Porgera Gold Mine
Encyclopedia
The Porgera Gold Mine is a large gold and silver mining operation in Enga province, Papua New Guinea
(PNG), located at the head of the Porgera Valley. The mine is situated in the rain forest covered highlands at an altitude of 2,200 to 2,700 m, in a region of high rainfall, landslide
s, and frequent earthquake
s.
The Porgera Gold Mine is operated by the Porgera Joint Venture (PJV). It began production in 1990 and was developed and operated by Placer Dome
which was acquired in 2006 by Barrick Gold
, the world's largest gold mining company. Emperor Gold Mine, holding a minority stake of 20%, sold to Barrick in April 2007. This gave Barrick a 95% ownership of the operation. The remaining 5% is owned by Mineral Resources Enga (MRE), which is owned by the Enga Provincial Government, the Papua New Guinea National Government and Porgera Landowners.
Porgera Gold Mine is the second largest mine in Papua New Guinea and is regarded as one of the world's top ten producing gold mines. In 2009 it produced 572,595 ounces of gold and 94,764 ounces of silver and had 2,500 employees and 500 contractors. Since it began operating, the mine has produced more than 16 million ounces of gold and almost 3 million ounces of silver, accounting for about 12 percent of Papua New Guinea’s total exports. The mine′s proven and probable mineral reserves as of 2009 amount to 8.1 million ounces of gold.
In 1994, the mine was the site of a major ammonium nitrate explosion
with 11 fatalities.
Porgera Gold Mine is controversial. It has consistently been criticised for environmental and human rights issues.
became increasingly important after 1993, temporarily putting an end to underground mining in 1997. Since 2002 the mine utilises both open-pit and underground mining methods for ore extraction. The site of the current open pit is Mt Waruwari which is being excavated.
The open pit mine moves about 160,000 tonnes of rock material and gold-bearing ore per day, the underground mine over 2,000 tonnes. Ore is processed in a mainly conventional plant, utilising several SAG and Ball mills, four Autoclaves, floatation cells and CIP / CIL. Gravity recovery is also used, Knelson concentrator
s doing the primary recovery, with an Acacia Reactor treating the concentrate. A large fleet of Cat 777 and Cat 789 trucks haul on the surface, fed by O&K shovels, and smaller excavators and loaders. A collection of underground development and production drilling equipment break ground, which is bogged by Elphinstone
RH series LHD's into a fleet of Elphinstone AD45 trucks.
basis. As of July 2007, all departmental managers are of white extraction and are of non-PNG origin. None of the management team lives in the Porgera region, and all are accommodated in the mines camp facilities.
The mine has an extensive training and education program, and offers diverse traineeships and apprenticeships to local people. This has resulted in many people gaining the necessary skills for employment at the Porgera mine and at other mining operations in Papua New Guinea and other countries.
In 2009, out of a total of 2,427 employees at the mine, 93.49 % were PNG nationals, 1,606 were Porgerans, 33 other Engans, 630 other PNG nationals, and 158 were expatriates.
This disparity in remuneration is often explained by the employers in terms of being tailored to needs of the local market. It is a constant source of dissatisfaction to the employees, and is the most often cited reason for their departing to seek work elsewhere. In a country, however, where the National average wage is substantially less, and the cost of living is markedly less than that of the majority of western cultures, this should also be taken into account for the benefit of comparison sake. The National employees of Porgera Mine Site are entitled to the subsidized education costs and health benefits that their Government allows. Most employees that leave Porgera for other Mine Sites within Papua New Guinea return to work back at the site due to the benefits. Management at Porgera have seen a major exodus of employees, trained to International Standards, accept positions at other global sites, and benefit from the work experience and knowledge they have gleaned from this particular site. This is considered a positive aspect and local people are encouraged to pursue their destiny in this area.
, the deployment resulted in the eviction of nearby villagers and the burning of their houses.
Human Rights Watch
investigated and documented reports of abuse, including brutal gang rapes and beatings, carried out by security personnel at the mine. Barrick Gold, after having denied previous claims of crimes committed at the mine, launched an internal investigation which confirmed the findings.
disposal, by which processed ore is dumped directly into the local river. This results in an increased sediment loading of approximately 8 million tonnes per year. Additionally, the mine has two 'Erodible Dumps' - areas where soft waste rock are dumped and the high amount of local rainfall gradually washes into the local rivers. The increase in sediment loading is hard to quantify, but is generally thought to be in the range of 4 to 6 million tonnes per year. The river systems eventually deliver hundreds of millions of tonnes of sediment into the Gulf of Papua.
