The Progressive League was a British organisation for social reform, founded in 1932 by HG Wells and C.E.M. Joad under the title "Federation of Progressive Societies and Individuals" (FPSI).

The "Great Conway Hall Plot"

In 1931, JB (Jack) Coates wrote to the Rationalist Press Association's (RPA)

Rationalist Association

The Rationalist Association, originally the Rationalist Press Association, is an organization in the United Kingdom, founded in 1899 by a group of free thinkers who were unhappy with the increasing political and decreasingly intellectual tenor of the British secularist movement...

 Literary Guide, advocating a form of scientific humanism, which he associated with Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these things...

, HG Wells and Julian Huxley

Julian Huxley

Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS was an English evolutionary biologist, humanist and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century evolutionary synthesis...

:

The great work of the modern period, these eminent thinkers argue is the framing of constructive moral and social policies. The special work of the modern Rationalists should be, therefore, to direct the modern world conscience so as to bring about that scientific world reconstruction which is the goal of the hopes of the scientific humanist.

His call produced a large response in subsequent issues of the Literary Guide. He was opposed by many, including leading rationalist JM Robertson, but gained support from veteran rationalist FJ Gould, RPA board member Archibald Robertson

Archibald Robertson

Archibald Robertson may refer to:*Archibald Robertson , Scottish physician; grandfather of the bishop*Archibald Robertson , Principal of King's College London and Bishop of Exeter...

, and especially from C.E.M. Joad, who wanted Conway Hall to become the headquarters of "an association of progressive organizations with humanist aims."

In what became known within the movement as the "Great Conway Hall Plot", a group of nine RPA 'modernisers', including Joad, Robertson, Coates and John A. Hobson

John A. Hobson

John Atkinson Hobson , commonly known as John A. Hobson or J. A. Hobson, was an English economist and critic of imperialism, widely popular as a lecturer and writer.-Life:...

, stood for the RPA Board on a "scientific humanism" platform. The plot failed; Robertson resigned from the Board in March 1932.

Federation of Progressive Societies and Individuals

In early 1932, the Conway Hall plotters met at Joad's house, where they decided to form an independent group, the Federation of Progressive Societies and Individuals. The Federation's first conference took place in France, at a chateau owned by Pryns Hopkins. Individual members were invited to a meeting in April 1932.

Meanwhile, on 20 August 1932, New Statesman

New Statesman

New Statesman is a British centre-left political and cultural magazine published weekly in London. Founded in 1913, and connected with leading members of the Fabian Society, the magazine reached a circulation peak in the late 1960s....

published a call from HG Wells for a Federation of X Societies, "open conspirators to change the world." It was suggested to Joad that he contact Wells, and on 11 September 1932 another conference took place, this time in England.

C.E.M. Joad was President of the Federation. Vice-presidents of the Federation included HG Wells, A.S. Neill, Bertrand Russell, Barbara Wootton, Miles Malleson, David Low, Vera Brittain, Cyril Burt, Norman Haire, Aldous Huxley, Kingsley Martin, Harold Nicholson, Beverley Nichols, Olaf Stapledon, Geoffrey West, Rebecca West, Leonard Woolf, and J.C. Flugel.

Joad announces the Federation

On 4 October 1932, The Guardian

The Guardian

The Guardian, formerly known as The Manchester Guardian , is a British national daily newspaper in the Berliner format...

published a letter from Joad, announcing the formation of the Federation of Progressive Societies. In his letter, Joad noted the existence across the country of a huge number of groups of people of "advanced" opinion. However, they were

small; they preach only to the converted: their literature is read only by their members, and not always by them; and they are politically and socially completely impotent. The influence which they exert upon legislation is negligible, and the cerebrations of statesmen proceed to their indifferent ends unaffected by their activities.

