Summer school
Encyclopedia
Summer school is a school, or a program generally sponsored by a school
or a school district
, that teaches student
s during the summer vacation
.
In elementary
and middle school
, these programs are usually non-academic, though some are used for remedial instruction
.
In high school
, college
or university
, students can enroll in classes for credit
to be taken into account in their grade point average or their transcript
. Generally, this credit is in one of two categories: remediation or advancement. For remediation, the summer school is used to make up credits lost through absence or failure. For advancement, the summer school is used to obtain credit for classes to accelerate progress toward a degree or in order to lessen the load of courses during the regular school year. Sometimes, if a student fails summer school, he or she might repeat a grade although this doesn't happen often.
In academia
the term can also refer to a type of conference
. Typically, established academics will give presentations on advanced topics in a field to postgraduate students. This type of summer school is often organized at a national or international level, and no credits are awarded. In addition, a college or university sometimes offers a summer program for teachers or other professional workers wishing to round out their professional or general education.
Some summer schools are for the general public involving no examinations and are not for degree purposes.
School
A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is commonly compulsory. In these systems, students progress through a series of schools...
or a school district
School district
School districts are a form of special-purpose district which serves to operate the local public primary and secondary schools.-United States:...
, that teaches student
Student
A student is a learner, or someone who attends an educational institution. In some nations, the English term is reserved for those who attend university, while a schoolchild under the age of eighteen is called a pupil in English...
s during the summer vacation
Summer vacation
Summer vacation is a vacation in the summertime between school years in which students and instructors are off school typically between 6 and 12 weeks, depending on the country and district.-Students:In some countries, students participate in programs such as organized sports, summer camps, and...
.
In elementary
Primary education
A primary school is an institution in which children receive the first stage of compulsory education known as primary or elementary education. Primary school is the preferred term in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth Nations, and in most publications of the United Nations Educational,...
and middle school
Middle school
Middle School and Junior High School are levels of schooling between elementary and high schools. Most school systems use one term or the other, not both. The terms are not interchangeable...
, these programs are usually non-academic, though some are used for remedial instruction
Remedial education
Postsecondary remedial education is a large and growing segment of higher education in the United States...
.
In high school
High school
High school is a term used in parts of the English speaking world to describe institutions which provide all or part of secondary education. The term is often incorporated into the name of such institutions....
, college
College
A college is an educational institution or a constituent part of an educational institution. Usage varies in English-speaking nations...
or university
University
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
, students can enroll in classes for credit
Credit (education)
A course credit is a unit that gives weighting to the value, level or time requirements of an academic course taken at a school or other educational institution.- United States :...
to be taken into account in their grade point average or their transcript
Transcript (education)
In education, a transcript is an inventory of the courses taken and grades earned of a student throughout a course.- United States :In United States education, a transcript is a copy of a student's permanent academic record which usually means all courses taken, all grades received, all...
. Generally, this credit is in one of two categories: remediation or advancement. For remediation, the summer school is used to make up credits lost through absence or failure. For advancement, the summer school is used to obtain credit for classes to accelerate progress toward a degree or in order to lessen the load of courses during the regular school year. Sometimes, if a student fails summer school, he or she might repeat a grade although this doesn't happen often.
In academia
Academia
Academia is the community of students and scholars engaged in higher education and research.-Etymology:The word comes from the akademeia in ancient Greece. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning...
the term can also refer to a type of conference
Academic conference
An academic conference or symposium is a conference for researchers to present and discuss their work. Together with academic or scientific journals, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers.-Overview:Conferences are usually composed of various...
. Typically, established academics will give presentations on advanced topics in a field to postgraduate students. This type of summer school is often organized at a national or international level, and no credits are awarded. In addition, a college or university sometimes offers a summer program for teachers or other professional workers wishing to round out their professional or general education.
Some summer schools are for the general public involving no examinations and are not for degree purposes.
See also
- ACT 2 CAMACT 2 CAMACT 2 CAM is a production company and acting school based in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.The company is notable for producing independent films with cast and crew of young people from 8 to 18 years old...
- Cram schoolCram schoolCram schools are specialized schools that train their students to meet particular goals, most commonly to pass the entrance examinations of high schools or universities...
