Norman Daniels
Encyclopedia
Prof. Norman Daniels, PhD, is an American philosopher, ethicist
, and bioethicist
at Harvard. Currently, Norman Daniels is Mary B. Saltonstall Professor of Population Ethics and Professor of Ethics and Population Health in the Department of Global Health and Population of the Harvard School of Public Health
in Boston.
Before teaching at Harvard, Dr. Daniels was a celebrated medical ethicist at Tufts University
in Medford, Massachusetts
.
Recent Journal Articles, Chapters, and Editorials:
Research
A recent outline of his thinking on the issue of 'justification' in ethics can be found in the entry on 'reflective equilibrium' Stanford Philosophy Encyclopedia. The on-line edition of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2003, makes all of this available freely.
In his book Justice and Justification (CUP, 1996), a full collection of his papers on the topic can be found.
In recent years, Dr. Daniels has been working on contrasting the complex form of egalitarianism represented by Rawls's work and other more recent work in egalitarian theory. His "Democratic Equality: Rawls's Complex Egalitarianism" in Sam Freeman (ed) Cambridge Companion to Rawls (2003) is a recent treatment of this issue. Dr. Daniels believes that a principled account of justice in John Rawls's work requires the work (described below) on a fair, deliberative process for setting limits to health care (and for other resource allocation or rationing efforts) as a legislative and regulatory supplement.
Applying a broadly consistent theory of justice to issues surrounding health and society - Dr. Daniels recently completed a sequel to his 1985 book Just Health Care, Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly (Cambridge University Press, 2008). He now adds a broader vision of the socially controllable factors that affect population health and its distribution to his original attempt to say why health care is of special moral importance because of its connection to protecting opportunities for individuals. This permits an answer to the question, when are health inequalities unjust? He argues that Rawls's principles of justice as fairness capture the central social determinants of health: conforming with them would flatten social gradients of health as much as we can reasonably expect. Just Health integrates the account of fair deliberative process, accountability for reasonableness, with the rest of the theory as a way of answering the question, "How can we meet needs fairly when we cannot meet them all." The book also has chapters on justice between age groups, health system reform, social
experiments on populations, fair process in patient selection for AIDS treatments, occupational health, professionalism, reducing health disparities, human rights and priority setting, and international health inequalities.
Together with Jim Sabin, Dr. Daniels published Setting Limits Fairly: Can We Learn to Share Medical Resources? (OUP, 2002). A second edition of that book is now out in paperback: Setting
Limits Fairly: Learning to Share Resources for Health (OUP, 2008). They are also doing ongoing work on this topic with collaborators in Canada, the United Kingdom, Norway, and elsewhere where fair process, specifically "accountability for reasonableness," has emerged as the key to priority and limit setting in universal coverage systems.
In the US, they continue to work on pharmacy benefits (see our discussion of an "ethical template" in Health Affairs, Jan-Feb 2002) and on independent review of insurance denials. Daniels recently applied these ideas to patient selection in the WHO program to deliver three million ARTs
by 2005. He worked with the Mexican Ministry of Health to develop a fair process for deciding on additions to the catastrophic insurance plan included in Mexico's new Segura Popular and is continuing work to extend that process for use in other parts of the Mexican health system. A case study on the Mexican work is available on request.
An application of accountability for reasonableness to human rights approach to health is described in Gruskin and Daniels, Justice and Human Rights: Priority Setting and Fair Deliberative Process, American Journal of Public Health, 2008; 98:9.
Dr. Daniels has revisited some of the issues involved in his previous work on justice between age groups in Am I My Parents' Keeper? An Essay on Justice Between the Young and the Old (New York: Oxford, 1988) in "Justice Between Adjacent Generations: Further Thoughts" Journal of Political Philosophy (2008, in press).
