Song (state)
Encyclopedia
Sòng was a state during the Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC
). Its capital was Shangqiu
(商丘). In 701 BC, a political marriage between Lady Yong of Song (宋雍氏) and Duke Zhuang of Zheng
(as well as the capture of Zhai Zhong (祭仲), a leading warrior) empowered Song to manipulate the management of Zheng.
overthrew King Zhou of Shang
, marking the transition from the Shang
to the Zhou Dynasty
, according to feudal etiquette, even though the Shang had been destroyed, the new rulers were bound to permit them to continue offering sacrifices to their ancestors. As a result for a time Shang became a vassal state of Zhou with King Zhou’s son Wu Geng (武庚) allowed to continue ancestor worship at Yin
(殷). After King Wu’s death, Wu Geng fomented a rebellion and was killed by the Duke of Zhou
. King Zhou of Shang’s illegitimate elder brother was granted land at Shangqiu (商邱) where the capital of the new State of Song was built.
(宋襄公) who reigned from 651 to 637 BC. He was considered an Overlord by some, but was unable to maintain that role. He eventually fell to the troops of Chu
.
In 355 BC
, Dai Ticheng(戴剔成), a descendant of Duke Dai of Song who used to serve as a minister of Duke Pi of Song (also referred as Duke Huan of Song (latter) or Marquis Huan of Song) managed to replace his lord and take the throne. In 317 BC
, Dai Yan, a younger brother of Ticheng took the throne and declared himself to be King Kang of Song, with Ticheng murdered or exiled. The king was ambitious and had succeeded in beating troops from Chu, Wei
and Qi
and annexing Teng
at first, but the kingdom was finally annexed by Qi in 286 BC
, while troops from Chu and Wei served in behalf of Qi. Qin
, which had been an ally of Song, gave up saving the kingdom for strategic and diplomatic sakes after being convinced by Su Dai from Wei, and what Su Dai said later turned out all right and Qin got a benefit from the downfall of its ally.
Mozi
references this state in the chapter "Obvious Existence of Ghosts", in which he mentions a number of "Spring and Autumn Annals", including the Zhou
, Yan
, and Qi
as well. The "Spring and Autumn Annal of Song" has not survived.
in asterism Left Wall, Heavenly Market enclosure
(see Chinese constellation
).
476 BC
Year 476 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rutilus and Structus...
). Its capital was Shangqiu
Shangqiu
Shangqiu is a city in eastern Henan province, Central China. It borders Kaifeng to the northwest, Zhoukou to the southwest, and the provinces of Shandong and Anhui to the northeast and southeast respectively. An ancient city with a rich history, Shangqiu was also the first capital of the Shang...
(商丘). In 701 BC, a political marriage between Lady Yong of Song (宋雍氏) and Duke Zhuang of Zheng
Duke Zhuang of Zheng
Duke Zhuang of Zheng was the third ruler of the State of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn Period in ancient China. His ancestral name is Ji,given name is Wusheng , which means "a difficult birth". In 743 BC, he became the duke of Zheng, and later defeated his brother Gongshu Duan, who had led a...
(as well as the capture of Zhai Zhong (祭仲), a leading warrior) empowered Song to manipulate the management of Zheng.
Origin
After King Wu of ZhouKing Wu of Zhou
King Wu of Zhōu or King Wu of Chou was the first sovereign, or ruler of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The dates of his reign are 1046-1043 BCE or 1049/45-1043. Various sources quoted that he died at the age of 93, 54 or 43. He was considered a just and able leader. Zhou Gong Dan was one of his...
overthrew King Zhou of Shang
King Zhou of Shang
Emperor Xin of Shang was the last king of the Shang Dynasty. He was later given the pejorative posthumous name Zhòu . He is also called Zhou Xin or King Zhou . He may also be referred to by adding "Shang" in front of any of his names...
, marking the transition from the Shang
Shang Dynasty
The Shang Dynasty or Yin Dynasty was, according to traditional sources, the second Chinese dynasty, after the Xia. They ruled in the northeastern regions of the area known as "China proper" in the Yellow River valley...
to the Zhou Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty. Although the Zhou Dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the Ji family lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as...
