Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Encyclopedia
Ocean
An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas.More than half of this area is over 3,000...
and earth
Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets...
science research
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
, graduate training, and public service in the world. Hundreds of ocean and earth researchers conduct scientific research with the aid of oceanographic research vessel
Research vessel
A research vessel is a ship designed and equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles. Some of these roles can be combined into a single vessel, others require a dedicated vessel...
s and shorebased laboratories. The public explorations center of the institution is the Birch Aquarium
Birch Aquarium
Birch Aquarium at Scripps is the public exploration center for the world-renowned Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego...
at Scripps. Its Old Scripps Building
Old Scripps Building
The Old Scripps Building in La Jolla, California, built in 1909, is the oldest oceanographic research building in continuous use in the United States.. It was the first building of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the nation's first oceanographic institute, founded in 1903...
is a U.S. National Historic Landmark
National Historic Landmark
A National Historic Landmark is a building, site, structure, object, or district, that is officially recognized by the United States government for its historical significance...
. It is part of the University of California, San Diego
University of California, San Diego
The University of California, San Diego, commonly known as UCSD or UC San Diego, is a public research university located in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California, United States...
.
Tony Haymet is the tenth director of Scripps. He also serves as UC San Diego's vice chancellor for marine sciences and dean of the Graduate School of Marine Sciences, and is a professor of oceanography at Scripps. He joined Scripps in 2006.
Scripps publishes explorations now an award-winning monthly e-magazine of ocean and earth science.
Mission statement
"To seek, teach, and communicate scientific understanding of the oceans, atmosphereAtmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass, and that is held in place by the gravity of the body. An atmosphere may be retained for a longer duration, if the gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low...
, and Earth
Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets...
for the benefit of society and the environment
Natural environment
The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof. It is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all living species....
."
Research programs
Climate
Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods...
and environmental concerns on terra firma. Related to this research, Scripps offers doctoral degrees in Oceanography
Oceanography
Oceanography , also called oceanology or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean...
, Marine Biology
Marine biology
Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather...
, and Earth Sciences.
Today, the Scripps staff of 1,300 includes approximately 100 faculty, 300 other scientists and some 225 graduate students, with an annual budget of more than $140 million. The institution operates a fleet of four oceanographic
Oceanography
Oceanography , also called oceanology or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean...
research vessel
Research vessel
A research vessel is a ship designed and equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles. Some of these roles can be combined into a single vessel, others require a dedicated vessel...
s and the research platform R/P FLIP
R/P FLIP
RP FLIP is an open ocean research vessel owned by the Office of Naval Research and operated by the Marine Physical Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography...
(Floating Instrument Platform) for oceanographic research and has served as manager of the Deep Sea Drilling Program
Deep Sea Drilling Program
The Deep Sea Drilling Project was an ocean drilling project operated from 1968 to 1983. The program was considered to be successful as evidenced by the data and publications that have resulted from it and is now supported by Texas A&M University, although for the years of its operations these were...
.
History
Scripps Institution of Oceanography was founded in 1903 as the Marine Biological Association of San Diego, an independent biological research laboratory, by University of CaliforniaUniversity of California
The University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...
Zoology
Zoology
Zoology |zoölogy]]), is the branch of biology that relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct...
professor William Emerson Ritter
William Emerson Ritter
William Emerson Ritter, Ph.D. was an American biologist. Ritter initiated and shaped the Marine Biological Association of San Diego and the American Society for the Dissemination of Science...
, with support from local philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps
Ellen Browning Scripps
Ellen Browning Scripps was an American philanthropist who was the founding donor of several major institutions in Southern California.-Biography:...
and later her brother E. W. Scripps. They fully funded Scripps for the first several years. Scripps began institutional life in the boathouse of the Hotel del Coronado
Hotel del Coronado
Hotel del Coronado is a beachfront luxury hotel in the city of Coronado, just across the San Diego Bay from San Diego, California. It is one of the few surviving examples of an American architectural genre: the wooden Victorian beach resort...
located on San Diego Bay
San Diego Bay
San Diego Bay is a natural harbor and deepwater port adjacent to San Diego, California. It is 12 mi/19 km long, 1 mi/1.6 km–3 mi/4.8 km wide...
