Quizquiz
Encyclopedia
Quizquiz or Quisquis was, along with Chalkuchimac and Rumiñahui
, one of Atahualpa
's leading general
s. In April 1532, along with his companions, Quizquiz led the armies of Atahualpa to victory in the battles of Mullihambato
, Chimborazo
and Quipaipan
, where he, along with Chalkuchimac defeated and captured Huáscar
and promptly killed his family, seizing capital Cuzco. Quizquiz later commanded Atahualpa's troops in the battles of Vilcaconga
, Cuzco
(both 1533) and Maraycalla
(1534), ultimately being bested by the Spanish forces in both accounts.
After the ensuing battles, Quizquiz fled further into the safety of the Andean
mountains, but his forces soon demanded that he accept the Spanish demands, and, it being planting season, that they be able to return to their families. Quizquiz refused, and his war-weary troops eventually killed him in 1534.
that the General had exercised, both for dexterity, both for total confidence that it would not have liked to offer his throat to anyone else.
On the death of the eleventh Sapa Inca, Quizquiz remained in the wake of his son Atahuallpa, assuming the chief command of the armies of Quito
, contrasted with those of Cuzco devoted to Huáscar
. Juan de Betanzos reports in his "Narrative of the Incas" that during the civil war Quizquiz led troops of 60,000 and later 100,000 men against Huáscar's troops. The fact that Quizquiz and not Atahualpa was in charge of the army has led some historians to see a late disintegration of the Incan Empire, where Athualpa was not sufficiently confident to leave control of administration in the hands of someone else.
As supreme commander he organized, together with another prestigious general Chalcuchimac, war against Cuzco. Quizquiz was responsible for the significant defeat and capture of Huáscar, where Huáscar planned to use a decoy advance guard that was to be later joined by the body of the army, however this decoy was destroyed before the rest of the army could join it. Defeating in several battles the armies of Huáscar, they achieved the final victory with the storming of the Inca Empire capital. As he was proceeding to the consolidation of power Atahuallpa in the region of Cuzco, the news came of the tragedy of Cajamarca
and the capture of his master.
Quizquiz decided to stay in the capital to complete the work undertaken and sent the experimented Chalcochima with a large army to rescue the Inca prisoner, with a recommendation not to make hasty moves that could jeopardize the safety of Atahuallpa.
. To find the ransom gold Atahuallpa had convinced Francisco Pizarro
to send three soldiers in the capital to personally check the collection of gold. The three, Martín Bueno, Pedro Martin de Moguer and Pedro de Zárate, were received personally by Quizquiz that treated them honorably, despite their far from blameless behavior.
The rude soldiers ventured to desecrate the temples and undermine the priestesses, but the state of hostage of Atahuallpa did not allowed to take appropriate measures against them and the three were let go. Quizquiz had to be content with an ominous warning: ordered them to report to the leaders remained in Cajamarca that if they had not released the Inca prisoner, he was going to free himself.
After the death of his master, Quizquiz realized that the empire needed a centralized point of reference in the person of an Inca chief. Pizarro, who had felt the same necessity, had to elect a candidate of Cuzco, Prince Túpac Huallpa
and the general tried to oppose him with its own candidate of Quito, Prince Paullu Inca
, also son of Huayna Capac
.
We do not know if the election had taken place, but events were now falling. The Spaniards were on the outskirts of Cuzco and the army of the North had to think for his own salvation first and it was decided to recover the trusted region of Quito
, leaving the possession of the imperial capital.
The Spaniards occupied only three locations in Peru when the armies moved from Cuzco to Quito. One was the city of Cuzco itself, the second was the town of Jauja
, entrusted to the treasurer Riquelme, and the third was the recent settlement of San Miguel which ensured the flow of reinforcements by sea.
Quizquiz decided to attack the garrison of Jauja who was on the road to Quito. The rainy season had swelled rivers and was sufficient to demolish the bridges on the most tumultuous rivers to secure the rear from the arrival of Cuzco followers.
