The reduplication

Reduplication

Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word is repeated exactly or with a slight change....

 in the Russian language

Russian language

Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...

serves for various kinds of the intensification of the meaning.

Reduplication is also observable in borrowed words, such as "" ([pinkˈponk]; ping-pong) and "" ([zɪɡˈzak]; zig-zag), but since the words were borrowed as is from other languages, they are not examples of reduplication as it works in the grammar

Russian grammar

Russian grammar encompasses:* a highly synthetic morphology* a syntax that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements:** a Church Slavonic inheritance;...

 of Russian.

Syllabic/root/stem reduplication

There are virtually no productive syllabic

Syllabic

Syllabic may refer to:*Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, a family of abugidas used to write a number of Aboriginal Canadian languages.*Syllabary, writing system using symbols for syllables...

 or root

Root (linguistics)

The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family , which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents....

/stem

Word stem

In linguistics, a stem is a part of a word. The term is used with slightly different meanings.In one usage, a stem is a form to which affixes can be attached. Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the stem friend, to which the derivational suffix -ship is attached to form a new...

 reduplication in the modern Russian language.

An ancient lexical stratum of the Russian language provides examples such as "" ([ˈmamə]; mommy), "" ([ˈpapə]; daddy), "" ([ˈbabə]; granny)—a phenomenon common to many languages. It is argued that these words originated in the reduplicated babbling of infant

Infant

A newborn or baby is the very young offspring of a human or other mammal. A newborn is an infant who is within hours, days, or up to a few weeks from birth. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth...

s.

Word reduplication

Word reduplications are mostly the feature of the colloquial language

Colloquial language

Colloquial language, especially in philosophy of language, is natural language which, among other properties, uses colloquialisms. In the field of logical atomism, meaning is evaluated differently than with more formal propositions.-See also:...

 and in most cases do not constitute separate dictionary entries. Word reduplication may occur in the following forms:

• a hyphenated word
  Word
  In language, a word is the smallest free form that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content . This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own...
  
  , both of standard vocabulary or standard ad hoc
  Ad hoc
  Ad hoc is a Latin phrase meaning "for this". It generally signifies a solution designed for a specific problem or task, non-generalizable, and not intended to be able to be adapted to other purposes. Compare A priori....
  
  word formation
  Word formation
  In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning...
  
  
  • exact reduplication:
    • "" ([tɕʉtʲ ˈtɕʉtʲ]; "very few", lit. "few-few")—a vocabulary word
    • "" ([ˈbʲɛlɨj ˈbʲɛlɨj (sʲnʲɛk)]; "very white (snow)", lit. "white-white (snow)")—ad-hoc formation, for adjectives
  • inflected reduplication:
    • "" ([dɐˈvnɨm dɐˈvno]; "very long time ago", lit. "pastly-past")
    • "" ([bʲɪˈlɨm bʲɪˈlo]; "very white", lit. "whitely-white")
  • Reduplication of adjectives using the enhancement preposition "" (/prʲe/)
    • "" (bɐˈlʲʂoj prʲɪbɐˈlʲʂoj]; "very big", lit. "big-very-big"
    • "" ([ˈbʲɛlɨj prʲɪˈbʲɛlɨj]; "very white", lit. "white-very-white")
• A repetition of a word in dialogues as a device used either to request or to promise a higher degree of cooperation:
  • "" or "", ([dɐˈvaj dɐˈvaj])—a general-purpose urge to do something, literally "give it, give it!", meaning "Just do it!" or "Let's do it!"
  • "" ([bʲɪˈɡʲi bʲɪˈɡʲi]; "Run, run!")—a specific urge to run: to run fast or to run right away.
  • "" ([kɐˈnʲetɕnə kɐˈnʲetɕnə])—an enhanced agreement: "Of course, of course!"
  • "" ([da da] "Yes, yes")—an utterance used in dialogs to indicate either constant attention ("yes, yes, I am listening") or agreement ("yes, yes, of course")
• Shm-reduplication
  Shm-reduplication
  Shm-reduplication is a form of reduplication in which the original word or its first syllable is repeated with the copy beginning with shm- , pronounced...
  
   and m-reduplication, to express irony, borrowed from Yiddish and Central Asia
  Central Asia
  Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
  
  n cultures respectively, sometimes used as a mockery of the corresponding languages or peoples; see Russian jokes about Georgians for examples of this phenomenon
• As an expression of a frequentative
  Frequentative
  In grammar, a frequentative form of a word is one which indicates repeated action. The frequentative form can be considered a separate, but not completely independent word, called a frequentative...
  
   or of a prolonged action
  Continuous and progressive aspects
  The continuous and progressive aspects are grammatical aspects that express incomplete action in progress at a specific time: they are non-habitual, imperfective aspects. It is a verb category with two principal meaning components: duration and incompletion...
  