Domestic:
Dr. Daniels is interested in issues of access to the US system, especially disparities that contribute to health disparities, and participated on the subcommittee on social costs of the recent IOM publication on uninsurance in the US. Recently he coauthored an article on ethical issues in U.S. health reform with Marc Roberts that will appeal in a "briefing book" on election issues being published by the Hastings Center (in press).
Global:
Together with collaborators in a dozen countries on three continents, Dr. Daniels is working to demonstrate the utility of an evidence-based policy tool for evaluating the fairness - the equity,
accountability, and efficiency - of health sector reforms in developing countries and to improve capacity in those countries to carry out research on the fairness of reform activities. Together with collaborators from Cameroon, Thailand, and Guatemala, he presented some recent results at the November 2003 APHA meeting in San Francisco. The current work, reported on most recently in the Bulletin of WHO in 2005, is an attempt to develop country-specific adaptations of the generic benchmarks reported on in the Bulletin of WHO in June 2000. The application of that approach as a method of providing ethical evaluation of health sector reforms, viewed as "social experiments," is described in the American Journal of Public Health in 2006. Work on this approach is ongoing in the Philippines, Guatemala, Brazil, and Colombia.
Ethics Topics
Collaborating Authors
Institutions
News
Multimedia with Norm Daniels
Also
Ethicist
An ethicist is one whose judgment on ethics and ethical codes has come to be trusted by a specific community, and is expressed in some way that makes it possible for others to mimic or approximate that judgement...
, and bioethicist
Bioethics
Bioethics is the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in biology and medicine. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, and philosophy....
at Harvard. Currently, Norman Daniels is Mary B. Saltonstall Professor of Population Ethics and Professor of Ethics and Population Health in the Department of Global Health and Population of the Harvard School of Public Health
Harvard School of Public Health
The Harvard School of Public Health is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University, located in the Longwood Area of the Boston, Massachusetts neighborhood of Mission Hill, which is next to Harvard Medical School. HSPH is considered a significant school focusing on health in the...
in Boston.
Before teaching at Harvard, Dr. Daniels was a celebrated medical ethicist at Tufts University
Tufts University
Tufts University is a private research university located in Medford/Somerville, near Boston, Massachusetts. It is organized into ten schools, including two undergraduate programs and eight graduate divisions, on four campuses in Massachusetts and on the eastern border of France...
in Medford, Massachusetts
Medford, Massachusetts
Medford is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States, on the Mystic River, five miles northwest of downtown Boston. In the 2010 U.S. Census, Medford's population was 56,173...
.
Education
- 1970 - Harvard UniversityHarvard UniversityHarvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
, Ph.D. (Philosophy) - 1966 - Balliol College, OxfordOxfordThe city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...
, B.A.(M.A.) (Philosophy and Psychology) - 1964 - Wesleyan UniversityWesleyan UniversityWesleyan University is a private liberal arts college founded in 1831 and located in Middletown, Connecticut. According to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Wesleyan is the only Baccalaureate College in the nation that emphasizes undergraduate instruction in the arts and...
, A.B. (English)
Publications
Books:- Thomas Reid's`Inquiry': the Geometry of Visibles and the Case for Realism (1974; Stanford, 1989)
- Reading Rawls (1975; Stanford, 1989)
- Just Health Care (Cambridge, 1985)
- Am I My Parents' Keeper? An Essay on Justice Between the Young and the Old (Oxford, 1988)
- Seeking Fair Treatment: From the AIDS Epidemic to National Health Care Reform Oxford, 1995)
- Justice and Justification: Reflective Equilibrium in Theory and Practice (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
- (with Donald Light and Ronald Caplan) Benchmarks of Fairness for Health Care Reform (Oxford, 1996)
- (with Allen BuchananAllen BuchananAllen Buchanan is the James B. Duke Professor of philosophy at Duke University. He received his PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1975. He taught at the University of Arizona, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the University of Minnesota before joining Duke's...
