Robert Laws
Encyclopedia
Dr Robert Laws was a Scottish missionary who headed the Livingstonia
mission in the Nyasaland Protectorate (now Malawi
) for more than 50 years. The mission played a crucial role in educating Africans during the colonial era. It emphasized skills with which the pupils could become self-sufficient in trade, agriculture or industry as opposed to working as subordinates to European settlers.
Dr Laws supported the aspirations of political leaders such as Simon Muhango and Levi Zililo Mumba
, both educated at Livingstonia schools.
's Travels he resolved to become a missionary.
While working in the day he attended evening classes and managed to gain admission to the University of Aberdeen
. He spent seven years there, earning degrees in Arts, Medicine and Theology.
The expeditionary party was led by Captain E.D. Young, a naval officer who had been attached to Livingstone's first Zambezi
expedition in 1852, and in 1867 had led the expedition to search for Livingstone around Lake Malawi
. Robert Laws, of the United Presbyterian Church
, was the only ordained missionary.
Five artisans were included in the first expedition: a sailor, an engineer, a gardener, a blacksmith and a carpenter.
The mission arrived at the south end of Lake Malawi
on 12 October 1875 and established a base at Cape Maclear
.
Laws wrote to Dr. James Stewart, the principal of the Lovedale Institution for Xhosa in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, describing the mission and calling for African catechists.
Stewart, who had been a prime mover in getting the Livingstonia Mission launched, asked for volunteers. Four were selected and traveled with Stewart to Cape Maclear, leaving in July 1876.
Stewart took over the leadership from E.D. Young, but found conditions too arduous and left in December 1877, handing the leadership to Laws as a temporary measure. Laws remained leader for the next fifty years.
Laws was a fully qualified doctor.
He used chloroform for the first time at Cape Maclear on 2 March 1876 in a successful operation to remove a cystic tumour above the right eye of a young man, to the astonishment of the local people.
In the late 1870s it became known that the Presbyterian mission could provide superior medical assistance, and missionaries from other stations would make difficult and sometimes dangerous journeys to obtain care from Dr. Laws.
In 1878 the Free Church of Scotland transferred ownership of the Ilala steamer from the mission to the Livingstonia Central Africa Company. Founded in Glasgow in 1875, the company soon became known as the African Lakes Corporation.
Laws collaborated with this Corporation, which succeeded in introducing trade to the lake region and the hinterland to the north, bringing prosperity to both Africans and settlers.
By 1878 the mission had established small stations at Bandawe
in Tonga
country and at Kaningina on the edge of Ngoni
country.
In September that year Laws reached the Ngoni village of Chiputula Nhlane, a few miles east of today's Ekwendeni
, accompanied by three other Europeans and forty-five porters.
Relations between the missionaries and Ngoni were strained during the next twelve years, until the first Ngoni were converted to Christianity.
When Laws took his first home leave in 1884, he told the Livingstonia Committee that the Angoni were the dominant race, and the great object of the mission should be to win them over. The Ngoni were less certain about the advantages, and were distracted by internal instability and struggles with neighboring tribes.
In 1881 the mission moved to Bandawe in Tonga country to escape the bad climate and unhealthy conditions of Cape Maclear, and in 1894 moved once again to Khondowe for health reasons.
Today a stone cairn marks the place where Dr. Laws and his companion Uriah Chirwa camped in 1894 when they prospected the new site.
Khondowe is 900 metres (2,952.8 ft) above the lake. It has a healthy climate, fertile land and plentiful water.
Within ten years the site had grown into a small village of brick and stone buildings, many of which are still in use.
When Laws laid out plans for the Overtoun Institution in Khondowe, now known as Livingstonia, his design was practical. Roads and avenues were carefully laid out, and zones designated for different industrial and agricultural activities. The plans included a sawmill and brickworks, a piped water supply, a church and post office with a clock tower, buildings housing the agricultural, medical and technical departments, and separate housing for Europeans and Africans. The site was connected to the lake by a telegraph line. The boys helped build the post office and plant trees.
Laws later introduced hydroelectric power for lighting and to run the machinery.
Based on Laws' experience with Khondowe and knowledge of Lovedale, the mission society sent Robert Laws to undertake a feasibility study of a similar institution in Calabar
, Nigeria
, to be known as the Hope Waddell Training Institute
(HWTI). As with the other two institutions, the goals were to equip graduates with the skills needed in a modern economy so that they could improve their living standards and those of the community. Laws was entirely confident that the HWTI could replicate the excellent results of the two earlier institutes.