. It re-located in 1905 to La Jolla on the head above La Jolla Cove
La Jolla Cove
La Jolla Cove is a cove and a beach in La Jolla, San Diego, California. It is a very small beach within walking distance from the Children's Pool Beach and is considered one of the most beautiful beaches in Southern California...
, and finally in 1907 to its present location.
In 1912 Scripps became part of the University of California
University of California
The University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...
and was renamed the "Scripps Institution for Biological Research". The name was changed to Scripps Institution of Oceanography in October 1925. During the 1960s, led by Scripps Institution of Oceanography director Roger Revelle
Roger Revelle
Roger Randall Dougan Revelle was a scientist and scholar who was instrumental in the formative years of the University of California, San Diego and was one of the first scientists to study global warming and the movement of Earth's tectonic plates...
, it formed the nucleus for the creation of the University of California, San Diego
University of California, San Diego
The University of California, San Diego, commonly known as UCSD or UC San Diego, is a public research university located in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California, United States...
(UCSD) on a bluff overlooking Scripps Institution.
The Old Scripps Building, designed by Irving Gill
Irving Gill
Irving John Gill , American architect, is considered a pioneer of the modern movement in architecture. He designed several buildings considered examples of San Diego's best architecture.-Biography:...
, was declared a National Historic Landmark
National Historic Landmark
A National Historic Landmark is a building, site, structure, object, or district, that is officially recognized by the United States government for its historical significance...
in 1982. Architect Barton Myers
Barton Myers
Barton Myers, FAIA is an American and Canadian architect and president of Barton Myers Associates, Inc. in Los Angeles, California....
designed the current Scripps Building.
Research vessels
Research vessel
A research vessel is a ship designed and equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles. Some of these roles can be combined into a single vessel, others require a dedicated vessel...
s and platforms:
- RP FLIP
- RV Roger Revelle (AGOR-24)
- RV Melville
- RV New Horizon
- RV Robert Gordon Sproul
Previous vessels larger than 50 ft (15.2 m)
- 1906 - R/V Loma
- 1907 - 1917 R/V Alexander Agassiz
- 1918 - 1918 R/V Ellen Browning
- 1925 - 1936 R/V Scripps
- 1937 - 1955 R/V E. W. Scripps
- 1955 - 1965 R/V Stranger (Operated as USS Jasper from 1941 to 1947 for the UC Division of War Research)
- 1947 - 1956 R/V Crest
- 1947 - 1969 R/V Horizon
- 1948 - 1965 R/V Paolina-T
- 1951 - 1965 R/V Spencer F.Baird
- 1955 - 1969 T-441
- 1956 - 1962 R/V Orca
- 1959 - 1963 R/V Hugh M. Smith
- 1959 - 1970 R/V Argo (Official Navy name was Snatch)
- 1962 - 1976 R/V Alexander Agassiz
- 1962 - present R/P FLIP
- 1962 - 1974 R/V Oconostota (The Oconostota was known as "The Rolling O" because of its unpleasant motion.)
- 1965 - 1980 R/V Alpha Helix (Transferred to University of Alaska, Fairbanks in 1980 (UAF sold vessel in 2007 to Stabbert Maritime)
- 1965 - ???? R/V Ellen B. Scripps
- 1966 - 1992 R/V Thomas Washington (Transferred to Chile and renamed Vidal Gormaz in 1992 (still operating in 2010)
- 1969 - present R/V Melville (AGOR-14)
- 1973 - ???? R/V Gianna
- 1973 - ???? R/V Dolphin (Dolphin is now at the San Diego Maritime Museum)
- 1978 - present R/V New Horizon
- 1984 - present R/V Robert Gordon Sproul
- 1995 - present R/V Roger Revelle (AGOR 24)
Birch Aquarium
The mission of the Birch Aquarium at Scripps is:- to provide ocean science education
- to interpret Scripps research
- to promote ocean conservationConservation ethicConservation is an ethic of resource use, allocation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the natural world: its, fisheries, habitats, and biological diversity. Secondary focus is on materials conservation and energy conservation, which are seen as important to...
The Birch Aquarium has a number of exhibits and hands-on activities. These include:
- The Hall of Fishes with more than 60 tanks of Pacific fishes and invertebrates; the largest habitat is a 70,000-gallon kelpKelpKelps are large seaweeds belonging to the brown algae in the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera....
forest. - Scripps Explorers Gallery, featuring cutting-edge discoveries of Scripps explorers in climate, earth, and ocean sciences through interactive exhibits
- Preuss Tidepool Plaza, overlooking the Pacific OceanPacific OceanThe Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.At 165.2 million square kilometres in area, this largest division of the World...
