Oroxylum indicum
Encyclopedia
Oroxylum indicum is a species of flowering plant
belonging to the family Bignoniaceae
.
vernacular names
The tree is a night-bloomer and flowers are adapted to natural pollination by bats. They form enormous seed pods that hang down from bare branches. Those long fruits curve downward and resemble the wings of a large bird or dangling sickles or swords in the night.
The seeds are round with papery wings.
ecozone.
It is visible in the forest biome of Manas National Park
in Assam, India. It is found, raised and planted in large number in the forest areas of the Banswara
district in the state of Rajasthan in India.
It is also reported from Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
present in the soil surrounding the roots.
s and dyestuffs.
The very large young pods, known as Lin mai (ลิ้นไม้) or Lin fa (ลิ้นฟ้า) in Loei
, are eaten especially in Isan
(Thailand
) and in Laos
. They are first grilled over charcoal fire and then the somewhat bitter inner pulp is usually scraped and eaten along with lap
.
.
The bark of O. indicum (Chinese : 木蝴蝶树皮, hanyu pinyin : mù húdié shùpí) or Cortex Oroxyli is a traditional Chinese medicine ingredient.
The bark of O. indicum (Singhala / Sri Lanka: Totila, Totilla) is one of main ingredients in Sri Lankan indigenous medicine (in decoctions) as a remedy for pains in joints or rheumatism
.
and baicalein
. Tetuin
, the 6-glucoside of baicalein, is reported in the seeds. Other flavonoids, known for their anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy effects, are also present, though it may need to be used in high doses to get a response. Oroxindin
has also been isolated from Oroxylum indicum whereas oroxylin A
is reported in the root bark.
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
belonging to the family Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
The Bignoniaceae, or Trumpet Creeper Family, is a family of flowering plants comprising about 650-750 species in 116-120 genera. Members of the family are mostly trees and lianas , shrubs and more rarely herbaceous plants. As climber plants, they are twine climbers or tendril climbers, and rarely...
.
Names
- Bignonia indica, L., Species PlantarumSpecies PlantarumSpecies Plantarum was first published in 1753, as a two-volume work by Carl Linnaeus. Its prime importance is perhaps that it is the primary starting point of plant nomenclature as it exists today. This means that the first names to be considered validly published in botany are those that appear...
2: 625. 1753. - Spathodea indica, L., Pers. Synopsis Plantarum 2: 173. 1807.
- Calosanthes indica, L., BlumeCarl Ludwig BlumeCharles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume was a German-Dutch botanist.He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his professional life working in the Dutch East Indies and in the Netherlands, where he was Director of the Rijksherbarium at Leiden...
, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 760. 1826. - Hippoxylon indica, L., Raf. Sylva Telluriana 78. 1838.
- Oroxylum indicum, L., KurzWilhelm Sulpiz KurzWilhelm Sulpiz Kurz was a German botanist and garden director in Bogor, West Java and Kolkatta.He worked in India, Indonesia, Burma, Malaysia and Singapore. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Kurz when citing a botanical name.-References:...
, Forest Flora of British Burma 2: 237. 18771877 in scienceThe year 1877 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.-Events:* June 19 - Eadweard Muybridge successfully produces a fast-motion sequence of photographs showing a horse in movement, Sallie Gardner at a Gallop, using multiple cameras at Palo Alto, California,...
, accepted by Flora of ChinaFlora of China (journal)Flora of China is a scientific publication aimed at describing the plants native to China.The is a collaborative scientific effort to publish the first modern English-language account of the approximately 31,000 species of vascular plants of China...
Editorial Committee, 1998. Fl. China Vol. 18. - Bignonia quadripinnata, BlancoFrancisco Manuel BlancoFrancisco Manuel Blanco was a Spanish friar and botanist.-Biography:He was a member of the Augustinian order. His first assignment was in Angat in the province of Bulacan in the Philippines. He subsequently had a variety different assignments...