The school, named after the Reverend Hope Masterton Waddell, was launched in 1895.
At Livingstonia Dr Laws trained Africans in engineering, entrepreneurship, bookkeeping, teaching and the ministry.
By 1897 there were 302 pupils.
Many of the graduates found the skills they had acquired could be put to use in South Africa and the Rhodesias.
The Livingstonia mission was the main source of education for Africans in Nyasaland, and in the early years of the twentieth century had more schools than all the other missions added together. Men educated in these schools were to have growing political influence. The first Native Association, the North Nyasa Native Association, was founded by Simon Muhango and Levi Zililo Mumba
in 1912, and was soon followed by others. From the outset, Dr Laws encouraged the Associations. He felt that the government had to involve the new class of educated Africans if Nyasaland was to develop into a modern country. He went as far as to say that the Associations could prepare Africans to elect Europeans, and later Africans, to the Legislature. Given the typical colonial prejudices of the time, this was an exceptional position.
In October 1925, the Governor of Nyasaland, Charles Calvert Bowring
, laid the foundation stone for additional buildings at Livingstonia, which Dr Robert Laws wanted to develop into a university for African students in Nyasaland and neighboring colonies. Bowring wrote "Livingstonia appeals to me enormously as a training centre because of its comparative isolation and at the same time easy accessibility. The students are away from the many temptations of town life, and within easy reach by the lake and in touch by telegraph".
Dr. Laws visited Canada, the United States and Germany. He served on the legislative council of Nayasaland.
When he left in 1927 there were over seven hundred primary schools, and secondary schools were teaching theology, medicine, agriculture and technical subjects. More than 60,000 people had accepted Christianity and there were thirteen ordained African pastors.
Laws was austere and uncomfortable with speaking in public, but immensely energetic.
As a doctor he took responsibility for the health of the mission party and for hundreds of out-patients.
He recorded meteorological conditions, gathered vocabularies of the local languages, taught the first pupils at the mission and undertook a vast official correspondence. In the first ten years he led almost every diplomatic or exploratory mission, and took almost all important decisions for the mission.
Laws aimed to teach Africans the skills needed to run trades and small industries so they would not be at the mercy of the "Greeks, Indians and Chinese".
He was strongly opposed to the view of African education which held that "the native should be kept in his place".
However, although in many ways a visionary, Laws did not make much provision for women for receive comparable education to men.
Laws believed in Western technology as an catalyst in developing an environment in which conversion to Christianity would be facilitated. He saw great importance in piped water and electricity, and relied on the lake steamer to bring his religion to the people.
A columnist in the Glasgow Evening Citizen wrote of Dr. Laws after his death in 1934 "Nothing impressed me more about Dr Laws than his humility. He was a great man who was unconscious of his greatness".
Livingstonia
Livingstonia or Kondowe is a town located in the Northern Region district of Rumphi in Malawi. It is 270 miles north of the capital, Lilongwe. The town of Mzuzu can be reached on tarred road in about 2-3 hours....
mission in the Nyasaland Protectorate (now Malawi
Malawi
The Republic of Malawi is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size...
) for more than 50 years. The mission played a crucial role in educating Africans during the colonial era. It emphasized skills with which the pupils could become self-sufficient in trade, agriculture or industry as opposed to working as subordinates to European settlers.
Dr Laws supported the aspirations of political leaders such as Simon Muhango and Levi Zililo Mumba
Levi Zililo Mumba
Levi Zililo Mumba was a leading local politician and the first President of the Nyasaland African Congress during the period of British colonial rule in Nyasaland, which became the independent state of Malawi in 1964....
, both educated at Livingstonia schools.
Early years
Robert Laws was born in 1851 to a poor but religious family in Scotland. He was apprenticed to a cabinet maker as a youth. After reading David LivingstoneDavid Livingstone
David Livingstone was a Scottish Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa. His meeting with H. M. Stanley gave rise to the popular quotation, "Dr...
's Travels he resolved to become a missionary.
While working in the day he attended evening classes and managed to gain admission to the University of Aberdeen
University of Aberdeen
The University of Aberdeen, an ancient university founded in 1495, in Aberdeen, Scotland, is a British university. It is the third oldest university in Scotland, and the fifth oldest in the United Kingdom and wider English-speaking world...
. He spent seven years there, earning degrees in Arts, Medicine and Theology.