  
  • "" ([ˈtʲanut pɐˈtʲanut ˈvɨtʲɪnutʲ nʲɪ ˈmoɡut]; "They are pulling and pulling, but cannot pull it [the turnip] out")—a phrase from the classical fairy tale
    Fairy tale
    A fairy tale is a type of short story that typically features such folkloric characters, such as fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, dwarves, giants or gnomes, and usually magic or enchantments. However, only a small number of the stories refer to fairies...
    
     Repka ("", "The Turnip
    Turnip
    The turnip or white turnip is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, bulbous taproot. Small, tender varieties are grown for human consumption, while larger varieties are grown as feed for livestock...
    
    ")
  • "" ([ˈsmotrʲɪt ˈsmotrʲɪt]; "[he] is looking and looking")
  • "" ([ʂol ʂol]; "[he] went and went")
• Onomatopoeic reduplication
  • "" ([kap kap kap]; the sound of the droplets of water)
  • "" ([tik tak]) or "" ([tik tik tik]); the sound of a clock ticking
  • "" ([ɡav ɡaf]; bowwow)
• Frequentative
  Frequentative
  In grammar, a frequentative form of a word is one which indicates repeated action. The frequentative form can be considered a separate, but not completely independent word, called a frequentative...
  
  , often combined with ideophonic
  Ideophone
  Ideophones are words used by speakers to evoke a vivid impression of certain sensation or sensory perceptions, e.g. smell, color, shape, sound, action, or movement. Ideophones are attested in all languages of the world, however, languages differ in the extent to which they make use of them...
  
  /onomatopoeic derivation
  • "" ([tɕik tɕik]), from "", "to slash with a knife"
  • "" ([prɨk prɨk]), from "" ("to jump
    Jump
    Jump may refer to:* Jumping, to propel oneself rapidly upward such that momentum causes the body to become airborne* To get attacked by a group of people e.g...
    
    ", "to hop
    Hop
    Hop or hops may refer to:* Hop, a kind of small jump, usually using only one leg* Hop , a genus of climbing flowering plants* Hops, the female flower clusters of one species of hop, used primarily as a flavouring and stability agent in beer...
    
    "). A similar derivation in English would be "When the red red Robin
    European Robin
    The European Robin , most commonly known in Anglophone Europe simply as the Robin, is a small insectivorous passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family , but is now considered to be an Old World flycatcher...
    
     Comes bob bob bobbing along")

Affixal reduplication

A peculiarity of Russian language is synonymic affix

Affix

An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed. They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes...

al reduplication, whereby a root may acquire two productive suffixes or prefixes, different, but of the same semantics

Semantics

Semantics is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotata....

, with the corresponding intensification of the meaning:

• Affectional diminutive
  Diminutive
  In language structure, a diminutive, or diminutive form , is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment...
  
  s:
  • "" ([pɐˈdruɡə])→"" ([pɐˈdruʂkə])→"" ([pɐˈdruʐɨnʲkə] "girlfriend
    Girlfriend
    Girlfriend is a term that can refer to either a female partner in a non-marital romantic relationship or a female non-romantic friend that is closer than other friends....
    
    "). Here, ""→"" is an example of consonant mutation
    Consonant mutation
    Consonant mutation is when a consonant in a word changes according to its morphological and/or syntactic environment.Mutation phenomena occur in languages around the world. A prototypical example of consonant mutation is the initial consonant mutation of all modern Celtic languages...
    
    , and "" and "" are two diminutive-generating suffix
    Suffix
    In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs...
    
    es. This kind of word formation is especially productive for given name
    Given name
    A given name, in Western contexts often referred to as a first name, is a personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name...
    
    s: "" ([jɪkətʲɪˈrʲinə], "Catherine
    Catherine
    Catherine is a feminine given name.The nicknames include Cathy, Cate, Cat, Cati, Catie and others. Catherine may refer to one of the following historical figures, place names, books, or bands.-Literature:...
    
    ")→"" ([ˈkatʲə], hypocoristic
    Hypocoristic
    A hypocorism is a shorter form of a word or given name, for example, when used in more intimate situations as a nickname or term of endearment.- Derivation :Hypocorisms are often generated as:...
    
    )→"" ([kɐˈtʲuʂə] "Katyusha
    Katyusha
    Katyusha multiple rocket launchers are a type of rocket artillery first built and fielded by the Soviet Union in World War II. Compared to other artillery, these multiple rocket launchers deliver a devastating amount of explosives to a target area quickly, but with lower accuracy and requiring a...
    
    ")→"" ([kɐˈtʲuʂɨnʲkə])→"" ([kɐˈtʲuʂɨnʲɪtɕkə])

• Another example:
  • "" ([zɐˈbɨtʲ], "to forget")→"" ([prʲɪzɐˈbɨtʲ], "to forget for a while")→"" ([pəprʲɪzɐˈbɨtʲ])