, with living tide pools for discovery - Smargon Courtyard, also overlooking coastal bluffs, features a 13,000-gallon sharkSharkSharks are a type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago....
reef tank and Wonders of Water play stations. Seasonal events take place here during the year.
The aquarium's hilltop site provides a spectacular overview of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography campus and the Pacific Ocean.
Notable faculty members
- Ralph J. Cicerone
- Robert W. Corell
- Charles S. Cox
- Paul J. CrutzenPaul J. CrutzenPaul Jozef Crutzen is a Dutch Nobel prize winning atmospheric chemist.Crutzen is best known for his research on ozone depletion. He lists his main research interests as “Stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate”...
- Paul K. DaytonPaul K. DaytonPaul K. Dayton is a biological oceanographer and marine ecologist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Dayton works in Benthic Ecology, Marine Conservation & Policy, Evolution & Natural History, and General Ecology....
- Robert S. DietzRobert S. DietzRobert Sinclair Dietz was Professor of Geology at Arizona State University. Dietz was a marine geologist, geophysicist and oceanographer who conducted pioneering research along with Harry Hammond Hess concerning seafloor spreading, published as early as 1960–1961...
- Carl EckartCarl EckartCarl Henry Eckart was an American physicist, physical oceanographer, geophysicist, and administrator. He co-developed the Wigner-Eckart theorem and is also known for the Eckart conditions in quantum mechanics.-Education:Eckart began college in 1919 at Washington University in St...
- Jim T. EnrightJim T. EnrightJ. T. Enright was a skeptic and professor of behavioral physiology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego. As a teacher, he emphasized data analysis in the critical evaluation of scientific literature. He has conducted research on biological clocks and...
- Robert GarrelsRobert GarrelsRobert Minard Garrels was an American geochemist. Garrels applied experimental physical chemistry data and techniques to geology and geochemistry problems. The book Solutions, Minerals, and Equilibria co-authored in 1965 by Garrels and Charles L...
- Joel HedgpethJoel HedgpethJoel W. Hedgpeth was a marine biologist, environmentalist and author. He was an expert on the marine arthropods known as sea spiders , and on the seashore plant and animal life of southern California...
- Sam HintonSam HintonSam Duffie Hinton was an American folk singer and marine biologist, best known for his music and harmonica playing. Hinton also taught at the University of California, San Diego, published books and magazine articles on marine biology, and worked as a calligrapher and artist.-Biography:Sam Hinton...
- Carl Hubbs
- Douglas InmanDouglas InmanDouglas Lamar Inman is Professor emeritus of Oceanography at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He received his B.A in physics/geology in 1942 from California State University, San Diego , his M.S. and Ph.D. in oceanography from the University of California, Los Angeles...
- John D. Isaacs
- Martin W. JohnsonMartin W. JohnsonProfessor Martin Wiggo Johnson Professor Martin Wiggo Johnson Professor Martin Wiggo Johnson (born September 30, 1893, Chandler, South Dakota, died November 28, 1984, Snohomish, Washington, was an American oceanographer.-Background:...
- Thomas H. JordanThomas H. JordanThomas H Jordan is a geophysicist and current director of the Southern California Earthquake Center at The University of Southern California. He was formerly the head of the Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is a member of the...
(former) - Charles David KeelingCharles David KeelingCharles David Keeling was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory first alerted the world to the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to the "greenhouse effect" and global warming...
- Edwin P. MartzEdwin P. MartzEdwin P. Martz, Jr was an American physicist and astronomer.He worked with William Pickering at Lowell Observatory in 1937 creating the first color photographs of Mars. He then worked at the Dearborn Observatory from 1939 until 1941. During the Second World War he was an optical engineer for the U.S...
- Mario J. MolinaMario J. MolinaMario José Molina-Pasquel Henríquez is a Mexican chemist and one of the most prominent precursors to the discovering of the Antarctic ozone hole. He was a co-recipient Mario José Molina-Pasquel Henríquez (born March 19, 1943 in Mexico City) is a Mexican chemist and one of the most prominent...
- Walter MunkWalter MunkWalter Heinrich Munk is an American physical oceanographer. He is professor of geophysics emeritus and holds the Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Oceanography Chair at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California.-Early life:Born in 1917 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary,...