The clash ensued between the army of Quito and fifty Spanish Juaja backed by thousands of indigenous friends. Quizquiz had developed strategies that worked against the Spanish, but he still had to learn to deal with the cavalry. His men carried out a pincer movement, but the impetus of the horses swept their ranks. The day, however, was not an easy one for the Spanish troops. Riquelme was himself wounded in the head and fell into the river, where he was rescued by a group of archers. One Spaniard was killed and almost all other reported injuries as their auxiliary natives were decimated by the troops of Quito.
Northern troops still managed to pass Jauja, while regretting that it could not conquer the city defended by a small garrison. Quizquiz had learnt from the experience and venturing in a ravine he fortified the slopes of the passage so that horses could not work, then he remained on hold.
Reinforcements from Cuzco came upon a few weeks later, under the command of Hernando de Soto and Diego de Almagro
, accompanied by many Indians, sent by Manco Inca Yupanqui
, elected meanwhile supreme Inca.
Learned that Quizquiz was close, the Spaniards threw themselves boldly forward, but this time the shrewd general was not waiting for them unprepared. The defenses worked fine and their charges shattered against the properly prepared fortifications.
While worryingly studying what to do, the conquistador
learned that the armies had abandoned their positions and headed north. Quizquiz, obviously, wanted to regain the region of Quito. The Spanish moved in pursuit, but proceeding with great caution and fighting only limited clashes with the marching rearguard, then, when it became clear that the enemy abandoned the region, desisted from following them.
Quizquiz had solved the immediate problem of the pursuers, but his difficulties were not over. He had to open a way through districts infested by hostile populations, related to the deceased Huáscar and hoping for a comeback thanks to the arrival of "white men" who, unwisely, were seen as liberators.
Nevertheless, by means of an impressive march led by overcoming difficulties of all kinds, not only strategic, but also and mainly logistical, Quizquiz led the several thousand men who composed his army beyond the boundaries of the ancient kingdom of Quito, where he planned to find support and allies.
to organize a brave resistance, and possibly a war of Reconquista, he had a bitter surprise to find the Spanish contingent that had preceded him, coming from San Miguel, under the leadership of Benalcazar
. They were then followed by other armies commanded by Almagro and Pedro de Alvarado
.
It was precisely the troops of Alvarado, who travelled the country looking for Rumiñahui
and other opponents, to encounter the army of Quizquiz randomly.
A detachment of them collided with a patrol of Quizquiz and their leader, Sotaurco, put to torture, was forced to reveal its location.
Convinced of holding the enemy, the Spaniards moved with incredible quickness. By forced march, travelling at night by the light of torches and stopping only for shoeing horses, they came unexpectedly in view of the marching army.
Quizquiz was obviously surprised, but as consummate strategist acted with surprising speed. Before the enemy came in contact, he had already divided his army into two parts. One, with all the warriors, was launched on the slopes of a hill and stood in defence. The other, conducted by him personally, with most provisions and women, trying to pull in another direction.
How the prudent general had foreseen, the Spaniards launched the assault of enemy warriors, but those under the command of a Atahuallpa brother named Huaypalcon, kept them at bay without effort by rolling an avalanche of stones from the top.
During the night, the two Inca armies merged and the Spaniards were forced to the pursuit, but were stopped at the crossing of a river that separated the contenders. The natives even attacked by setting up a bridgehead on the bank defended by the Spanish and inflicted casualties on the enemy.
As the news came that a nearby indigenous detachment killed and beheaded fourteen Spaniards who tried to rejoin their compatriots, they decided to retire.
Quizquiz had won, but this would have been his last battle.
It requires a change in strategy and Quizquiz thought to transform the war in guerrilla. To do this they should hide in the forest and from there to make quick raids, never facing a confrontation.
The area where he wanted to lead troops, however, was wild and unexplored, and although they were guaranteed some security in case of attack, involving the certainty of suffering hunger, given the large number of men who would have been involved. Quizquiz helpers were all opposed to this decision, but the stubborn general, stressed and angry for their resistance, charged them of cowardice.
Huaypalcon who acted as second in command, as angered, then asked to face the Spaniards in the open to die with honour rather than reduced to eating grass on barren mountains. Quizquiz would not hear of it and threatened to consider him a traitor if he had obeyed orders. Huaypalcon then, out of anger, took his mace and hit his head. The other captains imitated him and Quizquiz fell riddled with hits.
