Soran was a Kurd

Kürd

Kürd or Kyurd or Kyurt may refer to:*Kürd Eldarbəyli, Azerbaijan*Kürd Mahrızlı, Azerbaijan*Kürd, Goychay, Azerbaijan*Kürd, Jalilabad, Azerbaijan*Kürd, Qabala, Azerbaijan*Qurdbayram, Azerbaijan...

ish emirate that was established in 1816. It ruled over the northeastern part of Kurdistan until it was removed by Ottoman

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...

 troops in 1835. Its capital for most of that time was the city of Rawanduz.

Prior to proclaiming independence, it was a semi-autonomous emirate within wilayet of Sharazur. In sources from the Sassanid era as well as the early Islamic period, the villages in the neighbourhood of Mosul

Mosul

Mosul , is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate, some northwest of Baghdad. The original city stands on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank, but the metropolitan area has now grown to encompass substantial...

 east of the Tigris

Tigris

The Tigris River is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq.-Geography:...

 are referred to as Ba Soren (Syriac: Beith Soren) literally land of Soren. This name seems to be related to the Arian clan of Soren, who during reign of Yazdgird of Persia, ruled what is today known as southern Kurdistan.

The name of the founder of Soran Emirate is said to be Kulos; and it was among few emirates which had a female ruler named Khanzad.
It is also said that Soran rulers were a mixture of Circassian, Armenian, and Kurdish tribe chiefs who were united under Kulos
In the 1530s, when Suleiman the Magnificent

Suleiman the Magnificent

Suleiman I was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the East, as "The Lawgiver" , for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system...

 captured Baghdad

Baghdad

Baghdad is the capital of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040...

, he executed the Emir of Soran and installed a Yesidi

Yazidi

The Yazidi are members of a Kurdish religion with ancient Indo-Iranian roots. They are primarily a Kurdish-speaking people living in the Mosul region of northern Iraq, with additional communities in Transcaucasia, Armenia, Turkey, and Syria in decline since the 1990s – their members emigrating to...

, Hussein Beg as governor of Hewler

Arbil

Arbil / Hewlêr is the fourth largest city in Iraq after Baghdad, Basra and Mosul...

. However, a cousin of the Emirs managed to retake Hawlerwhile Beg was absent. Beg was summoned back to Istanbul and executed. However, shortly afterwards, the Sorans submitted to Ottoman rule and served as a client faction. At this stage it is believed that Ottomans depended on Circassian noble families to manage the client states and giving them the title ( Beyzade : Bagzada ), some of the heirs of Beyzade rulers are still living in Iraq.
Mir Muhammad replaced his father as the ruler of Soran in 1814. He set about ruthlessly eliminating potential opponents, including his uncles and their sons. He then proceeded to subdue the surrounding tribes, killing any chiefs who would not submit to his rule. He seized the town of Harir

Harir

Harir is an Assyrian village and a sub-district located in the district of Shaqlawa, Iraq. Today, many homes are being built for Assyrians, by Sarkis Aghajan Mamendo, who are willing to move back to the villages. Both the village and the sub-district of Harir were established by displaced Assyrian...

, the former capital of Soran, and then, in 1823, Koy Sanjaq, going on to capture Hewler

Arbil

Arbil / Hewlêr is the fourth largest city in Iraq after Baghdad, Basra and Mosul...

. In his campaigns he massacres a large number of Yazidis. He also attacked and massacred Assyrians in Nineveh plains

Nineveh plains

Nineveh plains is a region in the Ninawa Governorate of Iraq to the north and west of the city Mosul. The area generally consists of three districts; Tel Keppe, Al-Hamdaniya, and Al-Shikhan...

, Hakkari

Hakkari

Hakkâri , is a city and the capital of the Hakkâri Province of Turkey. The name Hakkâri is derived from the Syriac word, Akkare, meaning farmers...

 and Tur Abdin

Tur Abdin

Tur Abdin is a hilly region of south east Turkey incorporating the eastern half of Mardin Province, and Şırnak Province west of the Tigris, on the border with Syria. The name 'Tur Abdin' is from the Syriac language meaning 'mountain of the servants '. Tur Abdin is of great importance to Syriac...

. Concerned at what Mir Muhammad might do next, the Governor of Baghdad invested him as a Pasha

Pasha

Pasha or pascha, formerly bashaw, was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors, generals and dignitaries. As an honorary title, Pasha, in one of its various ranks, is equivalent to the British title of Lord, and was also one of the highest titles in...

. In 1834 the Ottomans sent Rachid Muhammad Pasha to restore their authority. He was joined by forces from Mosul and Baghdad. Mir Muhammad accepted an offer of safe conduct to Istanbul, led to believe that he would be reinstated by the Ottomans, but on his return he disappeared and is widely believed to have been murdered by an Imam calle 'Malay Qaty'who hated and rallied many people against Soran rulers for their Circassian origins.
A very famous woman beside Khanzad is Amber, called Ambar-Khatun, who also had significant role in the Beyzade families.
The Kurdish

Kurdish language

Kurdish is a dialect continuum spoken by the Kurds in western Asia. It is part of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian group of Indo-European languages....

 dialect Southern Kurmanji, which is commonly known in Kurdistan as Sorani

Soranî

Soranî is the name of a Kurdish language that is spoken in Iran and Iraq. Soranî is one of the main Kurdish languages, which are a branch of the Iranian languages.- Name :...

, was named after this emirate. The present-day region of Soran

Soran (district)

Soran is an area in Iraqi Kurdistan bordering Iran and Turkey. Its main city is also called Soran, although the town of Rawanduz is better known outside of the region...

 (at the Rawanduz district) in Kurdistan was named after this Emirate.

List of rulers

Soran had 24 rulers among whom are:

• ? - ? Kulos
• ? - ? Khanzad
• 1825 - 1835 Mohammed Pasha Mir Kôr