Penthetor
Encyclopedia
The Dusky Fruit Bat the only member of the genus Penthetor
, a genus
of megabat
.
. It ranges from southern Thailand
, Sumatra
, Peninsular Malaysia
, Riau archipelago ; in Borneo from Gomantong, upper Sungai Kuamut and Sapulut in Sabah
; and in Sarawak
from Niah, Gunung Mulu, Sungai Sarawak (Payne et al. 1985), and Bau (Karim et al. 2004).
In May and October 1996, specimens caught at Kubah were either pregnant, lactating or in post-lactating conditions. In June a female was pregnant in Gunong Gading, and a post-lactating female was caught at Lambir in November. Males had enlarged testes in August, October and November at Samunsam, Lambir and Kubah. Immatures and subadults were netted in Lambir and Kubah in October and November, indicating that their birth occurred between August and September. Subadults (n = 3) were collected in June in an old secondary habitat at Sungai Balui in Sarawak. Medway (1978) reported large numbers of pregnant females caught in Selangor in September and a few in June. The species roosts in rock shelters or caves; and eats fruit, which it carries back to the cave (Payne et al. 1985).
Measurements
FA 57-62
T 8-13
E 14-16.5
Wt 30-44 (Francis,1985).
Identification
The upper parts of dusky fruit bats are dark grey-brown in colour. The under parts are pale buff-grey in colour. The top of its head often distinctly darker down the centre and paler near the eyes. Ears have dark edges. There is only one pair of lower incisors; outer upper incisors shorter than inner pair (Francis,1985). Penthetor lucasi can be distinguished from other members of the family Pteropodidae based on the fact that it has only one pair of lower incisors, and that a tail is present and extremely thin as compared to other Pteropodids (Nowak,1999).
P. lucasi lacks facial features related to echolocation, such as a nose leaf or enlarged tragus. The eyes are large to account for a greater dependence on vision than seen in microchiropterans. It has a well-developed postorbital process and a claw on the second digit with the second finger being independent. The palate extends beyond the last upper molar and has ridges (Feldhamer et al.,1999).
Similar species
Short-nosed fruit bats, Cynopterus spp., are brighter-coloured with two pairs of lower incisors; tailless fruit bats, Imegaerops spp., lack a tail, have broader, higher nostrils, light brown fur with pale grey basses, and small, even upper incisors (Francis,1985).
Ecology and habitat
The dusky fruit bat is irregularly distributed throughout lowland and hill forests (Nowak,1999). It roosts in colonies in rock shelters or caves, sometimes in near-total darkness (Francis,1985).
Reproduction
Research indicates that breeding in P. lucasi is seasonal. One study of pregnancy in P. lucasi revealed that the highest number of pregnant females were recorded in September, very few females were pregnant in June, and there were no recorded pregnancies in January, February, March, and July (Nowak,1999). There is typically only one offspring in a birth (Nowak,1999).
Behavior
This species appears to be gregarious, roosting in large groups (Nowak,1999). P. lucasi roosts in caves, rock shelters, and in the nooks and crannies between boulders, a habit that likely limits its distribution (Nowak,1999). Unlike the suborder Microchiroptera, members of the Megachiroptera, such as P. lucasi do not echolocate. They rely on vision and olfaction to navigate and locate food (Feldhamer et al.,1999)
Food Habits
The dusky fruit bat is a frugivore. It emerges from its roost at dusk to feed at the nearest food source, often a fruit plantation (Nowak,1999). Food sources are located primarily through olfaction (Feldhamer et al.,1999).
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Dusky fruit bats feed at the fruit source nearest to their roost, which is often a fruit plantation. In areas where the population density of these bats is high, they can cause considerable damage to crops (Feldhamer et al.,1999).
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
As a frugivore, P. lucasi may provide a valuable ecological service to humans in the dispersal of seeds of the plants they consume away from the parent tree, either through spitting the seeds out or passing them through the gut (Feldhamer et al.,1999).
Distribution and status
South-East Asia: Peninsular Malaysia and extreme South Thailand. Also Borneo, Sumatra and Riau archipelago. Not currently at risk, through uncommon in most areas (Francis,1985).
Penthetor
The Dusky Fruit Bat , the only member of the genus Penthetor, a genus of megabat.-Distribution:This species was recorded from six localities, Balui , Tanjung Datu , Gunung Gading , Kubah , Lambir and Samunsam , all from Borneo...
, a genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of megabat
Megabat
Megabats constitute the suborder Megachiroptera, family Pteropodidae of the order Chiroptera . They are also called fruit bats, old world fruit bats, or flying foxes.-Description:...
.
Distribution
This species was recorded from six localities, Balui ( n = 9), Tanjung Datu (n = 4), Gunung Gading (n = 14), Kubah (n = 15), Lambir (n = 5) and Samunsam (n = 1), all from BorneoBorneo
Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located north of Java Island, Indonesia, at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia....