Facing the European weapons, he could not get the success he had used with his compatriots, but had shown undoubted strategist talents, quickly assimilating the features of European cavalry and learning, just as quickly how to oppose it.
On several occasions, he proved his unparalleled strategic vision combined with absolute and unyielding determination. Until the end of his life, he tried to instil it in his armies.
Beyond its undoubted warrior qualities, the his most striking moral dowry is the persistence and the will to always oppose with all his might the hated invader, without hesitation or withdrawals of sort.
Rumiñahui
Rumiñahui may refer to:*Rumiñahui *Rumiñahui *Rumiñahui...
, one of Atahualpa
Atahualpa
Atahualpa, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa, or Atawallpa , was the last Sapa Inca or sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, prior to the Spanish conquest of Peru...
's leading general
General
A general officer is an officer of high military rank, usually in the army, and in some nations, the air force. The term is widely used by many nations of the world, and when a country uses a different term, there is an equivalent title given....
s. In April 1532, along with his companions, Quizquiz led the armies of Atahualpa to victory in the battles of Mullihambato
Battle of Mullihambato
The battle of Mullihambato was fought in present-day Ecuador during the Inca Civil War, with Atahualpa halting or possibly defeating the forces of Atoc after having previously been defeated in the battle of Chillopampa Plains. Atahualpa's forces led a counter-attack and soon faced the Huáscarans at...
, Chimborazo
Battle of Chimborazo
The Battle of Chimborazo was among the first confrontations in the War of the two brothers, a struggle between Huáscar and Atahualpa for power over the Inca Empire. Atahualpa won, having the more capable generals; he drove Huáscar back onto the defensive....
and Quipaipan
Battle of Quipaipan
After the victory at Chimborazo, Atahualpa stopped in Cajamarca as his generals followed Huáscar to the south. The second confrontation took place at Quipaipan, where Huáscar was again defeated, his army disbanded, Huáscar himself captured and - save for the intervention of Pizarro - the entire...
, where he, along with Chalkuchimac defeated and captured Huáscar
Huáscar
Huáscar Inca was Sapa Inca of the Inca empire from 1527 to 1532 AD, succeeding his father Huayna Capac and brother Ninan Cuyochi, both of whom died of smallpox while campaigning near Quito.After the conquest, the Spanish put forth the idea that Huayna Capac may have...
and promptly killed his family, seizing capital Cuzco. Quizquiz later commanded Atahualpa's troops in the battles of Vilcaconga
Battle of Vilcaconga
After emerging as victors in the battle of Cajamarca, some 180 Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro were in control of major parts of the vast Inca Empire and of its emperor, Atahualpa...
, Cuzco
Battle of Cuzco
The Battle of Cuzco was fought in 1533 between the forces of Spain and of the Incas. The Spanish forces were led by Francisco Pizarro who, after executing the Inca Atahualpa, marched to Cuzco, the capital of the Incan Empire. As the Spanish force approached Cuzco, however, Pizarro sent his brother...
(both 1533) and Maraycalla
Battle of Maraycalla
The battle of Marayacalla was fought in 1534 between Spanish conquistadors and renegade forces of the Inca Empire, whose capital Cuzco had been taken by the Spaniards in November 1533. The Inca army was commanded by famous general Quizquiz...
(1534), ultimately being bested by the Spanish forces in both accounts.
After the ensuing battles, Quizquiz fled further into the safety of the Andean
Andes
The Andes is the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America. This range is about long, about to wide , and of an average height of about .Along its length, the Andes is split into several ranges, which are separated...
mountains, but his forces soon demanded that he accept the Spanish demands, and, it being planting season, that they be able to return to their families. Quizquiz refused, and his war-weary troops eventually killed him in 1534.