- Jerome NamiasJerome NamiasJerome Namias was a U.S. meteorologist, whose research included El Niño.Namias was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut and grew up in Fall River, Massachusetts...
- William NierenbergWilliam NierenbergWilliam Aaron Nierenberg was an American physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and was director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography from 1965 through 1986. He was a co-founder of the George C. Marshall Institute in 1984.- Background :Nierenberg was born on February 13, 1919, at 213 E...
- Pearn P. NiilerPearn P. NiilerPearn P. Niiler - American oceanographer.In 1948 his parents brought him to western Pennsylvania. He studied engineering in college in Lehigh University. In 1964 he received doctorate from Brown University where he studied applied mathematics and fluid mechanics...
- Stewart NozetteStewart NozetteDr. Stewart David Nozette is an American scientist and astronomer. He has worked for the United States Department of Energy, the United States Department of Defense, and NASA. His research has resulted in multiple publications in the journal Science. The FBI arrested him October 19, 2009, charging...
- Veerabhadran RamanathanVeerabhadran RamanathanVeerabhadran Ramanathan is Victor Alderson Professor of Applied Ocean Sciences and director of the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. He has contributed to many areas of the atmospheric sciences including developments to...
- Roger RevelleRoger RevelleRoger Randall Dougan Revelle was a scientist and scholar who was instrumental in the formative years of the University of California, San Diego and was one of the first scientists to study global warming and the movement of Earth's tectonic plates...
- William Emerson RitterWilliam Emerson RitterWilliam Emerson Ritter, Ph.D. was an American biologist. Ritter initiated and shaped the Marine Biological Association of San Diego and the American Society for the Dissemination of Science...
- Dean RoemmichDean RoemmichDean Roemmich is a contemporary American physical oceanographer.Roemmich was the early leader behind the sensors array Argo which measures vertical profiles of oceanic conditions such as temperature, salinity, and pressure....
- Francis Parker ShepardFrancis Parker ShepardFrancis Parker Shepard was an American sedimentologist most associated with his studies of submarine canyons and seafloor currents around continental shelves and slopes....
- Cornelius Cole Smith, Jr.Cornelius Cole Smith, Jr.The year of his college graduation, Smith became a commissioned officer in the Marine Corps Reserve as a second lieutenant. He was present at the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, where he was serving as officer of the day at the Marine barracks in the Pearl Harbor Navy...
- Richard SomervilleRichard SomervilleRichard C. J. Somerville is a climate scientist who is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA, where he has been a professor since 1979.-Early life:...
- Fred SpiessFred SpiessDr. Fred Noel Spiess was an oceanographer and marine explorer who helped create the FLIP floating laboratory....
- George SugiharaGeorge SugiharaGeorge Sugihara is a theoretical biologist who has worked across a wide variety of fields, including landscape ecology, algebraic topology, algal physiology and paleoecology, neurobiology, atmospheric science, fisheries science, and quantitative finance...
- Harald SverdrupHarald SverdrupHarald Ulrik Sverdrup was a Norwegian oceanographer and meteorologist who made a number of important theoretical discoveries in these fields. Having first worked in Bergen and Leipzig he was the scientific director of the North Polar expedition of Roald Amundsen aboard the Maud from 1918 to 1925...
- Lynne TalleyLynne TalleyLynne Talley is an American physical oceanographer.Talley is Professor of Physical Oceanography at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She is a seagoing oceanographer and served as chief scientist on several hydrography cruises...
- Warren White
- Benjamin Elazari VolcaniBenjamin Elazari VolcaniBenjamin Elazari Volcani discovered life in the Dead Sea and pioneered biological silicon research at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.-Biography:...
- K.V Ram Harsha
Notable alumni
- Tanya AtwaterTanya AtwaterTanya Atwater is an American geophysicist and marine geologist who specializes in plate tectonics, in particular the evolution of the San Andreas fault plate boundary. Her educational work has focused on the creation of computer-animated multimedia products and presentations depicting plate...
- Stephen E. CalvertStephen E. CalvertStephen E. “Steve” Calvert, PhD, FRSC is an award-winning Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia. He has specialized in the study of chemical and geochemical oceanography...
