Phylloscartes
Encyclopedia
Phylloscartes is a genus
of small bird
s in the Tyrannidae family. They are found in wooded habitats of Central
and South America
. The Mottled-cheeked Tyrannulet is among the commonest birds in its range, but several other species are rare and threatened. Their plumage
is predominantly green, yellow, white and grey, and many have contrasting facial patterns and wing-bars. They have thin, pointed bills, and relatively long tails. Most frequently cock their tail, perch relatively horizontally and are very active, though the bristle-tyrants, which often are places in a separate genus, Pogonotriccus, instead, generally do not cock their tail, perch more upright and are less active. Many species share so many characteristics that identifying them to species can be highly difficult. They mainly feed on small arthropod
s, and most commonly take part in mixed species flocks.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of small bird
Bird
Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...
s in the Tyrannidae family. They are found in wooded habitats of Central
Central America
Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...
and South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
. The Mottled-cheeked Tyrannulet is among the commonest birds in its range, but several other species are rare and threatened. Their plumage
Plumage
Plumage refers both to the layer of feathers that cover a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage vary between species and subspecies and can also vary between different age classes, sexes, and season. Within species there can also be a...
is predominantly green, yellow, white and grey, and many have contrasting facial patterns and wing-bars. They have thin, pointed bills, and relatively long tails. Most frequently cock their tail, perch relatively horizontally and are very active, though the bristle-tyrants, which often are places in a separate genus, Pogonotriccus, instead, generally do not cock their tail, perch more upright and are less active. Many species share so many characteristics that identifying them to species can be highly difficult. They mainly feed on small arthropod
Arthropod
An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton , a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Arthropods are members of the phylum Arthropoda , and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others...
s, and most commonly take part in mixed species flocks.
Species
- Typical Phylloscartes tyrannulets:
- Mottle-cheeked TyrannuletMottle-cheeked TyrannuletThe Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet is a generally common, small species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It occurs in two disjunct populations, one associated with montane Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, north-eastern Argentina and Uruguay, and another found in forest...
, Phylloscartes ventralis - Restinga TyrannuletRestinga TyrannuletThe Restinga Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family, the tyrant flycatchers.It is endemic to Brazil, on the south Atlantic coast centered on the state of Paraná in a 150 km wide coastal strip....
, Phylloscartes kronei - Bahia TyrannuletBahia TyrannuletThe Bahia Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is endemic to Brazil.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
, Phylloscartes beckeri - Panamanian Tyrannulet, Phylloscartes flavovirens
- Olive-green TyrannuletOlive-green TyrannuletThe Olive-green Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family, the tyrant flycatchers.It is found in the Guianas of Suriname, French Guiana, and eastern Guyana, with the Essequibo River; also northeast Brazil, in the northeast Amazon Basin of Pará state, and Amapá.Its natural habitat is...
, Phylloscartes virescens - Ecuadorian TyrannuletEcuadorian TyrannuletThe Ecuadorian Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Ecuador and Peru.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
, Phylloscartes gualaquizae - Black-fronted TyrannuletBlack-fronted TyrannuletThe Black-fronted Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
, Phylloscartes nigrifrons - Alagoas TyrannuletAlagoas TyrannuletThe Alagoas Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is endemic to Brazil.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
, Phylloscartes ceciliae - Rufous-browed TyrannuletRufous-browed TyrannuletThe Rufous-browed Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . Downloaded on 26 July 2007....
, Phylloscartes superciliaris - Rufous-lored TyrannuletRufous-lored TyrannuletThe Rufous-lored Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Peru, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
, Phylloscartes flaviventris - Cinnamon-faced TyrannuletCinnamon-faced TyrannuletThe Cinnamon-faced Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Bolivia and Peru.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . Downloaded on 26 July 2007....
, Phylloscartes parkeri - Minas Gerais TyrannuletMinas Gerais TyrannuletThe Minas Gerais Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is endemic to Brazil.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
, Phylloscartes roquettei - Bay-ringed TyrannuletBay-ringed TyrannuletThe Bay-ringed Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay....
, Phylloscartes sylviolus - São Paulo TyrannuletSão Paulo TyrannuletThe São Paulo Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay....
, Phylloscartes paulistus - Oustalet's TyrannuletOustalet's TyrannuletThe Oustalet's Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is endemic to Brazil.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.-Source:...
, Phylloscartes oustaleti - Serra do Mar TyrannuletSerra do Mar TyrannuletThe Serra do Mar Tyrannulet is a small species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is endemic to humid montane forest in the Serra do Mar in south-eastern Brazil...
, Phylloscartes difficilis
- Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet
- Bristle-tyrants, often placed in the genus Pogonotriccus instead:
- Variegated Bristle-tyrantVariegated Bristle-tyrantThe Variegated Bristle-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.-References:...
, Phylloscartes poecilotis - Chapman's Bristle-tyrant, Phylloscartes chapmani
- Marble-faced Bristle-tyrantMarble-faced Bristle-tyrantThe Marble-faced Bristle-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.-Distribution and habitat:It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . Downloaded on 26...
, Phylloscartes ophthalmicus - Southern Bristle-tyrantSouthern Bristle-tyrantThe Southern Bristle-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay....
, Phylloscartes eximius - Spectacled Bristle-tyrantSpectacled Bristle-tyrantThe Spectacled Bristle-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.-Distribution and habitat:It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:* BirdLife...
, Phylloscartes orbitalis - Venezuelan Bristle-tyrantVenezuelan Bristle-tyrantThe Venezuelan Bristle-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is endemic to Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
, Phylloscartes venezuelanus - Antioquia Bristle-tyrantAntioquia Bristle-tyrantThe Antioquia Bristle-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is endemic to Colombia.-Distribution and habitat:...
, Phylloscartes lanyoni
- Variegated Bristle-tyrant