, Dan Brock, and Dan WiklerDan WiklerDaniel I. Wikler is currently in the of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. He is a core faculty member in the . His current research interests are ethical issues in population and international health, including , health research involving human subjects, organ transplant ethics,...
http://books.google.com/books?id=mj0JsDKE1poC&dq=%22from+chance+to+choice+genetics+and+justice%22&pg=PP1&ots=l75YcmD3RL&sig=s3-v0rJzczdfACBjwNKPg2cL4L4&hl=en&prev=http://www.google.com/search?q=%22From+Chance+to+Choice:+Genetics+and+Justice%22&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice]. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66977-4. (Cambridge, 2000) - (with Bruce Kennedy and Ichiro KawachiUnnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick?Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick? is a four-hour documentary series, broadcast nationally on PBS in spring 2008, that examines the role of social determinants of health in creating health inequalities/health disparities in the United States...
) Is Inequality Bad for Our Health? (Beacon Press, 2000) - (with James Sabin) Setting Limits Fairly: Can We Learn to Share Medical Resources? (Oxford, 2002;2nd ed., 2008)
- Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly (Cambridge, 2008).
Recent Journal Articles, Chapters, and Editorials:
- Daniels, N. Justice, Health and Health Care. American Journal of Bioethics 2001 1:2:3-15.
- Daniels, N., Kennedy, B., Kawachi, I. Justice, Health, and Health Policy. In Danis M, Clancy C, (eds.) Integrating Ethics and Health Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Daniels, N.,Teagarden, R., and Sabin, J., An Ethical Template for Pharmacy Benefits. Health Affairs, January/February 2003; 22:1:125-137.
- Daniels, N. Chevron v Echazabal: Protection, Opportunity, and Paternalism. American Journal of Public Health, April 2003; 93:4:545-549.
- Daniels, N. Democratic Equality: Rawls?s Complex Egalitarianism. In Freeman, S (ed.) pp. 241–277 The Cambridge Companion to Rawls. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
- Daniels, N. The Functions of Insurance and the Fairness of Genetic Underwriting. In Rothstein, M.A. (ed). Genetics and Life Insurance: Medical Underwriting and Social Policy. Cambrdige MA: MIT Press, 2004, pp. 119–145.
- Daniels, N. Accountability for Reasonable Limits to Care. In Mechanic D, Rogut L, Colby D, and Knickman J. (eds). Policy Challenges in Modern Health Care. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005: 228-248.
- Kawachi, I., Daniels N, Robinson, D. Health Disparities by Race and Class: Why Both Matter. Health Affairs. 2005; Mar/April 343-42.
- Daniels, N., Flores, W., Ndumbe, P., Pannarunothai, S., Bryant, J., Ngulube, T.J., Wang, Y. An Evidence-Based Approach to Benchmarking the Fairness of Health Sector Reform in Develping Countries. Bulletin of WHO;July 2005:83:7:534-39.
- Daniels, N. Toward an Ethical Review of Health System Transformations. American Journal of Public Health. 2006; 96:3:447-51.
- Daniels, N., and Rosenthal, M., Consumer Driven Health Plans: Toward Ethical Review of a Social Experiment and the Responsibilities of Employers. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law. 2006; 31:3:671-85.
- Daniels, N., Kennedy B., Kawachi, I. Social Determinants of Health Inequalities: Why Justice is Good for Our Health. In Anand S, Peter F, Sen AK. (eds.) Public Health, Ethics, and Equity, Oxford University Press.
- Daniels N. Equity and Population Health: Toward a Broader Bioethics Agenda. Hastings Center Report. 2006; 36:4 22-35.
- Wharam JF. and Daniels, N. Toward Evidence-Based Policy Making and Standardized Assessment of Health Policy Reform. JAMA. 2007. 298:6: 676-9.
- Gruskin, S. and Daniels N. Process is the Point: Justice and Human Rights: Priority Setting and Fair Deliberative Process, American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Sep;98(9):1573-7.