Origin of the name
Quizquiz is a Quechua term, which stands for leader or Little Bird par excellence. According to some authors instead, the surname means barber and derives from his duty to shave the King Huayna CapacHuayna Capac
Huayna Capac was the eleventh Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire and sixth of the Hanan dynasty. He was the successor to Tupac Inca Yupanqui.-Name:In Quechua, his name is spelled Wayna Qhapaq, and in Southern Quechua, it is Vaina Ghapakh...
that the General had exercised, both for dexterity, both for total confidence that it would not have liked to offer his throat to anyone else.
Military triumphs
His first military experience was gained in the army of Huayna Capac, in campaigns in North, where he distinguished himself for his outstanding military skills.On the death of the eleventh Sapa Inca, Quizquiz remained in the wake of his son Atahuallpa, assuming the chief command of the armies of Quito
Quito
San Francisco de Quito, most often called Quito , is the capital city of Ecuador in northwestern South America. It is located in north-central Ecuador in the Guayllabamba river basin, on the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active stratovolcano in the Andes mountains...
, contrasted with those of Cuzco devoted to Huáscar
Huáscar
Huáscar Inca was Sapa Inca of the Inca empire from 1527 to 1532 AD, succeeding his father Huayna Capac and brother Ninan Cuyochi, both of whom died of smallpox while campaigning near Quito.After the conquest, the Spanish put forth the idea that Huayna Capac may have...
. Juan de Betanzos reports in his "Narrative of the Incas" that during the civil war Quizquiz led troops of 60,000 and later 100,000 men against Huáscar's troops. The fact that Quizquiz and not Atahualpa was in charge of the army has led some historians to see a late disintegration of the Incan Empire, where Athualpa was not sufficiently confident to leave control of administration in the hands of someone else.
As supreme commander he organized, together with another prestigious general Chalcuchimac, war against Cuzco. Quizquiz was responsible for the significant defeat and capture of Huáscar, where Huáscar planned to use a decoy advance guard that was to be later joined by the body of the army, however this decoy was destroyed before the rest of the army could join it. Defeating in several battles the armies of Huáscar, they achieved the final victory with the storming of the Inca Empire capital. As he was proceeding to the consolidation of power Atahuallpa in the region of Cuzco, the news came of the tragedy of Cajamarca
Battle of Cajamarca
The Battle of Cajamarca was a surprise attack on the Inca royal entourage orchestrated by Francisco Pizarro. Sprung on the evening of November 16, 1532, in the great plaza of Cajamarca, the ambush achieved the goal of capturing the Inca, Atahualpa, and claimed the lives of thousands of his...
and the capture of his master.
Quizquiz decided to stay in the capital to complete the work undertaken and sent the experimented Chalcochima with a large army to rescue the Inca prisoner, with a recommendation not to make hasty moves that could jeopardize the safety of Atahuallpa.
Meeting with the Spanish
Quizquiz was in Cusco at the time of the Spaniards' arrival. Contrary to the belief of many Natives, especially in Mexico, Quizquiz recognised that the Spanish were not gods because they did not speak the Incan language and asked too many questions about the location of goldGold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a...
. To find the ransom gold Atahuallpa had convinced Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro González, Marquess was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire, and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of the Republic of Peru.-Early life:...
to send three soldiers in the capital to personally check the collection of gold. The three, Martín Bueno, Pedro Martin de Moguer and Pedro de Zárate, were received personally by Quizquiz that treated them honorably, despite their far from blameless behavior.
The rude soldiers ventured to desecrate the temples and undermine the priestesses, but the state of hostage of Atahuallpa did not allowed to take appropriate measures against them and the three were let go. Quizquiz had to be content with an ominous warning: ordered them to report to the leaders remained in Cajamarca that if they had not released the Inca prisoner, he was going to free himself.
Fight against invaders
Tupac Huallpa
Túpac Huallpa , original name Auqui Huallpa Túpac, was a puppet Inca Emperor of the conquistadors in 1533, during the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire led by Francisco Pizarro.-Life:...
and the general tried to oppose him with its own candidate of Quito, Prince Paullu Inca
Paullu Inca
Paullu Inca was the Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire after the previous Sapa Inca, Manco Inca Yupanqui, rebelled against the Spanish and relocated the empire to Vilcabamba....
