Plan of Tuxtepec
Encyclopedia
The Plan de Tuxtepec was a plan in Mexican history
. It was drafted by Porfirio Díaz
in 1876 and proclaimed on January 10, 1876 in the Villa de Ojitlán municipality of San Lucas Ojitlán
, Tuxtepec district, Oaxaca
. It was signed by a group of military officers led by Colonel Hermenegildo Sarmiento and drafted by porfiristas Vicente Riva Palacio
, Irineo Paz, and Protasio Tagle
, which were instigated by General Porfirio Díaz. Díaz signed the previous version of the plan in December 1875, which did not include three articles, the ones that were the most important of the plan appointing Diaz as president. It disavowed Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
as President, while acknowledging the Constitution, the Reform Laws and proclaimed General Porfirio Díaz as the leader of the movement. Díaz later became the president of Mexico
.
in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered: he himself, Lerdo de Tejada, and the General Porfirio Díaz, one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla
which had taken place on 5 May 1862, and who had occupied several public positions.
Díaz had challenged Juárez with his Plan of La Noria, in which he stated his disagreement with presidential re-election and he call for a Constitutional Congress. The loss of prestige that Díaz suffered with his plan, made him lose the elections of 1872. Towards the end of his government, Lerdo, who had already incorporated the "Reform Laws" to the Constitution of Mexico
, tried to get re-elected, causing him to lose popularity.
On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio Díaz rebelled against President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada
. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the "No Re-election" principle and emerged as the flag of the General Porfirio Díaz. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to Jose Maria Iglesias
and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio Díaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877.
died, Lerdo, who was the President of the Supreme Court, assumed the interim presidency. Afterwards, Congress elected Lerdo as president. During this period, the country became peaceful after many wars. He declared the Reforma Laws as part of the Constitution. In 1876, he tried to make modifications to the law in order to promote his re-election causing Porfirio Díaz to declare the Plan of Tuxtepec
.
In the municipalities of Lagos
, Teocaltiche
, Jalostotitlán
and San Miguel El Alto
, the generals Donato Guerra and Rosendo Márquez attacked the garrison of San Juan de los Lagos
, which gave up itself without major steps. Another important general Pedro A. Galván and Florentino Cuervo who took Ameca's city. The Colonel Félix Vélez Galván rose up in arms in Sayula 12 of the same month.
Then follow a series of battles, the people who defended the plan Tuxtepec triumphed. Diaz enters victorious at Puebla in November.
On October 26, the Congress affirmed the re-election of Lerdo de Tejada, but the president of the Supreme Court of Justice, José María Iglesias
, declared it illegal. In his role as vice-president, Iglesias pursued the interim presidency. The military forces of Lerdo, which tried to deal with the opponents, were defeated by General Manuel González's troops, in the Battle of Tecoac
, Puebla. By this failure Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada was forced to leave power.
General Porfirio Díaz reached the presidency in the elections of 12 February 1877. Then, supported by the Plan of Tuxtepec, he promoted in 1878 two important reforms to the Constitution. The first one: he removed the function of vice-president from the president of the Supreme Court of Justice. The second one: he forbade re-election with a little statement that said: "Except after a period of four years", with which he started his long-term period and dictatorship.
The Plan of Tuxtepec placed the General Porfirio Díaz as president of the republic. From the government of Diaz began the period called Porfiriato.
Plans in Mexican History
In Mexican history, a plan was a declaration of principles announced in conjunction with a rebellion, usually armed, against the central government of the country . Mexican plans were often more formal than the pronunciamientos that were their equivalent elsewhere in Spanish America and Spain...
. It was drafted by Porfirio Díaz
Porfirio Díaz
José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori was a Mexican-American War volunteer and French intervention hero, an accomplished general and the President of Mexico continuously from 1876 to 1911, with the exception of a brief term in 1876 when he left Juan N...
in 1876 and proclaimed on January 10, 1876 in the Villa de Ojitlán municipality of San Lucas Ojitlán
San Lucas Ojitlán
San Lucas Ojitlán is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 595.81 km².It is part of the Tuxtepec District of the Papaloapan Region.As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 19,871....
, Tuxtepec district, Oaxaca
Oaxaca
Oaxaca , , officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca is one of the 31 states which, along with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided into 571 municipalities; of which 418 are governed by the system of customs and traditions...
. It was signed by a group of military officers led by Colonel Hermenegildo Sarmiento and drafted by porfiristas Vicente Riva Palacio
Vicente Riva Palacio
Vicente Florencio Carlos Riva Palacio Guerrero was a Mexican politician and intellectual....
, Irineo Paz, and Protasio Tagle
Protasio Tagle
Protasio Tagle was a Mexican soldier and politician who lived in the 19th century. He participated in the Reform War as a member of the liberal sector, and later led a republican division during the second French intervention in Mexico...
