Radio Television Hong Kong
Encyclopedia
Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK; ) is a public broadcasting
Public broadcasting
Public broadcasting includes radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing and commercial financing.Public broadcasting may be...

 organisation in Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...

 that is operated as an independent department in the government under the Broadcasting Authority. RTHK operates seven radio
Radio
Radio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...

 channels
Channel (communications)
In telecommunications and computer networking, a communication channel, or channel, refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel...

, and produces television
Television
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...

 programmes that are then broadcast through local television stations in Hong Kong. While it is government funded, it has a reputation for maintaining editorial independence. RTHK produces and broadcasts educational, entertainment and public affairs programmes. Since 2006, there has been debate whether or not to transform RTHK into a public corporation.

History

The Hong Kong Government launched their first radio broadcasting in June 1928. They named it under the call-sign “GOW”. Several name changes occurred over the next few years, until in 1948, when it was given the name "Radio Hong Kong" (RHK) .

In 1949, broadcasting operations were taken over by the Government Information Services (GIS), but by 1954, RHK managed to establish itself as a separate department, becoming independent of GIS.

Up until 1966, RHK was on-air only for three periods during the day: morning, lunchtime, and evening. This was partly due to many presenters being part-time freelancers who had to fit their radio appearances in with their normal daily working schedule.

In 1969 the station's medium wave
Mediumwave
Medium wave is the part of the medium frequency radio band used mainly for AM radio broadcasting. For Europe the MW band ranges from 526.5 kHz to 1606.5 kHz...

 AM transmitting station was moved from a waterfront site in Hung Hom
Hung Hom
Hung Hom is an area of Kowloon, in Hong Kong, administratively part of the Kowloon City District, with a portion west of the railway in the Yau Tsim Mong District. Hung Hom serves mainly residential purposes though is mixed with some industrial buildings in the north.-Geography:Hung Hom is located...

 to the summit of Golden Hill in the New Territories
New Territories
New Territories is one of the three main regions of Hong Kong, alongside Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula. It makes up 86.2% of Hong Kong's territory. Historically, it is the region described in The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory...

. Although the new transmitters were much more powerful, the mountain-top site proved unsuitable for medium wave transmissions and reception in some areas has remained problematic ever since.

In March 1969, RHK moved to new purpose-built studios located at Broadcasting House in Kowloon Tong
Kowloon Tong
Kowloon Tong , formerly Kau Lung Tong, is an area in Hong Kong. Within New Kowloon, it is administratively divided by Kowloon City District and Sham Shui Po District...

.

A Public Affairs Television Unit was established in 1970 to produce TV programmes that the independent commercial stations were – and still are – required to broadcast under the terms of their licences. RTHK has no television broadcast transmitters of its own.

RTHK was finally permitted to set up its own radio newsroom in 1973. Until then, all news was prepared by GIS staff. Until 1969 headlines were sent to the studios every half hour by teleprinter
Teleprinter
A teleprinter is a electromechanical typewriter that can be used to communicate typed messages from point to point and point to multipoint over a variety of communication channels that range from a simple electrical connection, such as a pair of wires, to the use of radio and microwave as the...

 from the GIS headquarters in Central District, while the three daily full bulletins were delivered by hand by a messenger who carried them across Central District. This arrangement became impractical following the move to the new studios in 1969, so initially a GIS newsroom was set up in Broadcasting House. This arrangement also proved unsatisfactory and RHK's own journalists, who until then had been confined to producing magazine programmes, took over the entire news operation.

In 1976, the station's name was changed to "Radio Television Hong Kong" (RTHK) to reflect its new involvement in television programme production. In the same year, RTHK started to produce educational television programmes for schools after absorbing the previously independent Educational Television Unit. In 1986, RTHK TV headquarters moved across the road to the former Commercial Television studios, which were renamed Television House. The station's first News and Financial News channel, Radio 7, was established in November 1989. In 1994 the radio and television programmes were put online on the RTHK website.

Radio channels

RTHK operates seven radio channels
Channel (communications)
In telecommunications and computer networking, a communication channel, or channel, refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel...

:
Channel nameModulation
Modulation
In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high-frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted...

FrequencyPrimary language(s)Features
RTHK Radio 1 FM (MHz) 92.6 (Mt. Gough), 94.4 (Kowloon Peak), 93.2 (Cloudy Hill
Cloudy Hill
Cloudy Hill or Kau Lung Hang Shan is a 440m high hill in Tai Po District of northeastern Hong Kong. It is located within Pat Sin Leng Country Park.The source of the Ma Wat River is located on Cloudy Hill....