, also son of Huayna Capac
Huayna Capac
Huayna Capac was the eleventh Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire and sixth of the Hanan dynasty. He was the successor to Tupac Inca Yupanqui.-Name:In Quechua, his name is spelled Wayna Qhapaq, and in Southern Quechua, it is Vaina Ghapakh...
.
We do not know if the election had taken place, but events were now falling. The Spaniards were on the outskirts of Cuzco and the army of the North had to think for his own salvation first and it was decided to recover the trusted region of Quito
Quito
San Francisco de Quito, most often called Quito , is the capital city of Ecuador in northwestern South America. It is located in north-central Ecuador in the Guayllabamba river basin, on the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active stratovolcano in the Andes mountains...
, leaving the possession of the imperial capital.
The Spaniards occupied only three locations in Peru when the armies moved from Cuzco to Quito. One was the city of Cuzco itself, the second was the town of Jauja
Jauja Province
Jauja Province is a Peruvian province. It is one of the nine provinces that forms the Junín Region. To the north it borders with the provinces of Yauli, Tarma and Chanchamayo; to the east with the Province of Satipo, to the south with the Province of Concepción and to the west with the Region of Lima...
, entrusted to the treasurer Riquelme, and the third was the recent settlement of San Miguel which ensured the flow of reinforcements by sea.
Quizquiz decided to attack the garrison of Jauja who was on the road to Quito. The rainy season had swelled rivers and was sufficient to demolish the bridges on the most tumultuous rivers to secure the rear from the arrival of Cuzco followers.
The clash ensued between the army of Quito and fifty Spanish Juaja backed by thousands of indigenous friends. Quizquiz had developed strategies that worked against the Spanish, but he still had to learn to deal with the cavalry. His men carried out a pincer movement, but the impetus of the horses swept their ranks. The day, however, was not an easy one for the Spanish troops. Riquelme was himself wounded in the head and fell into the river, where he was rescued by a group of archers. One Spaniard was killed and almost all other reported injuries as their auxiliary natives were decimated by the troops of Quito.
Northern troops still managed to pass Jauja, while regretting that it could not conquer the city defended by a small garrison. Quizquiz had learnt from the experience and venturing in a ravine he fortified the slopes of the passage so that horses could not work, then he remained on hold.
Reinforcements from Cuzco came upon a few weeks later, under the command of Hernando de Soto and Diego de Almagro
Diego de Almagro
Diego de Almagro, , also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo , was a Spanish conquistador and a companion and later rival of Francisco Pizarro. He participated in the Spanish conquest of Peru and is credited as the first European discoverer of Chile.Almagro lost his left eye battling with coastal...
, accompanied by many Indians, sent by Manco Inca Yupanqui
Manco Inca Yupanqui
Manco Inca Yupanqui was one of the Incas of Vilcabamba. He was also known as "Manco II" and "Manco Cápac II" . Born in 1516, he was one of the sons of Huayna Cápac and came from a lower class of the nobility.Túpac Huallpa, a puppet ruler crowned by conquistador Francisco Pizarro, died in 1533...
, elected meanwhile supreme Inca.
Learned that Quizquiz was close, the Spaniards threw themselves boldly forward, but this time the shrewd general was not waiting for them unprepared. The defenses worked fine and their charges shattered against the properly prepared fortifications.
While worryingly studying what to do, the conquistador
Conquistador
Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th to 16th centuries, following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492...
learned that the armies had abandoned their positions and headed north. Quizquiz, obviously, wanted to regain the region of Quito. The Spanish moved in pursuit, but proceeding with great caution and fighting only limited clashes with the marching rearguard, then, when it became clear that the enemy abandoned the region, desisted from following them.
Quizquiz had solved the immediate problem of the pursuers, but his difficulties were not over. He had to open a way through districts infested by hostile populations, related to the deceased Huáscar and hoping for a comeback thanks to the arrival of "white men" who, unwisely, were seen as liberators.
Nevertheless, by means of an impressive march led by overcoming difficulties of all kinds, not only strategic, but also and mainly logistical, Quizquiz led the several thousand men who composed his army beyond the boundaries of the ancient kingdom of Quito, where he planned to find support and allies.