The main concern with riverine tailings disposal as practised by the PJV is not the quantities of sediment, but the toxicity of the tailings, which contains significant quantities of cyanide
, mercury
and other heavy elements. The mercury is 'fixed' in a compound state by which it is thought it will not ultimately enter the food chain, but no conclusive research has been performed. However, the mine has been certified as fully compliant with the International Cyanide Management Code
.
The mine has also three vast dumps of waste rock—stone with quantities of gold ore too low to be processed economically that cover big tracts of bush, forest, and farmland, reducing the amount of land available for cultivation to adjacent communities.
In January 2009, Norway's finance ministry announced, that the Government Pension Fund of Norway
excluded Barrick Gold from its investments, due to the “severe environmental damage” caused by the Porgera Gold Mine, stating that “the company’s riverine disposal practice is in breach of international norms [and] the company’s assertions that its operations do not cause long-term and irreversible environmental damage carry little credibility [and that there is] reason to believe that the company’s unacceptable practice will continue in the future.”
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands...
(PNG), located at the head of the Porgera Valley. The mine is situated in the rain forest covered highlands at an altitude of 2,200 to 2,700 m, in a region of high rainfall, landslide
Landslide
A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments...
s, and frequent earthquake
Earthquake
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time...
s.
The Porgera Gold Mine is operated by the Porgera Joint Venture (PJV). It began production in 1990 and was developed and operated by Placer Dome
Placer Dome
Placer Dome Inc. was a large mining company specializing in gold and other precious metals, with corporate headquarters in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada....
which was acquired in 2006 by Barrick Gold
Barrick Gold
Barrick Gold Corporation is the largest pure gold mining company in the world, with its headquarters in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and four regional business units located in Australia, Africa, North America and South America...
, the world's largest gold mining company. Emperor Gold Mine, holding a minority stake of 20%, sold to Barrick in April 2007. This gave Barrick a 95% ownership of the operation. The remaining 5% is owned by Mineral Resources Enga (MRE), which is owned by the Enga Provincial Government, the Papua New Guinea National Government and Porgera Landowners.
Porgera Gold Mine is the second largest mine in Papua New Guinea and is regarded as one of the world's top ten producing gold mines. In 2009 it produced 572,595 ounces of gold and 94,764 ounces of silver and had 2,500 employees and 500 contractors. Since it began operating, the mine has produced more than 16 million ounces of gold and almost 3 million ounces of silver, accounting for about 12 percent of Papua New Guinea’s total exports. The mine′s proven and probable mineral reserves as of 2009 amount to 8.1 million ounces of gold.
In 1994, the mine was the site of a major ammonium nitrate explosion
Ammonium nitrate disasters
Ammonium nitrate decomposes into gases including oxygen when heated ; however, ammonium nitrate can be induced to decompose explosively by detonation...
with 11 fatalities.
Porgera Gold Mine is controversial. It has consistently been criticised for environmental and human rights issues.
The Mine
Porgera Gold Mine began operation in 1990. Originally an underground operation, open-pit miningOpen-pit mining
Open-pit mining or opencast mining refers to a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow....
became increasingly important after 1993, temporarily putting an end to underground mining in 1997. Since 2002 the mine utilises both open-pit and underground mining methods for ore extraction. The site of the current open pit is Mt Waruwari which is being excavated.
The open pit mine moves about 160,000 tonnes of rock material and gold-bearing ore per day, the underground mine over 2,000 tonnes. Ore is processed in a mainly conventional plant, utilising several SAG and Ball mills, four Autoclaves, floatation cells and CIP / CIL. Gravity recovery is also used, Knelson concentrator
Knelson concentrator
A Knelson Concentrator is a type of gravity concentration apparatus, predominantly used in the gold mining industry. It is used for the recovery of fine particles of free gold, meaning gold that does not require gold cyanidation for recovery.-Operation:...
s doing the primary recovery, with an Acacia Reactor treating the concentrate. A large fleet of Cat 777 and Cat 789 trucks haul on the surface, fed by O&K shovels, and smaller excavators and loaders. A collection of underground development and production drilling equipment break ground, which is bogged by Elphinstone
Elphinstone
-Places:* Elphinstone, East Lothian, Scotland* Elphinstone, Victoria, Australia* Elphinstone, Manitoba, Canada* Elphinstone College, college of the University of Mumbai* Elphinstone Hall, part of King's College, Aberdeen, Scotland...
RH series LHD's into a fleet of Elphinstone AD45 trucks.
Management and employees
The mine is nominally a joint venture, however it is managed by Barrick Gold personnel, who are employed on a fly in fly outFly-in fly-out
Fly-in fly-out is a method of employing people in remote areas. It is often abbreviated to FIFO when referring to employment status. This is common in large mining states in Australia...
basis. As of July 2007, all departmental managers are of white extraction and are of non-PNG origin. None of the management team lives in the Porgera region, and all are accommodated in the mines camp facilities.