), 93.4 (Castle Peak), 93.6 (Lamma Island), 92.9 (Golden Hill), 93.5 (Beacon Hill)
Cantonese
Standard Cantonese
Cantonese, or Standard Cantonese, is a language that originated in the vicinity of Canton in southern China, and is often regarded as the prestige dialect of Yue Chinese....

 
News
News
News is the communication of selected information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third party or mass audience.- Etymology :...

 programmes relay on ATV Home
ATV Home
ATV Home , also call aTV1, is one of the free-to-air Cantonese language television channels in Hong Kong, the other being its arch-rival TVB Jade. Its sister station, ATV World, broadcasts in English...

 and TVB Jade
TVB Jade
TVB Jade is a flagship TV channel in Hong Kong, established by Television Broadcasts Limited, and is one of the free-to-air Cantonese language television channels in Hong Kong, the other being its arch-rival ATV Home...

, information, phone-in programmes, and general programmes
RTHK Radio 2 FM (MHz) 94.8 (Mt. Gough), 96.9 (Kowloon Peak), 95.3 (Cloudy Hill), 96.4 (Castle Peak), 96.0 (Lamma Island), 95.6 (Golden Hill), 96.3 (Beacon Hill) Cantonese Programmes aimed at youth
Youth
Youth is the time of life between childhood and adulthood . Definitions of the specific age range that constitutes youth vary. An individual's actual maturity may not correspond to their chronological age, as immature individuals could exist at all ages.-Usage:Around the world, the terms "youth",...

, entertainment and popular music
Popular music
Popular music belongs to any of a number of musical genres "having wide appeal" and is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. It stands in contrast to both art music and traditional music, which are typically disseminated academically or orally to smaller, local...

 (Cantopop
Cantopop
Cantopop is a colloquialism for "Cantonese popular music". It is sometimes referred to as HK-pop, short for "Hong Kong popular music". It is categorized as a subgenre of Chinese popular music within C-pop...

)
RTHK Radio 3 AM
FM
(kHz) 567 (Golden Hill), 1584 (Chung Hum Kok)
(MHz) 97.9 (Mt. Nicholson), 106.8 (Chung Hum Kok), 107.8 (Tseung Kwan O), 107.8 (Tin Shui Wai)
English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

 
24-hour National news programmes relay on BBC National Programme
BBC National Programme
The BBC National Programme was a BBC radio station from the 1920s until the outbreak of World War II.-Foundation:When the BBC first began transmissions on 14 November 1922, the technology for both national coverage and joint programming between transmitters did not exist – transmitter powers were...

, BBC Radio 4 News, BBC Radio 5 News
BBC Radio 5 (former)
BBC Radio 5 was a BBC radio network that carried sport, children's and educational programmes.It was transmitted via analogue radio on 693 and 909 kHz, and lasted for three years and eight months. The success of BBC Radio 4's coverage of the Gulf War, on a service known as Scud FM,...

 and successor by BBC Radio 5 Live
BBC Radio 5 Live
BBC Radio 5 Live is the BBC's national radio service that specialises in live BBC News, phone-ins, and sports commentaries...

 which on ATV World
ATV World
ATV World , is one of the free-to-air English language television channels in Hong Kong, the other being its arch-rival TVB Pearl. Its sister station, ATV Home, broadcasts in Cantonese language...

 and TVB Pearl
TVB Pearl
TVB Pearl is one of the two free television services in Hong Kong that mainly broadcast in the English language, the other being ATV World. It is owned and operated by Television Broadcasts Limited, and together with its sister Cantonese language station TVB Jade, is broadcast from TVB City at 77...

RTHK Radio 4 FM (MHz) 97.6 (Mt. Gough), 98.9 (Kowloon Peak), 97.8 (Cloudy Hill), 98.7 (Castle Peak), 98.2 (Lamma Island), 98.4 (Golden Hill), 98.1 (Beacon Hill) English (mainly) / Cantonese (some) Classical music and fine arts
RTHK Radio 5 AM
FM
kHz 783 (Golden Hill)
(MHz) 92.3 (Tin Shui Wai), 99.4 (Tseung Kwan O), 106.8 (Castle Peak)
Cantonese (primary) / Mandarin
Standard Mandarin
Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin or Putonghua, is the official language of the People's Republic of China and Republic of China , and is one of the four official languages of Singapore....

 (secondary)
Programmes aimed at the elderly, cultural and education
RTHK Radio 6 AM kHz 675 (Peng Chau) English 24-hour International News programmes relay of BBC World Service
BBC World Service
The BBC World Service is the world's largest international broadcaster, broadcasting in 27 languages to many parts of the world via analogue and digital shortwave, internet streaming and podcasting, satellite, FM and MW relays...