Last Battle
Arriving in the land of QuitoQuito
San Francisco de Quito, most often called Quito , is the capital city of Ecuador in northwestern South America. It is located in north-central Ecuador in the Guayllabamba river basin, on the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active stratovolcano in the Andes mountains...
to organize a brave resistance, and possibly a war of Reconquista, he had a bitter surprise to find the Spanish contingent that had preceded him, coming from San Miguel, under the leadership of Benalcazar
Sebastián de Belalcázar
Sebastián de Belalcázar was a Spanish conquistador.-Early life:He was born Sebastián Moyano in the province of Córdoba, Spain, in either 1479 or 1480. He took the name Belalcázar as that was the name of the castle-town near to his birthplace in Córdoba...
. They were then followed by other armies commanded by Almagro and Pedro de Alvarado
Pedro de Alvarado
Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of Yucatan and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernan Cortes...
.
It was precisely the troops of Alvarado, who travelled the country looking for Rumiñahui
Rumiñahui
Rumiñahui may refer to:*Rumiñahui *Rumiñahui *Rumiñahui...
and other opponents, to encounter the army of Quizquiz randomly.
A detachment of them collided with a patrol of Quizquiz and their leader, Sotaurco, put to torture, was forced to reveal its location.
Convinced of holding the enemy, the Spaniards moved with incredible quickness. By forced march, travelling at night by the light of torches and stopping only for shoeing horses, they came unexpectedly in view of the marching army.
Quizquiz was obviously surprised, but as consummate strategist acted with surprising speed. Before the enemy came in contact, he had already divided his army into two parts. One, with all the warriors, was launched on the slopes of a hill and stood in defence. The other, conducted by him personally, with most provisions and women, trying to pull in another direction.
How the prudent general had foreseen, the Spaniards launched the assault of enemy warriors, but those under the command of a Atahuallpa brother named Huaypalcon, kept them at bay without effort by rolling an avalanche of stones from the top.
During the night, the two Inca armies merged and the Spaniards were forced to the pursuit, but were stopped at the crossing of a river that separated the contenders. The natives even attacked by setting up a bridgehead on the bank defended by the Spanish and inflicted casualties on the enemy.
As the news came that a nearby indigenous detachment killed and beheaded fourteen Spaniards who tried to rejoin their compatriots, they decided to retire.
Quizquiz had won, but this would have been his last battle.
Death
After meeting with the men of Almagro and Alavarado, Quizquiz still took part in many fights, but soon realized that the circle of the enemy was closing in on him. Events had shown that, even if it was possible to defend themselves in some way, it was unthinkable to be able to finally defeat the powerful invader.It requires a change in strategy and Quizquiz thought to transform the war in guerrilla. To do this they should hide in the forest and from there to make quick raids, never facing a confrontation.
The area where he wanted to lead troops, however, was wild and unexplored, and although they were guaranteed some security in case of attack, involving the certainty of suffering hunger, given the large number of men who would have been involved. Quizquiz helpers were all opposed to this decision, but the stubborn general, stressed and angry for their resistance, charged them of cowardice.
Huaypalcon who acted as second in command, as angered, then asked to face the Spaniards in the open to die with honour rather than reduced to eating grass on barren mountains. Quizquiz would not hear of it and threatened to consider him a traitor if he had obeyed orders. Huaypalcon then, out of anger, took his mace and hit his head. The other captains imitated him and Quizquiz fell riddled with hits.
Findings on Quizquiz
Quizquiz was the only Inca general not to be captured or killed by the Spaniards. During his lifetime, he won for his Lord, all the wars in which he participated, earning a reputation for invincibility.Facing the European weapons, he could not get the success he had used with his compatriots, but had shown undoubted strategist talents, quickly assimilating the features of European cavalry and learning, just as quickly how to oppose it.
On several occasions, he proved his unparalleled strategic vision combined with absolute and unyielding determination. Until the end of his life, he tried to instil it in his armies.
Beyond its undoubted warrior qualities, the his most striking moral dowry is the persistence and the will to always oppose with all his might the hated invader, without hesitation or withdrawals of sort.