- Daniels N. Justice Between Adjacent Generations: Further Thoughts. Journal of Political Theory (2008; in press)
- Daniels N, and Sabin JE. Accountability for Reasonable Priority Setting. BMJ. Oct 9 2008;9:337:a1850.
- Neumann PJ, Palmer JA, Daniels N, Quigley K, Gold MR, Chao S. A Strategic Plan for Integrating Cost-effectiveness Analysis into the US Healthcare System. Panel on Integrating Cost-Effectiveness Considerations into Health Policy Decisions. Am J Manag Care. 2008 Apr; 14(4):185-8.
- Daniels, N. Can anyone really be talking about ethically modifying human nature? In Sevalescu, J, Bostrom N. Human Enhancement. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008; (in press).
- Daniels, N. Reasonableness in Health Policy. Oxford Textbook of Medicine. (in press)
- Daniels, N. Another Voice: Rescuing Universal Health Care. Hastings Center Report. (in press)
- Daniels, N. Rose, S., and Zide, E.D., Disability, Adaptation, and Inclusion. In Disability and Disadvantage: Re-examining Topics in Moral and Political Philosophy, Kimberley Brownlee and Adam Cureton (eds), New York: Oxford University Press (in press).
- Daniels, N. Capabilities, Opportunity, and Health. In Ingrid Robeyns and Harry Brighouse (eds) Measuring Justice: Primary Goods and Capabilities (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming in 2009 but possibly in 2008
- Daniels, N. International Health Inequalities and Global Justice. In International Public Health Policy And Ethics, ed. Michael Boylan (Dordrecht, NE: Springer, 2009), pp. 109–130.
- Daniels, N. Social and Individual Responsibility for health. in Carl Knight and Zofia Stemplowska (eds), Distributive Justice and Responsibility (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 20XX).
- Daniels N, and Roberts M. Ethics and Healthcare Reform. Hastings Center Briefing Book
- Sabin JE, and Daniels N. Allocation of Mental Health Resources. In Psychiatric Ethics, Sidney Bloch and Stephen A. Green (eds) (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 111–126.
- Daniels N. Broken Promises: Business-Friendly Strategies That Frustrate Just Health Care. In Denis G. Arnold, ed., Ethics and the Business of Biomedicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009), pp. 35–62.
- Daniels N, Saloner, B, and Gelpi, AH. Access, Cost, and Financing: Achieving An Ethical health Reform. Health Affairs Web Exclusive. 18 August 2009.
Research
Ongoing Research Interests
- Moral Epistemology:
A recent outline of his thinking on the issue of 'justification' in ethics can be found in the entry on 'reflective equilibrium' Stanford Philosophy Encyclopedia. The on-line edition of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2003, makes all of this available freely.
In his book Justice and Justification (CUP, 1996), a full collection of his papers on the topic can be found.
- Theory of Justice:
In recent years, Dr. Daniels has been working on contrasting the complex form of egalitarianism represented by Rawls's work and other more recent work in egalitarian theory. His "Democratic Equality: Rawls's Complex Egalitarianism" in Sam Freeman (ed) Cambridge Companion to Rawls (2003) is a recent treatment of this issue. Dr. Daniels believes that a principled account of justice in John Rawls's work requires the work (described below) on a fair, deliberative process for setting limits to health care (and for other resource allocation or rationing efforts) as a legislative and regulatory supplement.
- Justice and Health:
Applying a broadly consistent theory of justice to issues surrounding health and society - Dr. Daniels recently completed a sequel to his 1985 book Just Health Care, Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly (Cambridge University Press, 2008). He now adds a broader vision of the socially controllable factors that affect population health and its distribution to his original attempt to say why health care is of special moral importance because of its connection to protecting opportunities for individuals. This permits an answer to the question, when are health inequalities unjust? He argues that Rawls's principles of justice as fairness capture the central social determinants of health: conforming with them would flatten social gradients of health as much as we can reasonably expect. Just Health integrates the account of fair deliberative process, accountability for reasonableness, with the rest of the theory as a way of answering the question, "How can we meet needs fairly when we cannot meet them all." The book also has chapters on justice between age groups, health system reform, social
experiments on populations, fair process in patient selection for AIDS treatments, occupational health, professionalism, reducing health disparities, human rights and priority setting, and international health inequalities.