, according to feudal etiquette, even though the Shang had been destroyed, the new rulers were bound to permit them to continue offering sacrifices to their ancestors. As a result for a time Shang became a vassal state of Zhou with King Zhou’s son Wu Geng (武庚) allowed to continue ancestor worship at Yin
Yinxu
Yinxu is the ruins of the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty. The capital served 255 years for 12 kings in 8 generations.Rediscovered in 1899, it is one of the oldest and largest archeological sites in China and is one of the historical capitals of China and a UNESCO World Heritage Site...
(殷). After King Wu’s death, Wu Geng fomented a rebellion and was killed by the Duke of Zhou
Duke of Zhou
The Duke of Zhou played a major role in consolidating the newly-founded Zhou Dynasty . He was the brother of King Wu of Zhou, the first king of the ancient Chinese Zhou Dynasty...
. King Zhou of Shang’s illegitimate elder brother was granted land at Shangqiu (商邱) where the capital of the new State of Song was built.
History
In 651 BC, Duke Huan of Song (宋桓公) died, leaving the district to be ruled by Duke Xiang of SongDuke Xiang of Song
Duke Xiang of Song was the leader in the state of Song in the Spring and Autumn Period. His name was Zifu and he took his throne in 650 BC....
(宋襄公) who reigned from 651 to 637 BC. He was considered an Overlord by some, but was unable to maintain that role. He eventually fell to the troops of Chu
Chu (state)
The State of Chu was a Zhou Dynasty vassal state in present-day central and southern China during the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States Period . Its ruling house had the surname Nai , and clan name Yan , later evolved to surname Mi , and clan name Xiong...
.
In 355 BC
355 BC
Year 355 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Peticus and Poplicola...
, Dai Ticheng(戴剔成), a descendant of Duke Dai of Song who used to serve as a minister of Duke Pi of Song (also referred as Duke Huan of Song (latter) or Marquis Huan of Song) managed to replace his lord and take the throne. In 317 BC
317 BC
Year 317 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Brutus and Barbula...
, Dai Yan, a younger brother of Ticheng took the throne and declared himself to be King Kang of Song, with Ticheng murdered or exiled. The king was ambitious and had succeeded in beating troops from Chu, Wei
Wei (state)
The State of Wei was a Zhou Dynasty vassal state during the Warring States Period of Chinese history. Its territory lay between the states of Qin and Qi and included parts of modern day Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong...
and Qi
Qi (state)
Qi was a powerful state during the Spring and Autumn Period and Period of the Warring States in ancient China. Its capital was Linzi, now part of the modern day city of Zibo in Shandong Province....
and annexing Teng
Teng (state)
The State of Teng was a small Chinese state that existed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and was located in the south of modern-day Shandong province. Its territory is now the county-level city of Tengzhou....
at first, but the kingdom was finally annexed by Qi in 286 BC
286 BC
Year 286 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Paetus...
, while troops from Chu and Wei served in behalf of Qi. Qin
Qin (state)
The State of Qin was a Chinese feudal state that existed during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of Chinese history...
, which had been an ally of Song, gave up saving the kingdom for strategic and diplomatic sakes after being convinced by Su Dai from Wei, and what Su Dai said later turned out all right and Qin got a benefit from the downfall of its ally.
Mozi
Mozi
Mozi |Lat.]] as Micius, ca. 470 BC – ca. 391 BC), original name Mo Di , was a Chinese philosopher during the Hundred Schools of Thought period . Born in Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China, he founded the school of Mohism, and argued strongly against Confucianism and Daoism...
references this state in the chapter "Obvious Existence of Ghosts", in which he mentions a number of "Spring and Autumn Annals", including the Zhou
Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty. Although the Zhou Dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the Ji family lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as...
, Yan
Yan (state)
Yān was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of Chinese history. Its capital was Ji...