See also
- Inca EmpireInca EmpireThe Inca Empire, or Inka Empire , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century...
- Inca
- Conquistadores
- HuáscarHuáscarHuáscar Inca was Sapa Inca of the Inca empire from 1527 to 1532 AD, succeeding his father Huayna Capac and brother Ninan Cuyochi, both of whom died of smallpox while campaigning near Quito.After the conquest, the Spanish put forth the idea that Huayna Capac may have...
- Atahuallpa
- Chalcuchimac
- History of PeruHistory of PeruThe history of Peru spans several millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development in the mountain region and the coastal desert....
- History of EcuadorHistory of EcuadorThe History of Ecuador extends over a 9,000-year period. During this time a variety of cultures and territories influenced what has become the Republic of Ecuador...
Eyewitnesses of early wins
- Estete (Miguel de)
- Relación the viaje ... desde el pueblo de Caxmalca a Pachacamac. (1533) In Ramusio Einaudi, Torino 1988
- Noticia del Perú (1540) In COL. LIBR. DOC. HIST. PERU (2 nd series Volume 8 °, Lima 1920)
- Jerez (Francisco de) Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú (1534) In Ramusio Einaudi, Torino 1988
- PizarroPedro PizarroPedro Pizarro was a Spanish chronicler and conquistador. He took part in most events of the Spanish conquest of Peru and wrote an extensive chronicle of them under the title Relación del descubrimiento y conquista de los reinos del Perú , which he finished in 1571.-Biography:Pedro Pizarro was...
(Pedro) Relación del descubrimiento y conquista de los Reynos del Perú. (1571) in BIBL. AUT. ESP. (Volume CLVIII, Madrid 1968) - Sancho de Hoz (Pedro) Relatione di quel che nel conquisto & pacificatione di queste provincie & successo...& la prigione del cacique Atabalipa. (1534)In Ramusio Einaudi, Torino 1988
Other historians
- Cieza de LeonPedro Cieza de LeónPedro Cieza de León was a Spanish conquistador and chronicler of Peru. He is known primarily for his history and description of Peru, Crónicas del Perú...
(Pedro de)- Segunda parte de la crónica del Perú (1551) In COL. CRONICA DE AMERICA (Dastin V. 6°. Madrid 2000)
- Descubrimiento y conquista del Perú (1551) in COL. CRONICA DE AMERICA (Dastin V. 18°. Madrid 2001)
- CoboBernabé CoboBernabé Cobo was a Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer. He played a part in the early history of quinine by his description of cinchona bark; he brought some to Europe on a visit in 1632....
(Bernabe) Historia del Nuevo Mundo (1653) In BIBL. AUT. ESP. Tomi XCI, XCII, Madrid 1956 - GarcilasoGarcilaso de la VegaGarcilaso de la Vega was a Spanish soldier and poet. He was the most influential poet to introduce Italian Renaissance verse forms, poetic techniques and themes to Spain.-Biography:...
(Inca de la Vega)- Commentarios reales (1609) Rusconi, Milano 1977
- La conquista del Peru (1617) BUR, Milano 2001
- GómaraFrancisco López de GómaraFrancisco López de Gómara was a Spanish historian who worked in Seville, particularly noted for his works in which he described the early 16th century expedition undertaken by Hernán Cortés in the Spanish conquest of the New World...
(Francisco López de) Historia general de las Indias (1552) In BIBL. AUT. ESP. (tomo LXII, Madrid 1946) - Oviedo y Valdes (Gonzalo Fernandez de) Historia General y natural de las Indias 5 Vol. in IBL. AUT. ESP. (tomi CXLVI - CLI), Madrid 1991)
- Herrera y TordesillasAntonio de Herrera y TordesillasAntonio de Herrera y Tordesillas , Spanish historian, was born at Cuéllar, in the province of Segovia.-Biography:His father, Roderigo de Tordesillas, and his mother, Agnes de Herrera, were both of good family...
(Antonio de) Historia general ... (1601–1615) COL. Classicos Tavera (su CD) - Titu Cusi Yupanqui Relación de la conquista del Perú y echos del Inca Manco II (1570) In ATLAS, Madrid 1988