, Flora de Filipinas, Gran edicion, Atlas I. 1880-1883?
vernacular names
- English : Broken bones plant, Indian calosanthes, Indian Trumpet, Indian trumpet flower, midnight horror, oroxylum, tree of Damocles
- Chinese : 木蝴蝶 (hanyu pinyin : mù húdié, butterfly tree)
- Assamese: ভাতঘীলা Bhatghila
- Bengali : সোনা sona
- Burmese : ကြောင်လျှာသီး
- Hindi : भूत वृक्ष bhut-vriksha, दीर्घवृन्त dirghavrinta, कुटन्नट kutannat, मण्डूक manduk (the flower), पत्रोर्ण patrorna, पूतिवृक्ष putivriksha, शल्लक shallaka, शूरण shuran, सोन or शोण son, वटुक vatuk
- Kannada : ತಟ್ಟುನ tattuna
- Konkani : davamadak
- Nepalese : टटेलों tatelo
- Malayalam : പലകപയ്യാനി palaqapayyani, വാശ്പ്പാതിരി vashrppathiri, വെള്ളപ്പാതിരി vellappathiri
- Marathi : टायिटू tayitu, टेटु tetu
- Sanskrit : अरलु aralu, श्योनक shyonaka
- Singhala (Sri Lanka) : Totila, Thotila
- Tamil : சொரிகொன்றை cori-konnai, பாலையுடைச்சி palai-y-utaicci, பூதபுஷ்பம் puta-puspam (the flower)
- Telugu : మండూకపర్ణము manduka-parnamu, పంపెన pampena, శూకనాసము suka-nasamu, తుందిలము
- Thai: เพกา Pheka (Central ThailandCentral ThailandCentral Thailand is a region of Thailand, covering the broad alluvial plain of the Chao Phraya River. It is separated from North-East Thailand by the Phetchabun mountain range, and another mountain range separates it from Myanmar to the west. In the north it gently changes into the more hilly...
), ลิ้นไม้ Lin mai (Northern ThailandNorthern ThailandThailand's northern region is geographically characterised by multiple mountain ranges which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar and Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them...
& IsanIsanIsan is the northeastern region of Thailand. It is located on the Khorat Plateau, bordered by the Mekong River to the north and east, by Cambodia to the southeast and the Prachinburi mountains south of Nakhon Ratchasima...
), ลิ้นฟ้า Lin fa (LoeiLoeiLoei is a town in the north-east of Thailand. In 2005, it had a population of 22,677. Loei covers the whole tambon Kut Pong of Mueang Loei district.Loei is the capital of the Loei Province.- References :...
); - other common name : kampong
Description
It is a tree which can reach a height of 12 m (40 ft). The large leaf stalks wither and fall off the tree and collect near the base of the trunk, appearing to look like a pile of broken limb bones.The tree is a night-bloomer and flowers are adapted to natural pollination by bats. They form enormous seed pods that hang down from bare branches. Those long fruits curve downward and resemble the wings of a large bird or dangling sickles or swords in the night.
The seeds are round with papery wings.
Distribution
Oroxylum indicum is native to the Indian subcontinent, in the Himalayan foothills with a part extending to Bhutan and southern China, in Indo-China and the MalesiaMalesia
Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the boundaries of the Indomalaya ecozone and Australasia ecozone, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom.-Floristic province:...
ecozone.
It is visible in the forest biome of Manas National Park
Manas National Park
Manas National Park or Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is a Wildlife Sanctuary, UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Project Tiger Reserve, an Elephant Reserve and a Biosphere Reserve in Assam, India. Located in the Himalayan foothills, it is contiguous with the Royal Manas National park in Bhutan...
in Assam, India. It is found, raised and planted in large number in the forest areas of the Banswara
Banswara district
Banswara District has an area of 5,037 km², 1.47% of Rajasthan state, India. The city of Banswara is the district headquarters. It is bounded on the north by Udaipur District, on the northeast by Chittorgarh District, on the east and southeast by Madhya Pradesh state, on the southwest by...
district in the state of Rajasthan in India.
It is also reported from Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Ecology
Oroxylum indicum lives in relationship with the actinomycete Pseudonocardia oroxyliPseudonocardia oroxyli
Pseudonocardia oroxyli is a soil-dwelling actinomycete that was isolated from the roots of the South-East Asia tree Oroxylum indicum....
present in the soil surrounding the roots.
