Parachlamydiaceae
Encyclopedia
Parachlamydiaceae is a family of bacteria
in the order Chlamydiales
. Species in this family have a Chlamydia
–like cycle of replication and their ribosomal RNA
genes are 80–90% identical to ribosomal genes in the Chlamydiaceae
. The Parachlamydiaceae naturally infect amoebae and can be grown in cultured Vero cells
. The Parachlamydiaceae are not recognized by monoclonal antibodies that detect Chlamydiaceae lipopolysaccharide
.
Parachlamydiaceae species currently include:
Isolated Endosymbionts include:
Uncultured lineages include:
Parachlamydia acanthamoebae has variable Gram staining
characteristics and is mesophilic. Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba
hosting these strains were isolated from asymptomatic women in Germany
and also in an outbreak of humidifier fever (‘Hall’s coccus’) in Vermont
USA. Four patients from Nova Scotia
whose sera recognized Hall’s coccus did not show serological cross-reaction with antigens from the Chlamydiaceae.
Bacteria
Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals...
in the order Chlamydiales
Chlamydiales
The bacterial order Chlamydiales includes only obligately intracellular bacteria that have a chlamydia-like developmental cycle of replication and at least 80% 16S rRNA or 23S rRNA gene sequence identity with other members of Chlamydiales. Chlamydiales live in animals, insects, and protozoa...
. Species in this family have a Chlamydia
Chlamydia (bacterium)
Chlamydia is a genus of bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. Chlamydia infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections in humans and are the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide....
–like cycle of replication and their ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid is the RNA component of the ribosome, the enzyme that is the site of protein synthesis in all living cells. Ribosomal RNA provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and interacts with tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity...
genes are 80–90% identical to ribosomal genes in the Chlamydiaceae
Chlamydiaceae
Chlamydiaceae is a family of bacteria that belongs to the Phylum Chlamydiae, Order Chlamydiales. All Chlamydiaceae species are Gram-negative and express the family-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope αKdo--αKdo--αKdo . Chlamydiaceae ribosomal RNA genes all have at least 90% DNA sequence identity...
. The Parachlamydiaceae naturally infect amoebae and can be grown in cultured Vero cells
Vero cells
Vero cells are lineages of cells used in cell cultures.The Vero lineage was isolated from kidney epithelial cells extracted from an African green monkey...
. The Parachlamydiaceae are not recognized by monoclonal antibodies that detect Chlamydiaceae lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharides , also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals.-Functions:LPS is the major...
.
Parachlamydiaceae species currently include:
- Candidatus Metachlamydia lacustris♠ Corsaro et al. 2010
- Protochlamydia♠
- Candidatus Protochlamydia amoebophila♠ Collingro et al. 2005
- Protochlamydia naegleriophila♠ Casson et al. 2006
- Parachlamydia acanthamoebae Everett et al. 1999
- Neochlamydia hartmannellae Horn et al. 2001 (endocytobiont of Hartmannella sp. A1Hsp)
Isolated Endosymbionts include:
- Hall's coccus
- P9
- UV-7
- endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba sp. TUME1
- endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba sp. UWC22
- endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba sp. UWE1
Uncultured lineages include:
- Neochlamydia turtle type 1
- environmental Neochlamydia
- corvenA4
- cvC15
- cvC7
- cvE5
Parachlamydia acanthamoebae has variable Gram staining
Gram staining
Gram staining is a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups ....
characteristics and is mesophilic. Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba is a genus of amoebae, one of the most common protozoa in soil, and also frequently found in fresh water and other habitats. The cells are small, usually 15 to 35 μm in length and oval to triangular in shape when moving. The pseudopods form a clear hemispherical lobe at the anterior,...
hosting these strains were isolated from asymptomatic women in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
and also in an outbreak of humidifier fever (‘Hall’s coccus’) in Vermont
Vermont
Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state ranks 43rd in land area, , and 45th in total area. Its population according to the 2010 census, 630,337, is the second smallest in the country, larger only than Wyoming. It is the only New England...
USA. Four patients from Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The name of the province is Latin for "New Scotland," but "Nova Scotia" is the recognized, English-language name of the province. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the...
whose sera recognized Hall’s coccus did not show serological cross-reaction with antigens from the Chlamydiaceae.