Retinoic acid receptor alpha
Encyclopedia
Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-α), also known as NR1B1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group B, member 1) is a nuclear receptor
Nuclear receptor
In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules...

 that in humans is encoded by the RARA gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...

.

Function

Retinoid
Retinoid
The retinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are related chemically to vitamin A. Retinoids are used in medicine, primarily due to the way they regulate epithelial cell growth....

 signaling is transduced by 2 families of nuclear receptors, retinoic acid receptor (RAR
Retinoic acid receptor
The retinoic acid receptor is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid. There are three retinoic acid receptors , RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, and RAR-gamma, encoded by the , , genes, respectively...

) and retinoid X receptor (RXR
Retinoid X receptor
The retinoid X receptor is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by 9-cis retinoic acid. There are three retinoic X receptors : RXR-alpha, RXR-beta, and RXR-gamma, encoded by the , , genes, respectively....

), which form RXR/RAR heterodimers. In the absence of ligand, DNA-bound RXR/RARA represses transcription by recruiting the corepressors NCOR1
Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1
The nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 also known as thyroid-hormone- and retinoic-acid-receptor-associated co-repressor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOR1 gene....

, SMRT (NCOR2
Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2
The nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor-interacting domains. In addition, NCOR2 appears to recruit histone deacetylases to DNA promoter regions. Hence NCOR2 assists nuclear receptors in the down regulation of target...

), and histone deacetylase
Histone deacetylase
Histone deacetylases are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on a histone. This is important because DNA is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. Its action is opposite to that of histone...

. When ligand binds to the complex, it induces a conformational change allowing the recruitment of coactivators, histone acetyltransferases, and the basic transcription machinery.

Clinical significance

Translocations that always involve rearrangement of the RARA gene are a cardinal feature of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL; MIM 612376). The most frequent translocation is t(15,17)(q21;q22), which fuses the RARA gene with the PML
PML
PML may refer to:* Pakistan Muslim League, faction of the Pakistani political parties with similar names* Partido Movimiento Libertario, libertarian political party in Costa Rica* Perfectly Matched Layer, numerical truncation methodology....

 gene.

Interactions

Retinoic acid receptor alpha has been shown to interact
Protein-protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...

 with:
  • BAG1
    BAG1
    BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAG1 gene.BAG gene has been implicated in age related neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's...

    ,
  • CLOCK
    CLOCK
    Clock is a gene encoding a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor that affects both the persistence and period of circadian rhythms...

    ,
  • CCND3,
  • NCOA6
    NCOA6
    Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA6 gene.-Interactions:NCOA6 has been shown to interact with Ku70, RBBP5, E2F1, Retinoblastoma protein, CREB-binding protein, Activating transcription factor 2, HSF1, HBXIP, TGS1, TUBB, TUBA4A, Thyroid hormone receptor...

    ,
  • NCOR1
    Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1
    The nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 also known as thyroid-hormone- and retinoic-acid-receptor-associated co-repressor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOR1 gene....

    ,
  • NCOR2
    Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2
    The nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor-interacting domains. In addition, NCOR2 appears to recruit histone deacetylases to DNA promoter regions. Hence NCOR2 assists nuclear receptors in the down regulation of target...

    ,
  • NPAS2
    NPAS2
    Neuronal PAS domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPAS2 gene.-Interactions:NPAS2 has been shown to interact with Retinoic acid receptor alpha, EP300, ARNTL and Retinoid X receptor alpha....

    ,
  • NRIP1
    NRIP1
    Nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRIP1 gene.RIP140 has an important role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, and regulates gene expression in metabolic tissues including heart, skeletal muscle, and liver.Knockout mice that completely lack...

    ,
  • NR0B2
    Small heterodimer partner
    The small heterodimer partner also known as NR0B2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR0B2 gene. SHP is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors. SHP is unusual for a nuclear receptor in that it lacks a DNA binding domain...

    ,
  • NR4A2
    Nuclear receptor related 1 protein
    The Nuclear receptor related 1 protein also known as NR4A2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR4A2 gene. NURR1 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.NURR1 plays a key role in the maintenance of the dopaminergic system of the brain...

    ,
  • PML
    Promyelocytic leukemia protein
    Probable transcription factor PML is a tumor suppressor protein that in humans is encoded by the PML gene.-Interactions:Promyelocytic leukemia protein has been shown to interact with Retinoic acid receptor alpha, HDAC1, Nerve Growth factor IB, SKI protein, Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing...

  • RXRA
    Retinoid X receptor alpha
    Retinoid X receptor alpha , also known as NR2B1 is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RXRA gene.- Function :...

    .
  • Src
    Src (gene)
    Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SRC gene.Src is a proto-oncogene encoding a tyrosine kinase originally discovered by J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus, for which they won the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It belongs to a...

    ,
  • TADA3L
    TADA3L
    Transcriptional adapter 3-like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TADA3 gene.-Interactions:TADA3L has been shown to interact with Retinoic acid receptor alpha, USP5, TAF9, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, TADA2L and Retinoid X receptor alpha.-Further reading:...

    , and
  • ZBTB16
    Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16
    Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZBTB16 gene.-Function:This gene is a member of the Krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family and encodes a zinc finger transcription factor that contains nine Kruppel-type zinc finger domains at the...

    .


Further reading

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