, which were instigated by General Porfirio Díaz. Díaz signed the previous version of the plan in December 1875, which did not include three articles, the ones that were the most important of the plan appointing Diaz as president. It disavowed Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada y Corral was a jurist and Liberal president of Mexico.-Background:...
as President, while acknowledging the Constitution, the Reform Laws and proclaimed General Porfirio Díaz as the leader of the movement. Díaz later became the president of Mexico
President of Mexico
The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces...
.
Background
After the death of the president Benito JuárezBenito Juárez
Benito Juárez born Benito Pablo Juárez García, was a Mexican lawyer and politician of Zapotec origin from Oaxaca who served five terms as president of Mexico: 1858–1861 as interim, 1861–1865, 1865–1867, 1867–1871 and 1871–1872...
in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered: he himself, Lerdo de Tejada, and the General Porfirio Díaz, one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla
Battle of Puebla
The Battle of Puebla took place on 5 May 1862 near the city of Puebla during the French intervention in Mexico. The battle ended in a victory for the Mexican Army over the occupying French forces...
which had taken place on 5 May 1862, and who had occupied several public positions.
Díaz had challenged Juárez with his Plan of La Noria, in which he stated his disagreement with presidential re-election and he call for a Constitutional Congress. The loss of prestige that Díaz suffered with his plan, made him lose the elections of 1872. Towards the end of his government, Lerdo, who had already incorporated the "Reform Laws" to the Constitution of Mexico
Constitution of Mexico
The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States is the current constitution of Mexico. It was drafted in Santiago de Querétaro, in the State of Querétaro, by a constitutional convention, during the Mexican Revolution. It was approved by the Constitutional Congress on February 5, 1917...
, tried to get re-elected, causing him to lose popularity.
On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio Díaz rebelled against President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada y Corral was a jurist and Liberal president of Mexico.-Background:...
. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the "No Re-election" principle and emerged as the flag of the General Porfirio Díaz. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to Jose Maria Iglesias
José María Iglesias
José María Iglesias Inzaurraga was a Mexican lawyer, professor, journalist and politician. From October 31, 1876 to January 23, 1877 he claimed the interim presidency of Mexico...
and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio Díaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877.
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada was a Mexican politician. In July 1872, when Benito JuárezBenito Juárez
Benito Juárez born Benito Pablo Juárez García, was a Mexican lawyer and politician of Zapotec origin from Oaxaca who served five terms as president of Mexico: 1858–1861 as interim, 1861–1865, 1865–1867, 1867–1871 and 1871–1872...
died, Lerdo, who was the President of the Supreme Court, assumed the interim presidency. Afterwards, Congress elected Lerdo as president. During this period, the country became peaceful after many wars. He declared the Reforma Laws as part of the Constitution. In 1876, he tried to make modifications to the law in order to promote his re-election causing Porfirio Díaz to declare the Plan of Tuxtepec
Porfirio Díaz
He was a Mexican military officer and president three times from November 29 of 1876 to December 6 of 1876, from February 1877 to November 30 of 1880 and finally from December 1, 1884 to May 25, 1911. Díaz played an important role in the Plan of Tuxtepec. When the elite troops of Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada were defeated in Tecoac he had no choice but to renounce off the presidency, which Díaz took on November 28, 1876, who had entered triumphantly to the capital on 21 of the same month.General Donato Guerra
He was the leader of the Mexican army at the time. He participated in the Guerra de Reforma and in the French intervention. He joined the Plan de la Noria and Tuxtepec. He was assassinated in Avalos, Chihuahua by "lerdistas".José María Iglesias
He was the Supreme Court President during Lerdo's presidency. He was named interim President until elections took place in Mexico CityMexico City
Mexico City is the Federal District , capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole...
.
Supporters
There military chiefs who helped the movement in Jalisco on February 8, 1876.In the municipalities of Lagos
Lagos de Moreno
Lagos de Moreno is a city and its surrounding municipal area of the same name, located in the extreme northeastern part of the state of Jalisco in Mexico...
, Teocaltiche
Teocaltiche
Teocaltiche is a city and municipality in the central-western Mexican state of Jalisco. Teocaltiche is located in the northeastern highlands region of Jalisco, commonly referred to in Spanish as "Los Altos de Jalisco"...
, Jalostotitlán
Jalostotitlán
The municipality of Jalostotitlán and its municipal seat of the same name are located in the Los Altos region of the Mexican state of Jalisco.The municipality shares its border on the north with the municipaly of Teocaltiche, the east with the municipality of San Juan de los Lagos, to the south...
and San Miguel El Alto
San Miguel El Alto
San Miguel el Alto is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 580 km².As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 40,000.The municipality includes the town of San José de los Reynoso....