- Setting Limits Fairly:
Together with Jim Sabin, Dr. Daniels published Setting Limits Fairly: Can We Learn to Share Medical Resources? (OUP, 2002). A second edition of that book is now out in paperback: Setting
Limits Fairly: Learning to Share Resources for Health (OUP, 2008). They are also doing ongoing work on this topic with collaborators in Canada, the United Kingdom, Norway, and elsewhere where fair process, specifically "accountability for reasonableness," has emerged as the key to priority and limit setting in universal coverage systems.
In the US, they continue to work on pharmacy benefits (see our discussion of an "ethical template" in Health Affairs, Jan-Feb 2002) and on independent review of insurance denials. Daniels recently applied these ideas to patient selection in the WHO program to deliver three million ARTs
by 2005. He worked with the Mexican Ministry of Health to develop a fair process for deciding on additions to the catastrophic insurance plan included in Mexico's new Segura Popular and is continuing work to extend that process for use in other parts of the Mexican health system. A case study on the Mexican work is available on request.
An application of accountability for reasonableness to human rights approach to health is described in Gruskin and Daniels, Justice and Human Rights: Priority Setting and Fair Deliberative Process, American Journal of Public Health, 2008; 98:9.
- Justice and Intergenerational Equity:
Dr. Daniels has revisited some of the issues involved in his previous work on justice between age groups in Am I My Parents' Keeper? An Essay on Justice Between the Young and the Old (New York: Oxford, 1988) in "Justice Between Adjacent Generations: Further Thoughts" Journal of Political Philosophy (2008, in press).
- Ethics and Health Sector Reform (Benchmarks of Fairness):
Domestic:
Dr. Daniels is interested in issues of access to the US system, especially disparities that contribute to health disparities, and participated on the subcommittee on social costs of the recent IOM publication on uninsurance in the US. Recently he coauthored an article on ethical issues in U.S. health reform with Marc Roberts that will appeal in a "briefing book" on election issues being published by the Hastings Center (in press).
Global:
Together with collaborators in a dozen countries on three continents, Dr. Daniels is working to demonstrate the utility of an evidence-based policy tool for evaluating the fairness - the equity,
accountability, and efficiency - of health sector reforms in developing countries and to improve capacity in those countries to carry out research on the fairness of reform activities. Together with collaborators from Cameroon, Thailand, and Guatemala, he presented some recent results at the November 2003 APHA meeting in San Francisco. The current work, reported on most recently in the Bulletin of WHO in 2005, is an attempt to develop country-specific adaptations of the generic benchmarks reported on in the Bulletin of WHO in June 2000. The application of that approach as a method of providing ethical evaluation of health sector reforms, viewed as "social experiments," is described in the American Journal of Public Health in 2006. Work on this approach is ongoing in the Philippines, Guatemala, Brazil, and Colombia.
Professional Affiliations
- Formerly Goldthwaite Professor and Chair of the Philosophy Department at Tufts UniversityTufts UniversityTufts University is a private research university located in Medford/Somerville, near Boston, Massachusetts. It is organized into ten schools, including two undergraduate programs and eight graduate divisions, on four campuses in Massachusetts and on the eastern border of France...
and Professor of Medical Ethics at Tufts Medical School, 1969–2002 - Fellow of the Hastings CenterHastings CenterThe Hastings Center, founded in 1969, is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit bioethics research institute based in the United States. It is dedicated to the examination of essential questions in health care, biotechnology, and the environment...