The mine has an extensive training and education program, and offers diverse traineeships and apprenticeships to local people. This has resulted in many people gaining the necessary skills for employment at the Porgera mine and at other mining operations in Papua New Guinea and other countries.
In 2009, out of a total of 2,427 employees at the mine, 93.49 % were PNG nationals, 1,606 were Porgerans, 33 other Engans, 630 other PNG nationals, and 158 were expatriates.
Pay
There is considerable variation in employee salaries when compared to Australian equivalents. Wages for locally hired employees are low. A Papua New Guinean underground development drill operator at Porgera can receive an annual salary of approximately AUD$32,000 PA, but an employee in an Australian Barrick owned mine, doing exactly the same job, might receive a package of further benefits to an annual value of more than AUD$140,000. Management packages can be well over AUD$160,000 per annum, and include health cover and other benefits.This disparity in remuneration is often explained by the employers in terms of being tailored to needs of the local market. It is a constant source of dissatisfaction to the employees, and is the most often cited reason for their departing to seek work elsewhere. In a country, however, where the National average wage is substantially less, and the cost of living is markedly less than that of the majority of western cultures, this should also be taken into account for the benefit of comparison sake. The National employees of Porgera Mine Site are entitled to the subsidized education costs and health benefits that their Government allows. Most employees that leave Porgera for other Mine Sites within Papua New Guinea return to work back at the site due to the benefits. Management at Porgera have seen a major exodus of employees, trained to International Standards, accept positions at other global sites, and benefit from the work experience and knowledge they have gleaned from this particular site. This is considered a positive aspect and local people are encouraged to pursue their destiny in this area.
Production
The mine was originally one of the world’s major low-cost gold producers, but operating costs have increased. In 2004 it produced over one million ounces of gold at a cash cost of US$ 192 per ounce. Its output fell to about 865,000 ounces in 2005, and has reached 572,595 ounces of gold at cash costs of US$ 515 per ounce in 2009. With its 2,500 employees and 500 contractors it is one of the largest gold mines in Papua New Guinea and Australasia, and is widely regarded as one of the world's top ten producing gold mines.| Year | Gold | Silver | Year | Gold | Silver | |
| 1990 | 265,890 ounces | 224,227 ounces | 2000 | 910,434 ounces | 110,276 ounces | |
| 1991 | 1,216,101 ounces | 593,312 ounces | 2001 | 760,622 ounces | 113,043 ounces | |
| 1992 | 1,485,077 ounces | 139,619 ounces | 2002 | 641,811 ounces | 126,772 ounces | |
| 1993 | 1,156,670 ounces | 129,860 ounces | 2003 | 851,920 ounces | 164,691 ounces | |
| 1994 | 1,032,768 ounces | 133,890 ounces | 2004 | 1,019,746 ounces | 185,336 ounces | |
| 1995 | 848,870 ounces | 90,770 ounces | 2005 | 867,925 ounces | 157,740 ounces | |
| 1996 | 854,822 ounces | 106,535 ounces | 2006 | 523,358 ounces | 104,238 ounces | |
| 1997 | 712,693 ounces | 100,479 ounces | 2007 | 513,177 ounces | 79,561 ounces | |
| 1998 | 726,806 ounces | 91,614 ounces | 2008 | 632,603 ounces | 90,610 ounces | |
| 1999 | 754,754 ounces | 100,694 ounces | 2009 | 572,595 ounces | 94,764 ounces | |
| Total 1990 - 2009 | 16,348,642 ounces | 2,938,031 ounces | ||||
Impact
The mine has had a large impact on its immediate local area. While modern health care and education services have been brought to the valley by the mine, alcoholism, lawlessness and illegal mining have all increased.Civil Unrest April - April-May 2007
On 23 April 2007 local landowner groups protesting over proposed relocation settlements were successful in peacefully halting mining and processing operations at the mine. The suspension lasted for 10 days, during which various local landowner clans, PNG government representatives and PJV mine management eventually reached a form of agreement on how best to move on.Underground Incursion - August 2007
In August 2007, access to the underground workings was gained by villagers via the drainage portal located at Yarik. The drainex portal serves to drain water that is captured by the open pit, via a series of raises through the operational underground workings. The villagers gained access by vandalising the portal gate structure at Yarik, in order to recover sections of electrical conductors which contain a high percentage of copper wire. In the months prior to this event, a thriving scrap metal economy has sprung up in the valley, mainly for copper however lead and steel are also being bought. The mine is the main source for scrap metal, sourced either from abandoned plant and equipment or stolen from active infrastructure. In January 2007 a local villager was fatally electrocuted when attempting to harvest copper wire from an active high voltage substation located on the outlying region of the mine. Security at the Yarik Portal was upgraded as a result of the incursion. No references are available due to the high degree of secrecy surrounding incursions into the PJV controlled areas.Human Rights issues
The mine employs its own security force, numbering somewhere between 400 and 500 persons. Some sections of the security force are licensed to utilise lethal force. Police and security guards have killed 8 people (the company's figures) to 14 people (according to a community association) over the past ten years, and injured many more. In 2009 rising insecurity around the mine led the government of Papua New Guinea to deploy several squads of mobile policemen to Porgera. According to Amnesty InternationalAmnesty International
Amnesty International is an international non-governmental organisation whose stated mission is "to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated."Following a publication of Peter Benenson's...