, and Qi
Qi (state)
Qi was a powerful state during the Spring and Autumn Period and Period of the Warring States in ancient China. Its capital was Linzi, now part of the modern day city of Zibo in Shandong Province....
as well. The "Spring and Autumn Annal of Song" has not survived.
Rulers of the State
Unless otherwise indicated, the ruler is the son of his predecessor.- Weizi Qi, Ruler of Song 宋微啟, brother of the last Emperor of Shang, Di Xin
- Weizhong, Ruler of Song 宋微仲 (personal name Yan 衍), younger brother of the former
- Ji, Duke of Song 宋公稽, middle son of the previous
- Duke Ding 宋丁公 (Shen 申)
- Duke Mingong I 宋湣公 (Gong 共), ancestor of ConfuciusFamily tree of Confucius in the main line of descentThis is a family tree of the main line of descent of Confucius ....
- Duke Shang 宋煬公 (Xi 熙), young brother of above
- Duke Li 宋厲公 (Fusi 鮒祀)
- Duke Xi 宋釐公 (or 僖公, Ju 舉), 859-831
- Duke Hui 宋惠公 (Jian 覵), 830-800
- Duke Ai 宋哀公, 799
- Duke Dai 宋戴公, 799-766
- Duke Wu 宋武公 (Sikong 司空), 765-748
- Duke Xuan 宋宣公 (Li 力), 747-729
- Duke Mu 宋穆公 (He 和), 728-720, young brother of above
- Duke Shang 宋殤公 (Yuyi 與夷), 719-711
- Duke Zhuang 宋莊公 (Feng 馮), 710-692
- Duke Min II 宋閔公 (Jie 捷), 691-682
- You, Duke of Song 宋公游, assassinated less than 3 months after coronation. Excluded from some lists.
- Duke Huan 宋桓公 (Yuyue 御說), 681-651, young brother of above
- Duke XiangDuke Xiang of SongDuke Xiang of Song was the leader in the state of Song in the Spring and Autumn Period. His name was Zifu and he took his throne in 650 BC....
宋襄公 (Zifu 茲父), 650-637 - Duke Cheng 宋成公 (Wangcheng 王臣), 636-620
- Yu, Duke of Song 宋公禦, young brother of above, assassinated less than one month after coronation. Excluded from some lists.
- Duke Zhao I 宋昭公 (Chujiu 杵臼), 619-611, son of Duke Cheng
- Duke Wen 宋文公 (Bao 鮑), 610-589, young brother of above
- Duke Gong 宋共公 (Xia 瑕), 588-576
- Duke Ping 宋平公 (Cheng 成), 575-532
- Duke Yuan 宋元公 (Zuo 佐), 531-517
- Duke Jing 宋景公 (Touman 頭曼), 516-451
- Duke Zhao II 宋昭公 (De 得), 450-404, great-grandson of above
- Duke Dao 宋悼公 (Gouyao 購繇), 403-396
- Duke Xiu 宋休公 (Tian 田), 395-373
- Duke Bi 宋辟公 (Bibing 辟兵), 372-370, descendent of the 11th Duke, Dai
- Ticheng, Lord of Song 宋剔成君, 369-329
- Yan, Lord of Song 宋君偃, King Kang 宋康王, 328-286, brother of above
Song in astronomy
Song is represented with the star Eta OphiuchiEta Ophiuchi
Eta Ophiuchi, also known as η Oph or η Ophiuchi, is a star in the constellation Ophiuchus. It also has the traditional name Sabik....
in asterism Left Wall, Heavenly Market enclosure
Heavenly Market enclosure
Tian Shi Yuan, the Heavenly Market Enclosure , is one of the San Yuan or Three enclosures. Stars and constellations of this group are visible during late summer and early autumn in the Northern Hemisphere . The summer triangle lies directly to the northwest.-Asterisms:The asterisms are :...
(see Chinese constellation
Chinese constellation
Chinese constellations are the way the ancient Chinese grouped the stars. They are very different from the modern IAU recognized constellations. This is because the IAU was based on Greco-Roman astronomy instead of Chinese astronomy....
).