- Member of the Institute of Medicine
- Founding Member of the National Academy of Social Insurance
- Member of the International Society for Equity in Health
- Medicare Coverage Advisory Commission
- Advisory Board of the CIHR-Institute of Population and Public Health (Fall 2009- )
- Ethics Advisory Board of the CDC (Fall 2009 - Fall 2012)
External links
- HSPH Faculty Site for Prof. Norm Daniels
- Publications of Prof. Norm Daniels
- 'Norman Daniels Symposium' lectures/papers presented published in the Journal of Medical Ethics (January 2009, Volume 35, Number 1), published by British Medical Journal and the Institute of Medical Ethics
See also
- American philosophyAmerican philosophyAmerican philosophy is the philosophical activity or output of Americans, both within the United States and abroad. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while American philosophy lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and...
- List of American philosophers
Ethics Topics
- BioethicsBioethicsBioethics is the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in biology and medicine. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, and philosophy....
- Liberal EugenicsLiberal eugenicsLiberal eugenics is an ideology which advocates the use of reproductive and genetic technologies where the choice of enhancing human characteristics and capacities is left to the individual preferences of parents acting as consumers, rather than the public health policies of the state.-History:The...
- Medical EthicsMedical ethicsMedical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine. As a scholarly discipline, medical ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology, and sociology.-History:Historically,...
- EthicsEthicsEthics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime, etc.Major branches of ethics include:...
Collaborating Authors
- Allen BuchananAllen BuchananAllen Buchanan is the James B. Duke Professor of philosophy at Duke University. He received his PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1975. He taught at the University of Arizona, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the University of Minnesota before joining Duke's...
of Duke - Dan Brock of HMS
- Dan WiklerDan WiklerDaniel I. Wikler is currently in the of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. He is a core faculty member in the . His current research interests are ethical issues in population and international health, including , health research involving human subjects, organ transplant ethics,...
of HSPH
Institutions
- Harvard Medical Schools's DME
- Harvard University's PEH
- Institute of MedicineInstitute of MedicineThe Institute of Medicine is a not-for-profit, non-governmental American organization founded in 1970, under the congressional charter of the National Academy of Sciences...
- Harvard Medical Schools's Department of Global Health and Social Medicine
- HSPH Research Ethics Map
News
- Google News Search for Norm Daniels, Harvard Ethicist
- Google Search for Norman Daniels, Harvard Ethicist
Multimedia with Norm Daniels
- A Conversation about Justice, Health Care Ethics, and Reflective Equilibrium. Lawrence M. Hinman of University of San Diego interviews Professor Norman Daniels (while he was at Tufts University) on March 31, 2001
- Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick?Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick?Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick? is a four-hour documentary series, broadcast nationally on PBS in spring 2008, that examines the role of social determinants of health in creating health inequalities/health disparities in the United States...
, a four-hour documentaryDocumentary filmDocumentary films constitute a broad category of nonfictional motion pictures intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction or maintaining a historical record...
series, broadcast nationally on PBSPublic Broadcasting ServiceThe Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcasting television network with 354 member TV stations in the United States which hold collective ownership. Its headquarters is in Arlington, Virginia....
in spring 2008, that examines the role of social determinants of healthSocial determinants of healthSocial determinants of health are the economic and social conditions under which people live which determine their health. They are "societal risk conditions", rather than individual risk factors that either increase or decrease the risk for a disease, for example for cardiovascular disease and...
in creating health inequities (also known as health inequalities or health disparitiesHealth disparitiesHealth equity refers to the study of differences in the quality of health and health care across different populations....
) in the United States.
Also
- Ezekiel J. EmanuelEzekiel J. EmanuelEzekiel "Zeke" Jonathan Emanuel M.D. Ph.D. is an American bioethicist and fellow at the nonprofit bioethics research institute The Hastings Center. He opposes legalized euthanasia, sometimes called state-assisted suicide, and is a proponent of a voucher-based universal health care...
of NIHNational Institutes of HealthThe National Institutes of Health are an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and are the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. Its science and engineering counterpart is the National Science Foundation...