. It ranges from southern Thailand
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
, Sumatra
Sumatra
Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...
, Peninsular Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia , also known as West Malaysia , is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula. Its area is . It shares a land border with Thailand in the north. To the south is the island of Singapore. Across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the island of Sumatra...
, Riau archipelago ; in Borneo from Gomantong, upper Sungai Kuamut and Sapulut in Sabah
Sabah
Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south...
; and in Sarawak
Sarawak
Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi Kenyalang , Sarawak is situated on the north-west of the island. It is the largest state in Malaysia followed by Sabah, the second largest state located to the North- East.The administrative capital is Kuching, which...
from Niah, Gunung Mulu, Sungai Sarawak (Payne et al. 1985), and Bau (Karim et al. 2004).
Biology and ecology
P. lucasi was netted in primary forest at Kubah, Lambir and Datu, in regenerated forest at Gunong Gading National Park, and in old secondary habitat at Balui and mangrove swamp at Samunsam. The specimens caught from Tanjung Datu, Sarawak were observed to be darker in fur colour than those observed elsewhere.In May and October 1996, specimens caught at Kubah were either pregnant, lactating or in post-lactating conditions. In June a female was pregnant in Gunong Gading, and a post-lactating female was caught at Lambir in November. Males had enlarged testes in August, October and November at Samunsam, Lambir and Kubah. Immatures and subadults were netted in Lambir and Kubah in October and November, indicating that their birth occurred between August and September. Subadults (n = 3) were collected in June in an old secondary habitat at Sungai Balui in Sarawak. Medway (1978) reported large numbers of pregnant females caught in Selangor in September and a few in June. The species roosts in rock shelters or caves; and eats fruit, which it carries back to the cave (Payne et al. 1985).
Measurements
FA 57-62
T 8-13
E 14-16.5
Wt 30-44 (Francis,1985).
Identification
The upper parts of dusky fruit bats are dark grey-brown in colour. The under parts are pale buff-grey in colour. The top of its head often distinctly darker down the centre and paler near the eyes. Ears have dark edges. There is only one pair of lower incisors; outer upper incisors shorter than inner pair (Francis,1985). Penthetor lucasi can be distinguished from other members of the family Pteropodidae based on the fact that it has only one pair of lower incisors, and that a tail is present and extremely thin as compared to other Pteropodids (Nowak,1999).
P. lucasi lacks facial features related to echolocation, such as a nose leaf or enlarged tragus. The eyes are large to account for a greater dependence on vision than seen in microchiropterans. It has a well-developed postorbital process and a claw on the second digit with the second finger being independent. The palate extends beyond the last upper molar and has ridges (Feldhamer et al.,1999).
Similar species
Short-nosed fruit bats, Cynopterus spp., are brighter-coloured with two pairs of lower incisors; tailless fruit bats, Imegaerops spp., lack a tail, have broader, higher nostrils, light brown fur with pale grey basses, and small, even upper incisors (Francis,1985).
Ecology and habitat
The dusky fruit bat is irregularly distributed throughout lowland and hill forests (Nowak,1999). It roosts in colonies in rock shelters or caves, sometimes in near-total darkness (Francis,1985).
Reproduction
Research indicates that breeding in P. lucasi is seasonal. One study of pregnancy in P. lucasi revealed that the highest number of pregnant females were recorded in September, very few females were pregnant in June, and there were no recorded pregnancies in January, February, March, and July (Nowak,1999). There is typically only one offspring in a birth (Nowak,1999).
Behavior
This species appears to be gregarious, roosting in large groups (Nowak,1999). P. lucasi roosts in caves, rock shelters, and in the nooks and crannies between boulders, a habit that likely limits its distribution (Nowak,1999). Unlike the suborder Microchiroptera, members of the Megachiroptera, such as P. lucasi do not echolocate. They rely on vision and olfaction to navigate and locate food (Feldhamer et al.,1999)
Food Habits
The dusky fruit bat is a frugivore. It emerges from its roost at dusk to feed at the nearest food source, often a fruit plantation (Nowak,1999). Food sources are located primarily through olfaction (Feldhamer et al.,1999).
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Dusky fruit bats feed at the fruit source nearest to their roost, which is often a fruit plantation. In areas where the population density of these bats is high, they can cause considerable damage to crops (Feldhamer et al.,1999).
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
As a frugivore, P. lucasi may provide a valuable ecological service to humans in the dispersal of seeds of the plants they consume away from the parent tree, either through spitting the seeds out or passing them through the gut (Feldhamer et al.,1999).
Distribution and status
South-East Asia: Peninsular Malaysia and extreme South Thailand. Also Borneo, Sumatra and Riau archipelago. Not currently at risk, through uncommon in most areas (Francis,1985).