels. Suffrage is universal for citizens 18 and over, and under applicable election laws...
was defined in the Election Act of 2008.
Thromde administration
Thromde administration is a product of the Bhutanese program of decentralization and devolution of power and authority. Thromdes are administered independently by a Thromde Tshogde if sufficiently developed and populated (Class A Thromdes); or directly by Dzongkhag Administration or the Gewog Administration as decided by the Government (Class B Thromdes and Yenlag Thromdes). From time to time, ParliamentParliament of Bhutan
The Parliament of Bhutan consists of the King of Bhutan together with a bicameral parliament.Constitution: Art. 1, § 3; Art. 10 This bicameral parliament is made up of an upper house, the National Council and a lower house, the National Assembly.Constitution: Art. 11; Art...
decides the boundaries of Thromde in consultation with the National Land Commission Secretariat and local authorities.
Each Thromde Tshogde is composed of seven to ten elected members and headed by a Thrompon. Thromde Tshogdes are empowered to regulate advertising, enforce public health and safety rules, and to levy taxes on land, property, property transfer (sales tax
Sales tax
A sales tax is a tax, usually paid by the consumer at the point of purchase, itemized separately from the base price, for certain goods and services. The tax amount is usually calculated by applying a percentage rate to the taxable price of a sale....
) and, "betterment." The municipal governments are also authorized to levy special taxes on vacant and underdeveloped land to encourage development, and to raise and spend money in to promote local economic development.
The administrations overseeing Class B Thromdes and Yenlag Thromdes are tasked with encouraging and overseeing their progressive development into Class A Thromdes – locally governed municipalities.
Although Class A and Class B Thromdes were established ahead of local elections in 2011
Bhutanese local government elections, 2011
The Bhutanese local government elections of 2011 were originally slated for 2008, but were delayed until 2011. Elections began on January 20, 2011, however polls opened in only 3 of 20 districts – Thimphu, Chukha District , and Samdrup Jongkhar – as part of a staggered election schedule. Polls...
, Yenlag Thromdes were to be declared only after the second parliamentary elections in 2013. This would be followed by another delimitation of the 16 Dzongkhag Thromdes (Class B) and a review of chiwog numbers and boundaries affected by the declaration of the Yenlag Thromdes.
History
Under the Geog Yargay Tshochung of 2002, gewog administration included non-votingTshogpa, representatives of villages or village clusters. Through the enactment of the Act of 2009, gewogs were divided administratively into representatives by chiwogs, or village groups.The Local Government Act of 2007 was the first piece of Bhutanese legislation
Bhutanese legislation
Bhutanese legislation is created by the bicameral Parliament of Bhutan. Either the upper house National Council, the lower house National Assembly, or the Attorney General may author bills to be passed as acts, with the exception of money and financial bills, which are the sole purview of the...
to provide distinctions among thromdes, dividing them into two classes: Dzongkhag Thromdes, which lacked the developmental capacity to form administrations in their own right; and Gyelong Thromdes, which were independent, non-legislating municipalities administered by a Gyelyong Thromde Tshogdu (Gyelyong administration). Each Gyelong administration was headed by an Executive Secretary. The administrative role of Gyelong Thromde Tshogdus were largely analogous to later roles for more developed municipalities.
The Constitution of 2008
Constitution of Bhutan
The Constitution of Bhutan was enacted July 18, 2008 by the Royal Government. The Constitution was thoroughly planned by several government officers and agencies over a period of almost seven years amid increasing democratic reforms in Bhutan...
confirmed the status of thromdes, providing for Thromde Tshogdes as the most basic level of some local government administration; for other thromdes, administration was provided directly through Dzongkhag Thromde
Dzongkhag
A dzongkhag is an administrative and judicial district of Bhutan. The twenty dzongkhags of Bhutan are further divided into 205 gewogs. Some larger dzongkhags have one or more of an intermediate judicial division, known as dungkhags , which themselves comprise two or more gewogs...
representation by one elected member from Dzongkhag Thromdes, and a second from Dzongkhag Yenlag Thromdes. The Constitution provided the basic legal framework for thromde administrations in the terms that continue today.
List of thromdes
The following is a list of thromdes by dzongkhagDzongkhag
A dzongkhag is an administrative and judicial district of Bhutan. The twenty dzongkhags of Bhutan are further divided into 205 gewogs. Some larger dzongkhags have one or more of an intermediate judicial division, known as dungkhags , which themselves comprise two or more gewogs...
, gewog
Gewog
A gewog, or geog refers to a group of villages in Bhutan. Gewogs form a geographic administrative unit below dzongkhag districts , and above thromde municipalities. Bhutan comprises 205 gewogs, which average 230 km² in area...