, the generals Donato Guerra and Rosendo Márquez attacked the garrison of San Juan de los Lagos
San Juan de los Lagos
San Juan de los Lagos is a town and municipality located in the northeast corner of the state of Jalisco, Mexico, in a region known as Los Altos...
, which gave up itself without major steps. Another important general Pedro A. Galván and Florentino Cuervo who took Ameca's city. The Colonel Félix Vélez Galván rose up in arms in Sayula 12 of the same month.
Articles
- Art. 1. - The supreme laws of the Republic are: the Constitution of 1857, the Reform Laws enacted on September 25 of 1873 and the Act of December 14 of 1874.
- Art. 2. - Prohibition of reelection of the President and state governors has the same validity as the supreme laws.
- Art. 3. – Don Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada is disavowed as president of the Republic, as well as all officials and employees of his government.
- Art. 4. - The governments of all states will be recognized if they adhere to this plan. If this does not happen, the head of the army of each state will be recognized as governor.
- Art. 5. - There will be elections for the Supreme Powers of the Union, the two months after the occupation of the capital of the republic, and without reconvening. The Congress elections shall be held in accordance with the laws of February 12, 1857 and October 23, 1872, with the first ones on the first Sunday following two months after the occupation of the capital.
- Art. 6.- The Executive Power will settle, while the elections are done, in the city who obtains the majority of votes of the States Governors, and will not have any more attributions that the merely administrative ones.
- Art. 7.- Assembled the will be the 8° constitutional Congress, its first works will be: the constitutional reform of the Article 2, which guarantees the independence of the municipalities, and the law that political organization gives to the Federal District and territory of California.
- Art. 8.- Are responsible, guilty and morality all that direct or indirectly cooperate to the maintenance of the Government of don Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada, becoming effective from the moment in which the guilty are situated in power of anyone force belonging to the regenerator army.
- Art. 9.- The generals, chiefs and officials who with opportunity help the present plan, will be recognized in their assignements, rank and decorations.
- Art. 10.- Porfirio Díaz will be recognized as general in chief of the army.
- Art. 11.- Opportunely the general will be named, whose chief will enjoy extraordinary powers in administration and war.
- Art. 12.- For no motive it will be possible enter agreements with the enemy, under the threat of the life to the one that do it.
Battle of Icamole, NL
On May 20, 1876 in Icamole, the General Carlos Fuero, loyal to the government of Lerdo de Tejada, inflicted a terrible defeat on the rebels led by Gral. Porfirio Díaz, who was forced to withdraw to the south of the Republic.Battle of Tecoac, Puebla.
Despite his defeat in Icamole, the General Porfirio Díaz continued fighting the "lerdistas". On November 16, 1876, in the Battle of Tecoac, Diaz faced Gral. Ignacio R. Alatorre; during the fighting, both sides were close to the victory, but with the arrival of porfiristas reinforcements under the command of Gen. Manuel González, provocated the defeat of Alatorre.Then follow a series of battles, the people who defended the plan Tuxtepec triumphed. Diaz enters victorious at Puebla in November.
On October 26, the Congress affirmed the re-election of Lerdo de Tejada, but the president of the Supreme Court of Justice, José María Iglesias
José María Iglesias
José María Iglesias Inzaurraga was a Mexican lawyer, professor, journalist and politician. From October 31, 1876 to January 23, 1877 he claimed the interim presidency of Mexico...
, declared it illegal. In his role as vice-president, Iglesias pursued the interim presidency. The military forces of Lerdo, which tried to deal with the opponents, were defeated by General Manuel González's troops, in the Battle of Tecoac
Battle of Tecoac
The Battle of Tecoac was a battle that was fought at Tecoac in the Mexican state of Tlaxcala on November 16, 1876, between the forces of Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, then President of Mexico, and those of Porfirio Díaz. The battle was a victory for Díaz, who subsequently assumed the presidency...
, Puebla. By this failure Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada was forced to leave power.
General Porfirio Díaz reached the presidency in the elections of 12 February 1877. Then, supported by the Plan of Tuxtepec, he promoted in 1878 two important reforms to the Constitution. The first one: he removed the function of vice-president from the president of the Supreme Court of Justice. The second one: he forbade re-election with a little statement that said: "Except after a period of four years", with which he started his long-term period and dictatorship.
The Plan of Tuxtepec placed the General Porfirio Díaz as president of the republic. From the government of Diaz began the period called Porfiriato.
External links
- Red escolar. "Plan de Tuxtepec", Porfiriato, Accessed November 14, 2007.
- MSN Encarta. "Plan de Tuxtepec", Porfiriato, Accessed November 14, 2007.