RTHK Putonghua AM
FM
kHz 621 (Golden Hill)
(MHz) 100.9 (Jardine's Lookout), 103.3 Tseung Kwan O, 103.3 (Tin Shui Wai)
Mandarin (mainly) / Cantonese (some) 24-hour National news programmes relay of CCTV-1
CCTV-1
CCTV-1 is the primary channel of the Chinese television network, CCTV in the People's Republic of China. It has a mixture of all kinds of TV programs, and is available to both cable and terrestrial television viewers.-External links:*...


Television programmes

RTHK produces public affairs television programmes which are broadcast by Hong Kong's three commercial television channels, TVB, ATV and Cable TV. These programmes include Hong Kong Connection , A Week in Politics , Media Watch and Police Report .

RTHK also produces TV dramas, including the classic Below the Lion Rock
Below the Lion Rock
Below the Lion Rock is a TV show about the lives of Hong Kong citizens. It is broadcast five times, each forming its own series, from 1974 to 1979, 1984 to 1988, 1990, 1992 to 1995, and 2006...

 . However, RTHK does not operate its own television channel.

ETV

RTHK and the Hong Kong Education Bureau jointly produce Educational Television
Educational Television (Hong Kong)
Educational Television , shortly known as ETV, is a series of educational television programmes jointly produced by Radio Television Hong Kong and the Education and Manpower Bureau of Hong Kong. ETV has been an auxiliary means for teaching the primary and secondary school curriculum on television...

 (ETV), a series of educational programmes for primary and secondary students - airing during non-peak hours on RTHK stations. ETV was first broadcast in 1971 for Primary 3 students and was extended to Primary 6 students in 1974. In 1978, it had been extended to cover junior secondary (Form 1-Form 3) students. RTHK formerly broadcast these programmes on their stations during non-peak daytime hours, but now distributes them online instead.

While school programmes covering the topics of English, Chinese, Mathematics
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...

 and Putonghua are provided to both primary and secondary students, Science
Science
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe...

 and Humanities
Humanities
The humanities are academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences....

 programmes are provided for secondary school students only and General Studies programmes are designed for primary students only.

There has been confusion between ETV and the ETV division of RTHK. Besides school ETV programmes, the ETV division of RTHK produces many public educational television programmes for general viewers, such as the Road Back , Anti-Drug Special , Sex Education , Doctor and You .

Web site

The RTHK website
Website
A website, also written as Web site, web site, or simply site, is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other digital assets. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet...

, named as RTHK On Internet, was originally launched in December 1994; and renamed to rthk.hk in 2010.The website is presented in English, Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese. All seven of RTHK's radio channels and TV productions are broadcast live over the Internet
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...

. 12 months of online programmes and news archives are also available (except the HKCEE
Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination
The Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination was a standardized examination between 1974 and 2011 after most local students’ five-year secondary education, conducted by the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority . The examination will be discontinued in 2012...

 and HKALE
Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination
The Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination , or more commonly known as the A-level, conducted by the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority , is normally taken by senior students at the end of their matriculation in Hong Kong. In 2010, 39,772 candidates entered for the examination...

 broadcasts in RTHK2 due to copyright issues with the HKEAA
Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority
the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority , administers the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination and Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination .-History:The agency was established in 1977...

). Online news is available for free via e-mail 3 times per day, as well as providing PDA and podcast-downloadable versions. Original web contents include: e-Learning channel, Culture Web, Chinese Culture Channel and Classics Channel.

RTHK service hotline

The RTHK Service Hotline provides information via telephone
Telephone
The telephone , colloquially referred to as a phone, is a telecommunications device that transmits and receives sounds, usually the human voice. Telephones are a point-to-point communication system whose most basic function is to allow two people separated by large distances to talk to each other...

 at +852 22720000. The free hotline provides various services such as live relay of all RTHK channels and Legislative Council
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
The Legislative Council is the unicameral legislature of Hong Kong.-History:The Legislative Council of Hong Kong was set up in 1843 as a colonial legislature under British rule...

 meetings, the recordings of news summaries and news bulletins etc.

Public concern over the independence of RTHK

Unlike some of the very well established and respected public broadcasters such as the BBC
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters is at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff...

 and NHK
NHK
NHK is Japan's national public broadcasting organization. NHK, which has always identified itself to its audiences by the English pronunciation of its initials, is a publicly owned corporation funded by viewers' payments of a television license fee....

, which are primarily funded via a licence fee
Television licence
A television licence is an official licence required in many countries for the reception of television broadcasts...

 system, RTHK is funded directly by an annual government allocation, and operates as a department of the government (similar to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly known as CBC and officially as CBC/Radio-Canada, is a Canadian crown corporation that serves as the national public radio and television broadcaster...