, and rank:
| Dzongkhag | Gewog | Thromde | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bumthang Bumthang District Bumthang District is one of the 20 dzongkhag comprising Bhutan. It is the most historic dzongkhag if the number of ancient temples and sacred sites is counted... |
Chhoekhor ཆོས་འཁོར་ |
Jakar Jakar Jakar is a town in the central-eastern region of Bhutan. It is the district capital of Bumthang District and the location of Jakar Dzong, the regional dzong fortress... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Chhukha |
Bjachho Bjacho Gewog Bjacho Gewog , also spelled Bjagchhog, is a gewog of Chukha District, Bhutan. The gewog has an area of 140 square kilometres and contains 4 villages; Bjachho, Tsimakha, Mebesa and Wangkha.... བྱག་ཕྱོགས་ |
Chukha Colony | Yenlag Thromde |
| Bongo Bongo Gewog Bongo Gewog is a gewog of Chukha District, Bhutan. The gewog is the largest in the district with an area of 396 square kilometres and contains 15 villages.... སྦོང་སྒོར་ |
Gedu Gedu Gedu is a town in south-western Bhutan . It is located in Chukha District.Population 4,288 .-Economy:The economy is growing quickly largely due to the Tala Hydroelectric Project Authority project which started in 1998, which saw substantial migration to Gedu, with thousands of workers looking for... |
Yenlag Thromde | |
| Darla Dala Gewog Dala Gewog is a gewog of Chukha District, Bhutan. The gewog has an area of 139.7 square kilometres and contains 7 villages. Dala Gewog is part of Phuentsholing Dungkhag, along with Logchina and Phuentsholing Gewogs.... དར་ལ་ |
Tala Tala, Bhutan Tala, Bhutan is a town in Chukha District in southwestern Bhutan known for the Tala Hydroelectricity Project.... |
Yenlag Thromde | |
| Phuentsholing Phuentsholing Gewog Phuentsholing Gewog is a gewog of Chukha District, Bhutan. The gewog has an area of 139.8 square kilometres and contains 19 villages. Phuentsholing Gewog is part of Phuentsholing Dungkhag, along with Dala and Logchina Gewogs.... ཕུན་ཚོགས་གླིང་ |
Phuentsholing | Dzongkhag Thromde Class A |
|
| Sampheling Sampheling Gewog Sampheling Gewog is a gewog of Chukha District, Bhutan.... བསམ་འཕེལ་གླིང་ |
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| Dagana Dagana District Dagana District is one of the 20 dzongkhag comprising Bhutan... |
Goshi Goshi Gewog Goshi Gewog is a gewog of Dagana District, Bhutan. It also comprises part of Dagapela Dungkhag , along with Dorona and Tashiding Gewogs.... སྒོ་བཞི་ |
Daga Daga, Bhutan Daga is a town in Goshi Gewog, Dagana District in southwestern Bhutan. It is the administrative capital of the district.In 2005, Daga had a population of 1,146.... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Gasa Gasa District Gasa District or Gasa Dzongkhag is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. Its capital is Gasa Dzong near Gasa. It is located in the far north of the county and spans the Middle and High Himalayas. The dominant language of the district is Dzongkha, the national language... |
Khatoe Goenkaatoe Gewog Khatoed is a gewog of the Gasa dzongkhag in Bhutan. It was formerly known as Goenkaatoe.... ཁ་སྟོད་ |
Gasa Gasa, Bhutan Gasa is a town near Gasa Dzong in Gasa District in northwestern Bhutan.Population 3116 .... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Haa Haa District This page is about the area Haa. For information about the airships, please see high-altitude airship.Haa District is one of the 20 dzongkhag or districts comprising Bhutan. Per the 2005 census, the population of Haa dzongkhag was 11,648, making it the second least populated dzongkhag in Bhutan... |
Katsho Katsho Gewog Katsho Gewog is a gewog of Haa District, Bhutan. Before substantial border changes, the gewog in 2007 had an area of 42.3 square kilometres and contains 10 villages and 247 households.... སྐར་ཚོགས་ |
Ha Ha, Bhutan Ha or Has is a town and seat of Haa District in Bhutan.Ha is situated in the west of the Sandalwood Kingdom near Sikkim in the Ha Valley. The major economic activity is rice production. It contains two Buddhist temples.-Further reading:... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Uesu Uesu Gewog -Shelkardra:Shelkardra, or "white crystal crag", is considered to be a sacred place of Padmasambhava. It is located, near Lungtso village in Üsu Gewog, behind the sacred hill of Avalokiteshvara, the central hill of the Miri Phünsum. Jigme Tenzin, the sixth speech incarantion of Shabdrung Ngawang... དབུས་སུ་ |
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| Lhuentse |
Gangzur Gangzur Gewog Gangzur Gewog is a gewog of Lhuntse District, Bhutan.... སྒང་ཟུར་ |