Uses
The tree is often grown as an ornamental for its strange appearance. Materials used include the wood, tanninTannin
A tannin is an astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic compound that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.The term tannin refers to the use of...
s and dyestuffs.
As food
It is a plant with edible leaves and stems.The very large young pods, known as Lin mai (ลิ้นไม้) or Lin fa (ลิ้นฟ้า) in Loei
Loei
Loei is a town in the north-east of Thailand. In 2005, it had a population of 22,677. Loei covers the whole tambon Kut Pong of Mueang Loei district.Loei is the capital of the Loei Province.- References :...
, are eaten especially in Isan
Isan
Isan is the northeastern region of Thailand. It is located on the Khorat Plateau, bordered by the Mekong River to the north and east, by Cambodia to the southeast and the Prachinburi mountains south of Nakhon Ratchasima...
(Thailand
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
) and in Laos
Laos
Laos Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west...
. They are first grilled over charcoal fire and then the somewhat bitter inner pulp is usually scraped and eaten along with lap
Larb
Larb is a type of Laotian and Isan meat salad that is regarded as the national dish of Laos. Larb is a creation of the Lao people, with 20 million living in the Isan region of Thailand, and 4.5 million in Laos. Larb originated in Laos and is one of the most famous dishes from Laos...
.
In traditional medicines
The Oroxylum indicum seed is used in the traditional Indian ayurvedic medicine. The root bark is also used, administered as astringent, bitter tonic, stomachic and anodyne. It is included in famous tonic formulations, such as ChyawanprashChyawanprash
Chyawanprash, also spelled chyavanaprasha, chyavanaprash, chyavanaprasam and chyawanaprash, is a jam-like mixture of spices and other ingredients from the Ayurvedic tradition. It is widely used in India due to claimed health benefits. The market size of chyawanprash in 2010 was Rs 4 billion...
.
The bark of O. indicum (Chinese : 木蝴蝶树皮, hanyu pinyin : mù húdié shùpí) or Cortex Oroxyli is a traditional Chinese medicine ingredient.
The bark of O. indicum (Singhala / Sri Lanka: Totila, Totilla) is one of main ingredients in Sri Lankan indigenous medicine (in decoctions) as a remedy for pains in joints or rheumatism
Rheumatism
Rheumatism or rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the joints and connective tissue. The study of, and therapeutic interventions in, such disorders is called rheumatology.-Terminology:...
.
Pharmacology
The leaf contains chrysinChrysin
Chrysin is a naturally occurring flavone chemically extracted from the blue passion flower . Honeycomb also contains small amounts. It is also reported in Oroxylum indicum or Indian trumpetflower.-Aromatase inhibition:...
and baicalein
Baicalein
Baicalein is a flavone, a type of flavonoid, originally isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. It is also reported in Oroxylum indicum or Indian trumpetflower...
. Tetuin
Tetuin
Tetuin is a flavone, a type of flavonoid. It is the 6-O-glucoside of baicalein. It can be isolated from the seeds of Oroxylum indicum, the Indian trumpetflower, also known as टेटु tetu in Marathi....
, the 6-glucoside of baicalein, is reported in the seeds. Other flavonoids, known for their anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy effects, are also present, though it may need to be used in high doses to get a response. Oroxindin
Oroxindin
Oroxindin is a chemical compound. It is a wogonoside, more accurately a wogonin glucuronide isolated from Oroxylum indicum , Bacopa monnieri and Holmskioldia sanguinea ....
has also been isolated from Oroxylum indicum whereas oroxylin A
Oroxylin A
Oroxylin A is an O-methylated flavone, a chemical compound that can be found in the medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis and the Oroxylum indicum tree....
is reported in the root bark.
External links
- Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Plant record
- Photos on www.flickr.com
- http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/midnight_horror.htm
- http://www.impgc.com/plantinfo_A.php?id=1050&bc=Raw%20Herbs%20»%20Bark
- Pharmacographia indica. A history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin Author: William Dymock Contains a detailed monograph on Oroxylum indicum (Shyonaka), as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/333-shyonaka