).

There was controversy in 2000 when then Chief Executive Tung Chee-Hwa admitted in a public statement that he hoped RTHK would help in sending out the government's messages. Even though this dealt a blow to RTHK's credibility, it has managed to retain its image as an independent news organisation reporting purely in the public's interest.

On other hand, there has been local argument whether RTHK should be corporatised. Proponents of the idea argued for RTHK to become an independent corporation, separate from the government, so that it could achieve more flexibility, and more cost-efficiency in its operation.

RTHK enjoys editorial independence
Editorial independence
Editorial independence is the freedom of editors to make decisions without interference from the owners of a publication. Editorial independence is tested, for instance, if a newspaper runs articles that may be unpopular with its advertising clientele....

. The ultimate concern is whether RTHK has enough editorial independence for a public broadcaster. One of the examples was the suspected intervention in RTHK's press freedom in July 1999. After inviting Cheng An-kuo , the highest representative of the "Taiwanese authority" in Hong Kong, to discuss the issue of the separation of China and Taiwan and Lee Teng-hui's "two states theory", RTHK was condemned by pro-mainland China critics.
Then in October that year, the Head of Radio Broadcasting, Ms. Cheung Man Yee
Cheung Man Yee
Cheung Man Yee is the first Chinese person to become Director of Broadcasting in the Hong Kong Government....

  was transferred to Japan as the Principal Hong Kong Economic and Trade Representative in Tokyo for no obvious reason.

However, there are cases where RTHK's editorial independence has been fully exemplified. There was one episode in Letter to Hong Kong (a programme in which important government officials read letters on Hong Kong matters on air to the public) was rescheduled for another more timely and newsworthy one. The switch had been made possible by a prompt editorial decision.
Another case was a recent survey of the Hong Kong media conducted by the Chinese University of Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong
The Chinese University of Hong Kong is a research-led university in Hong Kong.CUHK is the only tertiary education institution in Hong Kong with Nobel Prize winners on its faculty, including Chen Ning Yang, James Mirrlees, Robert Alexander Mundell and Charles K. Kao...

 School of Journalism and Communication, which placed RTHK in first place amongst the electronic media in terms of credibility. RTHK achieved second place overall when all the local newspapers and magazines were included. http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/md1201/02.html

Controversies

In 2002, a former Chief Programme Officer was convicted of misconduct in public office. The charges related to approving salary increases for one RTHK employees without complying with procedures.

On 8 June 2006, the Independent Commission Against Corruption
Independent Commission Against Corruption
Several places have organisations called the Independent Commission Against Corruption:*Independent Commission Against Corruption , established in 1974.*Independent Commission Against Corruption , established in 1988....

 (ICAC) arrested four people on corruption-related charges, including a deputy head of RTHK 2 and a disc jockey, who were arrested for committing scams totaling about HK $70,000 from 1995 to 2001. They were alleged to have conspired and charged for writing scripts for various programmes that they did not write. Another former disc jockey and her mother were alleged to have aided the conspiracy by using their bank accounts by receiving payments from the radio station. All four were arrested and were released on bail.

RTHK was also criticised by the Audit Commission of the Hong Kong Government for its problems on complying with regulations on staff management. The report especially highlighted the misuse of public funds by the RTHK staff on entertainment expenses, overtime claims and the outsourcing of services.

In July 2007, the head of RTHK and Director of Broadcasting was accidentally spotted by a group of journalists in Causeway Bay along with an unidentified female. Those journalists were actually waiting for veteran rock singer Kenny Bee who was in a nearby restaurant. On seeing the gathered journalists, Chu ducked behind his companion. Photos became the main page headlines in some of the major Hong Kong newspapers the following day. Chu, who was one year due to his official retirement from the government, subsequently decided to seek for 'early retirement' in the aftermath. .

See also

  • Media in Hong Kong
  • List of Hong Kong companies
  • Government departments and agencies in Hong Kong
    Government departments and agencies in Hong Kong
    This is a list government agencies of the Hong Kong Government.The policies of the government are formulated decided by the bureaux led by secretaries and permanent secretaries are discussed in the Executive Council and implemented by the departments and agencies...

  • Cho Man Kit v Broadcasting Authority
    Cho Man Kit v Broadcasting Authority
    Cho Man Kit v Broadcasting Authority was a controversial Hong Kong High Court case involving a homosexual discriminatory admonition, criticising a TV documentary, issued by the Broadcasting Authority...


External links


Source: Pinyin translated by Cozy Website
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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