Lhuentse | Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Mongar Mongar District Mongar District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. Mongar is the fastest-developing dzongkhag in eastern Bhutan. A regional hospital has been constructed and the region is bustling with many economic activities. Mongar is noted for its lemon grass, a plant that can be used to produce... |
Mongar Mongar Gewog Mongar Gewog is a gewog of Mongar District, Bhutan.... མོང་སྒར་ |
Mongar Mongar Mongar is a town and seat of Mongar District in Bhutan. As of 2005 it has a population of 3502.... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Gyalpozhing Gyalpozhing Gyalpozhing or Gyepozhing is a town in Mongar District in southeastern-central Bhutan.It is located to the west of Mongar and east of Lingmethang.Population 2,291 .-External links:*... |
Yenlag Thromde | ||
| Paro Paro District Paro District is the name of a district , valley, river and town in Bhutan. It is one of the most historic valleys in Bhutan. Both trade goods and invading Tibetans came over the pass at the head of the valley, giving Paro the closest cultural connection with Tibet of any Bhutanese district... |
Wangchang Wangchang Gewog Wangchang Gewog is a gewog of Paro District, Bhutan. In 2002, the gewog had an area of 34.2 square kilometres and contained 7 chewogs and 278 households.... ཝང་ལྕང་ |
Paro Paro, Bhutan -History:Rinpung Dzong a fortress-monastery overlooking the Paro valley has a long history. A monastery was first built on the site by Padma Sambhava at the beginning of the tenth century, but it wasn't until 1646 that Ngawang Namgyal built a larger monastery on the old foundations, and for... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Pema Gatshel |
Shumar Shumar Gewog Shumar Gewog is a gewog of Pemagatshel District, Bhutan.Shumar is one of the Gewogs in Pemagatshel Dzongkhag. It is the largest Gewog in the Dzongkhag with more 800 households and more than 11 villages. The Gewog Headman is Gup Lepo who was elected with Yes No votes due to only a contestant... ཤུ་མར་ |
Pemagatshel Pemagatshel Pemagatshel District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan.-Language:... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Punakha Punakha District Punakha District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. It is bordered by Thimphu, Gasa, and Wangdue Phodrang Districts... |
Guma Guma Gewog Guma Gewog is a gewog of Punakha District, Bhutan.... གུ་མ་ |
Punakha Punakha thumb|right|Punakha Dzong and the [[Mo Chhu]]Punakha is the administrative centre of Punakha dzongkhag, one of the 20 districts of Bhutan. Punakha was the capital of Bhutan and the seat of government until 1955, when the capital was moved to Thimphu. It is about 72 km away from Thimphu and it... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Samdrup Jongkhar |
Dewathang Dewathang Gewog Dewathang Gewog is a gewog of Samdrup Jongkhar District, Bhutan.... དབེ་བ་ཐང་ |
Samdrup Jongkhar Samdrup Jongkhar Samdrup Jongkhar District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class A |
| Dewathang | Yenlag Thromde | ||
| Samtse Samtse District Samtse District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan.-History and culture:... |
Samtse Samtse Gewog Samtse Gewog is a gewog of Samtse District, Bhutan.... བསམ་རྩེ་ |
Samtse Samtse Samtse, also known as Chamarchi, is a town in Samtse District, Bhutan. The population was 4,981 at the 2005 census, and in 2008 is estimated at 5,201.... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Phuentshogpelri Phuentshogpelri Gewog Phuentshogpelri Gewog is a gewog of Samtse District, Bhutan.... ཕུན་ཚོགས་དབལ་རི་ |
Gomtu Gomtu Gomtu is a border town in south-western Bhutan near the border with India. It is located in Samtse District.Population 4,254 .... |
Yenlag Thromde | |
| Sarpang Sarpang District Sarpang District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan.-Languages:... |
Gelephu Gelephu Gewog Gelephu Gewog is a gewog of Sarpang District, Bhutan. Gelephu Gewog, together with Serzhong, Taklai, and Bhur Gewogs, belongs to Gelephu Dungkhag.... དགེ་ལེགས་ཕུ་ |
Gelephu Gelephu Gelephu is a town in Sarpang District in Bhutan. It is located on the Indian border, about 30 km to the east of Sarpang, the Dzongkhag headquarters , and has a population of 9,199 as per 2005 census.Gelephu was selected as a site for Bhutan's second international airport project, but it was... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class A |
| Thimphu Thimphu District Thimphu District is a dzongkhag of Bhutan. Thimphu is also the capital of Bhutan and the largest city in the whole kingdom.-Languages:... |
Chang Chang Gewog Chang Gewog is a gewog of Thimphu District, Bhutan.... ལྕང་ |
Thimphu Thimphu Thimphu also spelt Thimpu, is the capital and largest city of Bhutan. It is situated in the western central part of Bhutan and the surrounding valley is one of Bhutan's dzongkhags, the Thimphu District. The city became the capital of Bhutan in 1961... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class A |