- Aiden M. Christiansen
- Jack CorlissJack CorlissJohn B. Corliss is a scientist who has worked in the fields of geology, oceanography, and the origins of life.Corliss is a University of California, San Diego Alumnus, receiving his PhD from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in the 1960s. As part of his doctoral work under Jerry van Andel, he...
- John M. EdmondJohn M. EdmondJohn Marmion Edmond FRS was a professor of marine geochemistry and oceanography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who did pioneering work on oceanic particulate matter, the oceanic carbon dioxide cycle, trace elements, and radioisotopes...
- Susan HoughSusan HoughSusan Elizabeth Hough is a seismologist at the United States Geological Survey in Pasadena, California, and scientist in charge of the office. She has served as an editor and contributor for many journals and is a contributing editor to Geotimes Magazine...
- Megan McArthur
- Marcia McNuttMarcia McNuttMarcia Kemper McNutt is an American geophysicist. She is director of the United States Geological Survey and science adviser to the United States Secretary of the Interior....
- Wheeler J. NorthWheeler J. NorthWheeler J. North , born in San Francisco, California, was a marine biologist and environmental scientist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the California Institute of Technology...
- Colm Ó hEochaColm Ó hEochaColm Ó hEocha was an Irish scientist and educationalist, who served as president of University College Galway and Chairman of the New Ireland Forum.Ó hEocha was born in Dungarvan, County Waterford, in 1926...
- George PerryGeorge Perry (neuroscientist)George Perry is a neuroscientist and Dean of the College of Sciences and Professor of Biology at the University of Texas at San Antonio...
- Brinke StevensBrinke StevensBrinke Stevens is an American actress, model and writer.-Life and career:Born in San Diego, California, Stevens has studied several foreign languages, including Esperanto, and gained a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology from San Diego State University and a Master of Science in Marine...
Popular culture
In 2008, Scripps Institution of Oceanography was the subject of a category on the TV game show Jeopardy!Jeopardy!
Griffin's first conception of the game used a board comprising ten categories with ten clues each, but after finding that this board could not be shown on camera easily, he reduced it to two rounds of thirty clues each, with five clues in each of six categories...
. Scripps has been a story element in numerous fictional works.
See also
- Array Network FacilityArray Network FacilityThe Array Network Facility component of the EarthScope USArray project is charged with ensuring all the real time seismic data collected from the Transportable Array and Flexible Arrays are transmitted, checked for quality, archived, and accessible online for researchers and the general public...
- Library of Congress Digital Library projectLibrary of Congress Digital Library projectThe Library of Congress National Digital Library Program is assembling a digital library of reproductions of primary source materials to support the study of the history and culture of the United States...
- National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation ProgramNational Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation ProgramThe National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program is an archival program led by the Library of Congress to archive and provide access to digital resources. The U.S. Congress established the program in 2000...
- The Scripps Research InstituteThe Scripps Research InstituteThe Scripps Research Institute is an American medical research facility that focuses on research in the basic biomedical sciences. Headquartered in La Jolla, California, with a sister facility in Jupiter, Florida, the institute is home to 3,000 scientists, technicians, graduate students, and...
, a neighboring, but completely independent medical research institute. - Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionThe Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a private, nonprofit research and higher education facility dedicated to the study of all aspects of marine science and engineering and to the education of marine researchers. Established in 1930, it is the largest independent oceanographic research...
, a similar research facility on the east coast of the USA. - Institute of Marine and Coastal SciencesInstitute of Marine and Coastal SciencesThe Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences focuses on marine science-related education and research. IMCS was founded in 1993 on the Cook Campus at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. IMCS is the home of LEO-15, more formally known as the Long-term Ecosystem Observatory...
, another oceanographic education and research facility located at Rutgers UniversityRutgers UniversityRutgers, The State University of New Jersey , is the largest institution for higher education in New Jersey, United States. It was originally chartered as Queen's College in 1766. It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine Colonial colleges founded before the American...
in New Jersey.
Further reading
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography centennial website
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography; First Fifty Years Helen Raitt and Beatrice Moulton. Los Angeles : W. Ritchie Press, 1967.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography : Probing the Oceans, 1936 to 1976 Elizabeth Noble Shor. San Diego, Calif. : Tofua Press, 1978.
- The Keeling Curve Turns 50Keeling curveThe Keeling Curve is a graph which plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since 1958. It is based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii under the supervision of Charles David Keeling. Keeling's measurements showed the...