Early missionary activity 1875–1894
Laws was a member of the original Livingstonia mission party, organized by a Scottish committee dedicated to establishing a mission in memory of David Livingstone.The expeditionary party was led by Captain E.D. Young, a naval officer who had been attached to Livingstone's first Zambezi
Zambezi
The Zambezi is the fourth-longest river in Africa, and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half that of the Nile...
expedition in 1852, and in 1867 had led the expedition to search for Livingstone around Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi , is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the Great Rift Valley system of East Africa. This lake, the third largest in Africa and the eighth largest lake in the world, is located between Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania...
. Robert Laws, of the United Presbyterian Church
United Presbyterian Church of Scotland
The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland was a Scottish Presbyterian denomination. It was formed in 1847 by the union of the United Secession Church and the Relief Church, and in 1900 merged with the Free Church of Scotland to form the United Free Church of Scotland, which in turn united with...
, was the only ordained missionary.
Five artisans were included in the first expedition: a sailor, an engineer, a gardener, a blacksmith and a carpenter.
The mission arrived at the south end of Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi , is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the Great Rift Valley system of East Africa. This lake, the third largest in Africa and the eighth largest lake in the world, is located between Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania...
on 12 October 1875 and established a base at Cape Maclear
Cape Maclear
Cape Maclear or Chembe is a town in the Mangochi District of Malawi's Southern Region. The town, situated on the Nankumba Peninsula, is on the southern shore of Lake Malawi and is the busiest resort on Lake Malawi...
.
Laws wrote to Dr. James Stewart, the principal of the Lovedale Institution for Xhosa in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, describing the mission and calling for African catechists.
Stewart, who had been a prime mover in getting the Livingstonia Mission launched, asked for volunteers. Four were selected and traveled with Stewart to Cape Maclear, leaving in July 1876.
Stewart took over the leadership from E.D. Young, but found conditions too arduous and left in December 1877, handing the leadership to Laws as a temporary measure. Laws remained leader for the next fifty years.
Laws was a fully qualified doctor.
He used chloroform for the first time at Cape Maclear on 2 March 1876 in a successful operation to remove a cystic tumour above the right eye of a young man, to the astonishment of the local people.
In the late 1870s it became known that the Presbyterian mission could provide superior medical assistance, and missionaries from other stations would make difficult and sometimes dangerous journeys to obtain care from Dr. Laws.
In 1878 the Free Church of Scotland transferred ownership of the Ilala steamer from the mission to the Livingstonia Central Africa Company. Founded in Glasgow in 1875, the company soon became known as the African Lakes Corporation.
Laws collaborated with this Corporation, which succeeded in introducing trade to the lake region and the hinterland to the north, bringing prosperity to both Africans and settlers.
By 1878 the mission had established small stations at Bandawe
Bandawe
Bandawe is a community in Malawi on the west shore of Lake Malawi.The Livingstonia mission established a small station at Bandawe in Tonga country in 1878....
in Tonga
Tonga people
The Tonga are an ethnic group living in northern Malawi. A related ethnic group also called the Tonga are found in Zambia and Zimbabwe, with some in Mozambique.-History:...
country and at Kaningina on the edge of Ngoni
Ngoni people
The Ngoni people are an ethnic group living in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia, in east-central Africa. The Ngoni trace their origins to the Zulu people of kwaZulu-Natal in South Africa...
country.
In September that year Laws reached the Ngoni village of Chiputula Nhlane, a few miles east of today's Ekwendeni
Ekwendeni
Ekwendeni is a town in the Northern Region of Malawi. It lies about from Mzuzu, in the Mzimba district.Ekwendeni was started by Scottish missionaries. It has one of the oldest churches in Malawi belonging to the Malawi equivalent of the Church of Scotland. The hospital began in the 1890s as a...
, accompanied by three other Europeans and forty-five porters.
Relations between the missionaries and Ngoni were strained during the next twelve years, until the first Ngoni were converted to Christianity.
When Laws took his first home leave in 1884, he told the Livingstonia Committee that the Angoni were the dominant race, and the great object of the mission should be to win them over. The Ngoni were less certain about the advantages, and were distracted by internal instability and struggles with neighboring tribes.
Livingstonia 1894–1927
Today a stone cairn marks the place where Dr. Laws and his companion Uriah Chirwa camped in 1894 when they prospected the new site.
Khondowe is 900 metres (2,952.8 ft) above the lake. It has a healthy climate, fertile land and plentiful water.
Within ten years the site had grown into a small village of brick and stone buildings, many of which are still in use.