| Kawang Kawang Gewog Kawang Gewog is a gewog of Thimphu District, Bhutan.As of 2005 it has a population of 2582 and covers an area of 307 square kilometres.... ཀ་ཝང་ |
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| Trashigang |
Samkhar Samkhar Gewog Samkhar Gewog is a gewog of Trashigang District, Bhutan.... བསམ་མཁར་ |
Trashigang Trashigang Trashigang District is Bhutan's easternmost dzongkhag .-Culture:... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Kanglung Kanglung Gewog Kanglung Gewog is a gewog of Trashigang District, Bhutan.... བཀང་ལུང་ |
Kanglung Kanglung Kanglung is a town in eastern Bhutan. It is located in Trashigang District and is home to Sherubtse College, one of the Royal University of Bhutan's academic institutes.Population 1,717 .-References:... |
Yenlag Thromde | |
| Khaling Khaling Gewog Khaling Gewog is a gewog of Trashigang District, Bhutan. Khaling and Lumang Gewogs comprise Wamrong Dungkhag .... ཁ་གླིང་ |
Khaling Khaling Khaling is a town in eastern Bhutan. It is located in Trashigang District.The word "Khaling" is one of the most beautiful,meaningful and realistic of names ever given to a place. Why??? "Kha" in Dzongkha means bird, and "ling" means valley. This is the most enchanting, haunting and lush green... |
Yenlag Thromde | |
| Trashi Yangtse |
Bumdeling Bumdeling Gewog Bumdeling Gewog is a gewog of Trashiyangtse District, Bhutan.... བུམ་སྡེ་གླིང་ |
Trashiyangtse | Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Trongsa Trongsa District Trongsa District is one of the districts of Bhutan. It is the most central district of Bhutan and the geographic centre of Bhutan is located within it at Trongsa Dzong.... |
Nubi Nubi Gewog Nubi Gewog is a gewog of Trongsa District, Bhutan.... ནུ་སྦིས་ |
Trongsa Trongsa Trongsa, previously Tongsa , is a town and capital of Trongsa District in central Bhutan. The name means "new village" in Dzongkha. The first temple was built in 1543 by the Drukpa Kagyu lama, Ngagi Wangchuk, who was the great-grandfather of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel, the person who unified... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Tsirang Tsirang District Tsirang District , is one of the 20 dzongkhags of Bhutan. The administrative center of the district is Damphu... |
Kikhorthang Kikhorthang Gewog Kikhorthang Gewog is a gewog of Tsirang District, Bhutan.... དཀྱིལ་འཁོར་ཐང་ |
Tsirang | Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Wangdue Phodrang |
Thedtsho Thedtsho Gewog Thedtsho Gewog is a gewog of Wangdue Phodrang District, Bhutan.... ཐེད་ཚོ་ |
Wangdue Phodrang Wangdue Phodrang Wangdue Phodrang District is a dzongkhag of central Bhutan. This is also the name of the dzong which dominates the district, and the name of the small market town outside the gates of the dzong... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
| Zhemgang |
Trong Trong Gewog Trong Gewog is a gewog of Zhemgang District, Bhutan.... ཀྲོང་ |
Zhemgang Zhemgang Zhemgang District , is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. It is bordered by Sarpang, Trongsa, Bumthang, Mongar and Samdrup Jongkhar Districts, and borders Assam in India to the south... |
Dzongkhag Thromde Class B |
See also
- DzongkhagDzongkhagA dzongkhag is an administrative and judicial district of Bhutan. The twenty dzongkhags of Bhutan are further divided into 205 gewogs. Some larger dzongkhags have one or more of an intermediate judicial division, known as dungkhags , which themselves comprise two or more gewogs...
- DungkhagDungkhagA dungkhag is a sub-district of a dzongkhag of Bhutan. The head of a dungkhag is a Dungpa...
- Dungkhag
- GewogGewogA gewog, or geog refers to a group of villages in Bhutan. Gewogs form a geographic administrative unit below dzongkhag districts , and above thromde municipalities. Bhutan comprises 205 gewogs, which average 230 km² in area...
- Chiwog
- Bhutanese legislationBhutanese legislationBhutanese legislation is created by the bicameral Parliament of Bhutan. Either the upper house National Council, the lower house National Assembly, or the Attorney General may author bills to be passed as acts, with the exception of money and financial bills, which are the sole purview of the...
- Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009The Local Government Act of Bhutan was enacted on September 11, 2009, by parliament of Bhutan in order to further implement its program of decentralization and devolution of power and authority.Local Gov't Act 2008: Preamble It is the most recent reform of the law on Bhutan's administrative...
- Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009