, the deployment resulted in the eviction of nearby villagers and the burning of their houses.
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. Its headquarters are in New York City and it has offices in Berlin, Beirut, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo,...
investigated and documented reports of abuse, including brutal gang rapes and beatings, carried out by security personnel at the mine. Barrick Gold, after having denied previous claims of crimes committed at the mine, launched an internal investigation which confirmed the findings.
Environmental issues
The mine practises riverine tailingsTailings
Tailings, also called mine dumps, slimes, tails, leach residue, or slickens, are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction of an ore...
disposal, by which processed ore is dumped directly into the local river. This results in an increased sediment loading of approximately 8 million tonnes per year. Additionally, the mine has two 'Erodible Dumps' - areas where soft waste rock are dumped and the high amount of local rainfall gradually washes into the local rivers. The increase in sediment loading is hard to quantify, but is generally thought to be in the range of 4 to 6 million tonnes per year. The river systems eventually deliver hundreds of millions of tonnes of sediment into the Gulf of Papua.
The main concern with riverine tailings disposal as practised by the PJV is not the quantities of sediment, but the toxicity of the tailings, which contains significant quantities of cyanide
Cyanide
A cyanide is a chemical compound that contains the cyano group, -C≡N, which consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. Cyanides most commonly refer to salts of the anion CN−. Most cyanides are highly toxic....
, mercury
Mercury (element)
Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum...
and other heavy elements. The mercury is 'fixed' in a compound state by which it is thought it will not ultimately enter the food chain, but no conclusive research has been performed. However, the mine has been certified as fully compliant with the International Cyanide Management Code
International Cyanide Management Code
The International Cyanide Management Code is voluntary code of industry practices for cyanide handing in metal mining and processing. Through a process started in 2000, it was jointly promulgated in 2002 by the United Nations Environment Program and the predecessor to the International Council on...
.
The mine has also three vast dumps of waste rock—stone with quantities of gold ore too low to be processed economically that cover big tracts of bush, forest, and farmland, reducing the amount of land available for cultivation to adjacent communities.
In January 2009, Norway's finance ministry announced, that the Government Pension Fund of Norway
The Government Pension Fund of Norway
The Government Pension Fund of Norway comprises two entirely separate sovereign wealth funds owned by the Government of Norway:* The Government Pension Fund - Global...
excluded Barrick Gold from its investments, due to the “severe environmental damage” caused by the Porgera Gold Mine, stating that “the company’s riverine disposal practice is in breach of international norms [and] the company’s assertions that its operations do not cause long-term and irreversible environmental damage carry little credibility [and that there is] reason to believe that the company’s unacceptable practice will continue in the future.”
Future plans
The mine is currently projected to remain operational until 2023. However this may prove to be longer or shorter depending on world gold prices, consumable prices and social factors.External links
- Barrick Gold Corp Website
- Porgera Environmental Advisory Komiti's (PEAK) website
- Health concerns from Porgera Mine
- Emperor Gold press release (PDF) on sale of stake to Barrick
- Len Murray, Mark Thompson, Malcolm Lane: Obstacles to On-Land Mine Tailings Disposal in Papua New Guinea. Klohn Crippen Berger Ltd., Lane Associates Ltd.
- Oxfam Mining Ombudsman Annual Report 2000 – 2001
- Gold’s Costly Dividend. Human Rights Impacts of Papua New Guinea’s Porgera Gold Mine. Human Rights Watch, February 2011
- Kelly Patterson: A deadly clash of cultures. A sprawling Canadian mine in Papua New Guinea has become a war zone, with hundreds of villagers facing off against more than 450 security guards and police in a bloody battle over the gold that lies on the slopes of the Porgera Valley. The Ottawa Citizen, 5 June 2006