When Laws laid out plans for the Overtoun Institution in Khondowe, now known as Livingstonia, his design was practical. Roads and avenues were carefully laid out, and zones designated for different industrial and agricultural activities. The plans included a sawmill and brickworks, a piped water supply, a church and post office with a clock tower, buildings housing the agricultural, medical and technical departments, and separate housing for Europeans and Africans. The site was connected to the lake by a telegraph line. The boys helped build the post office and plant trees.
Laws later introduced hydroelectric power for lighting and to run the machinery.
Based on Laws' experience with Khondowe and knowledge of Lovedale, the mission society sent Robert Laws to undertake a feasibility study of a similar institution in Calabar
Calabar
Calabar is a city in Cross River State, southeastern Nigeria. The original name for Calabar was Atakpa, from the Jukun language....
, Nigeria
Nigeria
Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in...
, to be known as the Hope Waddell Training Institute
Hope Waddell Training Institute
The Hope Waddell Training Institute is a school in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria founded by missionaries from the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland in 1895...
(HWTI). As with the other two institutions, the goals were to equip graduates with the skills needed in a modern economy so that they could improve their living standards and those of the community. Laws was entirely confident that the HWTI could replicate the excellent results of the two earlier institutes.
The school, named after the Reverend Hope Masterton Waddell, was launched in 1895.
At Livingstonia Dr Laws trained Africans in engineering, entrepreneurship, bookkeeping, teaching and the ministry.
By 1897 there were 302 pupils.
Many of the graduates found the skills they had acquired could be put to use in South Africa and the Rhodesias.
The Livingstonia mission was the main source of education for Africans in Nyasaland, and in the early years of the twentieth century had more schools than all the other missions added together. Men educated in these schools were to have growing political influence. The first Native Association, the North Nyasa Native Association, was founded by Simon Muhango and Levi Zililo Mumba
Levi Zililo Mumba
Levi Zililo Mumba was a leading local politician and the first President of the Nyasaland African Congress during the period of British colonial rule in Nyasaland, which became the independent state of Malawi in 1964....
in 1912, and was soon followed by others. From the outset, Dr Laws encouraged the Associations. He felt that the government had to involve the new class of educated Africans if Nyasaland was to develop into a modern country. He went as far as to say that the Associations could prepare Africans to elect Europeans, and later Africans, to the Legislature. Given the typical colonial prejudices of the time, this was an exceptional position.
In October 1925, the Governor of Nyasaland, Charles Calvert Bowring
Charles Calvert Bowring
Sir Charles Calvert Bowring was a British colonial administrator.Bowring was born in 1872. In 1909 he married Ethel Dorothy Watts.-East Africa / Kenya:...
, laid the foundation stone for additional buildings at Livingstonia, which Dr Robert Laws wanted to develop into a university for African students in Nyasaland and neighboring colonies. Bowring wrote "Livingstonia appeals to me enormously as a training centre because of its comparative isolation and at the same time easy accessibility. The students are away from the many temptations of town life, and within easy reach by the lake and in touch by telegraph".
Dr. Laws visited Canada, the United States and Germany. He served on the legislative council of Nayasaland.
When he left in 1927 there were over seven hundred primary schools, and secondary schools were teaching theology, medicine, agriculture and technical subjects. More than 60,000 people had accepted Christianity and there were thirteen ordained African pastors.
Character
Discussing the lack of penetration of Christianity into central Africa before the late nineteenth century. Laws said "that God could not trust Christendom with the knowledge of it until the Christian conscience was awake ... to the iniquity of slavery".Laws was austere and uncomfortable with speaking in public, but immensely energetic.
As a doctor he took responsibility for the health of the mission party and for hundreds of out-patients.
He recorded meteorological conditions, gathered vocabularies of the local languages, taught the first pupils at the mission and undertook a vast official correspondence. In the first ten years he led almost every diplomatic or exploratory mission, and took almost all important decisions for the mission.
Laws aimed to teach Africans the skills needed to run trades and small industries so they would not be at the mercy of the "Greeks, Indians and Chinese".
He was strongly opposed to the view of African education which held that "the native should be kept in his place".
However, although in many ways a visionary, Laws did not make much provision for women for receive comparable education to men.
Laws believed in Western technology as an catalyst in developing an environment in which conversion to Christianity would be facilitated. He saw great importance in piped water and electricity, and relied on the lake steamer to bring his religion to the people.
A columnist in the Glasgow Evening Citizen wrote of Dr. Laws after his death in 1934 "Nothing impressed me more about Dr Laws than his humility. He was a great man who was unconscious of his greatness".