- Special educationSpecial educationSpecial education is the education of students with special needs in a way that addresses the students' individual differences and needs. Ideally, this process involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials,...
- Summer campSummer campSummer camp is a supervised program for children or teenagers conducted during the summer months in some countries. Children and adolescents who attend summer camp are known as campers....
- California State Summer School for Mathematics and ScienceCalifornia State Summer School for Mathematics and ScienceThe California State Summer School for Mathematics and Science is a summer program for high school students in California for the purpose of preparing them for careers in mathematics and sciences. It is often abbreviated COSMOS, although COSMOS does not contain the correct letters to create an...
- California State Summer School for the ArtsCalifornia State Summer School for the ArtsThe , commonly known as CSSSA [See-Suh] or InnerSpark, is a four-week, pre-professional art training program for high school student that is held each summer at the California Institute of the Arts . The goal of CSSSA is to provide a supportive environment in which students acquired useful skills...
- Catholic Summer School of AmericaCatholic Summer School of AmericaThe Catholic Summer School of America originated at the end of the nineteenth century. A Catholic summer school is an assembly of Roman Catholics, both clergy and laity, held during the summer months...
- Harvard Summer SchoolHarvard Summer SchoolThe Harvard Summer School is the summer session school of Harvard University.-Origins:Harvard Summer School was founded in 1871. It is the first academic summer session established and the oldest summer school present in the United States...
- National Science Summer School Inc.National Science Summer School Inc.The National Science Summer School Inc. is the council that reviews and appoints staff that run the National Youth Science Forum . It is a non-profit organisation charged with overseeing the operation of the National Youth Science Forum in Australia...
- Queen Maeve International Summer SchoolQueen Maeve International Summer SchoolThe Queen Maeve International Summer School, is one of Ireland's largest traditional music summer schools, held annually since 1999 and was founded by Sligo tin whistle player Carmel Gunning. During the week, students from around the world attend daily classes taught by experts in Irish music and...
- Rabb School of Summer and Continuing StudiesRabb School of Summer and Continuing StudiesThe Brandeis University Rabb School of Continuing Studies offers for-credit and non-credit courses, Masters Degrees and Certificates to the greater community with opportunities for professional development, personal enrichment and lifelong learning....
- Utrecht Summer SchoolUtrecht Summer SchoolThe Utrecht Summer School, founded in 1987 by Utrecht University, is the largest academic summer programme in The Netherlands and belongs to the biggest summer schools in Europe. In 2010 more than 1800 students from over 75 different countries came to Utrecht to participate in one of 100 courses...
- Willie Clancy Summer SchoolWillie Clancy Summer SchoolThe Willie Clancy Summer School is Ireland's largest traditional music summer school held annually since 1973 in memory of the uilleann piper Willie Clancy. During the week, nearly a thousand students from every part of the world attend daily classes taught by experts in Irish music and dance...
- AACIMP Summer School
- List of summer schools of linguistics
- International Summer University (ISU) KasselInternational Summer University (ISU) KasselInternational Summer University Kassel is a short-term program that is held during the summer season by the University of Kassel every year...
, Germany - International Winter University (IWU) KasselInternational Winter University (IWU) KasselInternational Winter University Kassel is a short-term program that is held during the winter season by the University of Kassel every year...
, Germany
External links
- ACT 2 CAM Summer Film Camp, UK
- Political Anthropology Summer School in Florence
- International Baccalaureate Summer School in Boston, US and Oxford & Cambridge, UK
- Summer Schools and Summer Courses UK 2008; music schools; drama, theatre, acting and art courses, English language courses.
- Service and Software Architectures, Infrastructures and Engineering (SSAIE) Summer School
- Summer School in India
- Directory of summer courses in Europe
- Engineering Summer School in Paris
Publications
- Cooper, Harris; Charlton, Kelly; Valentine, Jeff C.; Muhlenbruck, Laura: Making the Most of Summer School: A Meta-Analytic and Narrative Review. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, v65 n1 p1-118 2000. ISBN:0631221522. Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
- Guide to Summer Camps and Summer Schools. 31st edition, 2008/09. Porter Sargent Handbooks, a Division of Alloy Education.
- Guide to Summer Camps and Summer Schools. 32nd edition, 2010/11. Porter Sargent Handbooks, a Division of Alloy Education.