TAF9
Encyclopedia
TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa, also known as TAF9, is a protein
which in humans is encoded by the TAF9 gene
.
requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID
), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP
) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factor
s (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the smaller subunits of TFIID that binds to the basal transcription factor GTF2B as well as to several transcriptional activators such as p53
and VP16
. A similar but distinct gene (TAF9B
) has been found on the X chromosome
and a pseudogene
has been identified on chromosome 19. Alternative splicing
results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
, NF-IL6, NFAT1, NF-κB and ALL1/MLL1. Inside of these 17 amino acids, a unique Nine-amino-acid transactivation domain (9aaTAD) was identified for each reported transcription factor. 9aaTAD is a novel domain common to a large superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors represented by Gal4, Oaf1, Leu3, Rtg3, Pho4
, Gln4, Gcn4 in yeast and by p53, NFAT, NF-κB and VP16 in mammals. TAF9 is supposed to be a universal transactivation cofactor for 9aaTAD transcription factors.
with GCN5L2
, TAF6L
, TADA3L
, SF3B3
, Myc
, SUPT7L
, Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein
, TATA binding protein
, TAF5L
, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog
, TAF5
, TAF12
and TAF10
.
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
which in humans is encoded by the TAF9 gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
.
Function
Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIRNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. It catalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNA. A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most studied type of RNA polymerase...
requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID
Transcription Factor II D
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins...
), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP
TATA Binding Protein
The TATA-binding protein is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene promoters...
) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factor
General transcription factor
General transcription factors or basal transcription factors are protein transcription factors that have been shown to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates...
s (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the smaller subunits of TFIID that binds to the basal transcription factor GTF2B as well as to several transcriptional activators such as p53
P53
p53 , is a tumor suppressor protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. p53 is crucial in multicellular organisms, where it regulates the cell cycle and, thus, functions as a tumor suppressor that is involved in preventing cancer...
and VP16
Herpes simplex virus protein vmw65
Vmw65, also known as VP16 or α-TIF is a trans-acting protein that forms a complex with the host transcription factors Oct-1 and HCF to induce immediate early gene transcription in the herpes simplex viruses....
. A similar but distinct gene (TAF9B
TAF9B
Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 9B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF9B gene.-Further reading:...
) has been found on the X chromosome
X chromosome
The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in many animal species, including mammals and is common in both males and females. It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and X0 sex-determination system...
and a pseudogene
Pseudogene
Pseudogenes are dysfunctional relatives of known genes that have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cell...
has been identified on chromosome 19. Alternative splicing
Alternative splicing
Alternative splicing is a process by which the exons of the RNA produced by transcription of a gene are reconnected in multiple ways during RNA splicing...
results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
Structure
The 17 amino acid long trans-activating domains (TAD) of several transcription factors were reported to bind directly to TAF9: p53, VP16, HSF1HSF1
Heat shock factor protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSF1 gene.-Function:The product of this gene is a heat-shock transcription factor. Transcription of heat-shock genes is rapidly induced after temperature stress...
, NF-IL6, NFAT1, NF-κB and ALL1/MLL1. Inside of these 17 amino acids, a unique Nine-amino-acid transactivation domain (9aaTAD) was identified for each reported transcription factor. 9aaTAD is a novel domain common to a large superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors represented by Gal4, Oaf1, Leu3, Rtg3, Pho4
Pho4
Pho4 is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor found in S. cerevisiae and other yeasts.The Pho4 homodimer binds to DNA sequences containing the bHLH binding site 5'-CACGTG-3'. This sequence is found in the promoters of genes upregulated in response to phosphate availability such as the...
, Gln4, Gcn4 in yeast and by p53, NFAT, NF-κB and VP16 in mammals. TAF9 is supposed to be a universal transactivation cofactor for 9aaTAD transcription factors.
Interactions
TAF9 has been shown to interactProtein-protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...
with GCN5L2
GCN5L2
Histone acetyltransferase KAT2A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KAT2A gene.-Interactions:GCN5L2 has been shown to interact with Ku70, TAF9, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, TADA2L, Ku80 and DDB1.-External links:...
, TAF6L
TAF6L
TAF6-like RNA polymerase II p300/CBP-associated factor-associated factor 65 kDa subunit 6L is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TAF6L gene.-Interactions:...
, TADA3L
TADA3L
Transcriptional adapter 3-like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TADA3 gene.-Interactions:TADA3L has been shown to interact with Retinoic acid receptor alpha, USP5, TAF9, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, TADA2L and Retinoid X receptor alpha.-Further reading:...
, SF3B3
SF3B3
Splicing factor 3B subunit 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SF3B3 gene.-Interactions:SF3B3 has been shown to interact with SF3B1, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog and TAF9.-Further reading:...
, Myc
Myc
Myc is a regulator gene that codes for a transcription factor. In the human genome, Myc is located on chromosome 8 and is believed to regulate expression of 15% of all genes through binding on Enhancer Box sequences and recruiting histone acetyltransferases...
, SUPT7L
SUPT7L
STAGA complex 65 subunit gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT7L gene.-Interactions:SUPT7L has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.-Further reading:...
, Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein
Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein
Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein, also known asTRRAP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRRAP gene. TRRAP belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family.- Function :...
, TATA binding protein
TATA Binding Protein
The TATA-binding protein is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene promoters...
, TAF5L
TAF5L
TAF5-like RNA polymerase II p300/CBP-associated factor-associated factor 65 kDa subunit 5L is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TAF5L gene.-Interactions:...
, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog
Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog
Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT3H gene.-Interactions:Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog has been shown to interact with GCN5L2, TAF6L, TADA3L, TAF5L, SF3B3, SUPT7L, Myc, TAF9, Transformation/transcription domain-associated...
, TAF5
TAF5
Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF5 gene.-Interactions:TAF5 has been shown to interact with TAF9, TAF15, TAF6 and TATA binding protein.-Further reading:...
, TAF12
TAF12
Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF12 gene.-Interactions:TAF12 has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.-Further reading:...
and TAF10
TAF10
Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF10 gene.-Interactions:TAF10 has been shown to interact with TAF9, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, TAF13 and TATA binding protein....
.