According to Joad, progressive opinion had "crystallised" around a set of positions, which he listed as:

That the economic arrangements of the country should be planned and not haphazard; that war debts should be cancelled, tariff barriers removed, national armaments abolished, and armed force pooled in a collective international police controlled by the League of Nations; that the divorce laws should be changed out of all recognition, birth control information and appliances made available for all, the congenitally unfit sterilised; that the censorship should be abolished, Dora liquidated, Sunday rescued from that dead hand of the nineteenth century; that rural England, what is left of it, should be preserved; that national parks should be established and citizens be given access to mountains and moorlands, irrespective of the needs of “sportsmen”.

The Federation of Progressive Societies, Joad announced, was formed out of agreement with these propositions. Joad's letter went on to note that this progressive agenda was not reflected by the "old-fashioned" media, but that "the times... are serious":

Economic breakdown and international anarchy threaten to destroy civilisation, which, if it persists, seems increasingly likely to pass into the control of those who regard the traditional ideals of democracy - freedom and equality and the right of citizens to live their lives without moral, religious, or political interference - with amused contempt. If democracy were to founder, the intellectuals would be the first to go down in the wreckage. Either Communism or Fascism would give them short shrift, and social and civil liberties... would be swept down the drains of the Corporate or the Communist State as the discarded refuse of an outworn social structure.

Joad identifies "vanity, the lack of discipline, the overdeveloped individualities of progressives" as obstacles to organisation, but "danger may effect union where common sense has failed."

Joad concluded: "it is precisely this danger which has called into being a Federation of Progressive Societies to give unity and cohesion to those woefully impotent forces."

Failure

Initially supported by the Fabian Nursery and the Promethean League, and briefly by Youth House, the FPSI soon found itself without any federated organisational members. Faced with this failure, Joad and J.C. Flügel (a Freudian psychoanalyst) proposed closing the organisation. However, at the urging of Jack Coates, the AGM voted to continue on an individual membership basis.

Some of those involved in the League, realising that it was not to become the umbrella for the left that it was intended to be, found their way back to the RPA - Archibald Robertson "remained active in the RPA for the rest of his life".

The name "Progressive League" was adopted in 1940.

After 1940

Influenced by Emmanuel Mounier

Emmanuel Mounier

Emmanuel Mounier was a French philosopher.Mounier was the guiding spirit in the French Personalist movement, and founder and director of Esprit, the magazine which was the organ of the movement. Mounier, who was the child of peasants, was a brilliant scholar at the Sorbonne...

, Jack Coates left the League in 1945, founding the London Personalist

Personalism

Personalism is a philosophical school of thought searching to describe the uniqueness of a human person in the world of nature, specifically in relation to animals...

 League.

In 1946, a sub-committee of the League became the Marriage Law Reform Society.

In 2005, the organisation was wound up.

Journals

The League published Plan: for world order and progress from April 1934 to September 1939; Plan Bulletin from October 1939 to December 1941; Plan from January 1942 to June 1948; Plan: for Freedom and Progress from July 1948. Plan was published 1990-2002, and Progressive League newsletter 2002-2005.

Manifesto

The Progressive League provided a platform for the advocacy of ideas such as world government, Freudian psychology, sex, free love and nudism (hence it was nicknamed by opponents the "Federation for the Promotion of Sexual Intercourse").

It's programme was set out in a "Charter for Rationalists", published in 1932 in Joad's autobiography:

• repeal of the diveroce laws
• repeal of discriminatory laws against homosexuality
• diffusion of knowledge on birth control
• legalisation of abortion
• sterilisation of the feeble-minded
• abolition of censorship on plays, films and books
• abolition of all Sabbath restrictions
• disendowment and disestablishment of the Church of England
• conservation of the countryside, curbing urban development, creation of national parks
• prohibition of exhibitions of performing animals
• abolition of licensing restrictions
• unilateral and complete disarmament

According to Tribe, the FPSI's official programme was:

• World government
• Socialisation
• World-wide education: "humanistic, scientific and cosmopolitan"
• Individual freedom
• Humanisation of criminal law and procedure
• Control and optimal distribution of the world's population (including eugenics)
• Town and country planning

Comments Cooke, "the debt to HG Wells is enormous. The Federation's programme was essentially Wells's open conspiracy."

External links

• Archives of the Progressive League, 1936-2000