Neutron facilities
Encyclopedia
A neutron research facility is a big laboratory operating a large-scale neutron source
Neutron source
A Neutron source is a device that emits neutrons. There is a wide variety of different sources, ranging from hand-held radioactive sources to neutron research facilities operating research reactors and spallation sources...

 that provides thermal neutrons to a suite of research instruments.

The neutron source is either a research reactor
Research reactor
Research reactors are nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a neutron source. They are also called non-power reactors, in contrast to power reactors that are used for electricity production, heat generation, or maritime propulsion.-Purpose:...

 or a spallation
Spallation
In general, spallation is a process in which fragments of material are ejected from a body due to impact or stress. In the context of impact mechanics it describes ejection or vaporization of material from a target during impact by a projectile...

 source.

Research practice

Science with research is an interesting hybrid of big science
Big Science
Big Science is a term used by scientists and historians of science to describe a series of changes in science which occurred in industrial nations during and after World War II, as scientific progress increasingly came to rely on large-scale projects usually funded by national governments or groups...

and small science: While major facilites are big laboratories with some 100 employees, the science at the individual instruments is typically done by small working groups.

List of neutron facilities

The following list is intended to be exhaustive and to cover active facilities as well as those that are shut down.

Australia
  • ANSTO-HIFAR
    HIFAR
    High Flux Australian Reactor was Australia's first nuclear reactor. It was built at the Australian Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment at Lucas Heights....

     Reactor, Sydney
    Sydney
    Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...

  • OPAL
    OPAL
    OPAL is a 20 megawatt pool-type nuclear research reactor that was officially opened on 20 April 2007 at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Research Establishment at Lucas Heights, located in South Sydney, Australia.The main reactor uses are:* Irradiation of target...



Canada
  • Chalk River Laboratories
    Chalk River Laboratories
    The Chalk River Laboratories is a Canadian nuclear research facility located near Chalk River, about north-west of Ottawa in the province of Ontario.CRL is a site of major research and development to support and advance nuclear technology, in particular CANDU reactor...

  • Canadian Neutron Facility
    Canadian Neutron Beam Centre
    The NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre is Canada's national centre for materials research using neutrons, and is one of the Chalk River Laboratories. Neutrons are a unique and versatile tool for research in materials of all kinds. This field of science is known as neutron scattering....



Denmark
  • Risø (reactors 1958-2000)


England
  • DIDO
  • ISIS
    ISIS neutron source
    ISIS is a pulsed neutron and muon source. It is situated at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory on the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom and is part of the Science and Technology Facilities Council...

     Spallation Source, Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, Oxford
    Oxford
    The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...



France
  • ILL - Institut Laue–Langevin (1972-) http://www.ill.eu
  • LLB - Laboratoire Léon Brillouin at CEA Saclay


Germany
  • FRM I - Technical University, Garching (1957–2000)
  • FRM II - Technical University, Garching (2004-)
  • FRJ-2 at Forschungszentrum Jülich (1962–2006)
  • Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (2005-), a virtual facility that operates instruments at other facilities (FRM II, ILL, SNS) http://www.fz-juelich.de/jcns
  • FRG-1 - GKSS, Geesthacht near Hamburg
    Hamburg
    -History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...

     (1958-2010)
  • Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
    The Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin for Materials and Energy is a research centre and part of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres. The institute carries out research into the structure and dynamics of novel materials and also investigates solar cell technology.Several large scale...

    , formerly HMI - Hahn-Meitner-Institut


Hungary
  • KFKI Research Institutes, Budapest
    Budapest
    Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645 due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter...



India
  • Dhruva, CIRUS and Apsara: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
    Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
    The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre is India's primary nuclear research facility based in Mumbai. It has a number of nuclear reactors, all of which are used for India's nuclear power and research programme.- History :...

    , Mumbai
    Mumbai
    Mumbai , formerly known as Bombay in English, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million...

  • KAMINI
    KAMINI
    KAMINI is a research reactor at Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research in Kalpakkam, India. Its first criticality was on October 29, 1996...



Japan
  • JAERI - Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
    Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
    The Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute is a former semi-governmental organization that existed for the purpose of further nuclear power in Japan. It was created June 1956 by the Atomic Energy Basic Law...

  • KENS - High Energy Accelerator Organisation, KEK
  • KURRI - Research Reactor Institute (Kyoto)
  • JSNS - (part of the Japan proton accelerator research complex (J-PARC
    J-PARC
    J-PARC is a high intensity proton accelerator facility. It is a joint project between KEK and JAEA and is located at the Tokai campus of JAEA. J-PARC aims for the frontier in materials and life sciences, and nuclear and particle physics...

    )


Netherlands
  • IRI - Interfaculty Reactor Institute, Delft University of Technology
    Delft University of Technology
    Delft University of Technology , also known as TU Delft, is the largest and oldest Dutch public technical university, located in Delft, Netherlands...



Poland
  • Maria reactor
    Maria reactor
    The Maria reactor is Poland's second research nuclear reactor and the only one still in use. It is located at Świerk-Otwock, near Warsaw and named in honor of Maria Skłodowska-Curie...

     – POLATOM Instute of Nuclear Energy, Świerk-Otwock
    Otwock
    Otwock is a town in central Poland, some southeast of Warsaw, with 42,765 inhabitants . It is situated on the right bank of Vistula River below the mouth of Swider River. Otwock is home to a unique architectural style called Swidermajer....

  • Ewa reactor
    Ewa reactor
    The Ewa Reactor was Poland's first research nuclear reactor. Its name is derived from the first letters of the Polish words: Eksperymentalny , Wodny , and Atomowy as a reference to the Eve Curie....

     – POLATOM Instute of Nuclear Energy, Świerk-Otwock
    Otwock
    Otwock is a town in central Poland, some southeast of Warsaw, with 42,765 inhabitants . It is situated on the right bank of Vistula River below the mouth of Swider River. Otwock is home to a unique architectural style called Swidermajer....

     (1958–1995)


Russia
  • IBR Fast Pulsed Reactors (Dubna)
  • JINR - Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
    The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR , in Dubna, Moscow Oblast , Russia, is an international research centre for nuclear sciences, with 5500 staff members, 1200 researchers including 1000 Ph.D.s from eighteen member states The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR , in Dubna, Moscow...

    , Dubna
    Dubna
    Dubna is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It has a status of naukograd , being home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, an international nuclear physics research centre and one of the largest scientific foundations in the country. It is also home to MKB Raduga, a defence aerospace company...

  • Gatchina


Sweden
  • NFL - Studsvik Neutron Research Laboratory, Studsvik
    Studsvik
    Studsvik is a supplier of nuclear analysis software and specialised services to the international nuclear industry, with 60 years of experience. The company is headquartered in Nyköping, Sweden and has five divisions: Sweden, United Kingdom, Germany, the United States, and Global Services. There...

  • ESS - European Spallation Source
    European Spallation Source
    European Spallation Source is the name of a materials research facility for scientific research using the neutron scattering technique. The facility will be built in Lund, Sweden starting in 2013. The facility is expected to open in 2019 and will be fully operational in 2025...

     (project) http://www.esss.se


Switzerland
  • PSI - Paul Scherrer Institute
    Paul Scherrer Institute
    The Paul Scherrer Institute is a multi-disciplinary research institute which belongs to the Swiss ETH-Komplex covering also the ETH Zurich and EPFL...



United States
  • HFBR - High Flux Beam Reactor, Brookhaven (1965–1996)
  • IPNS - Intense Pulsed Neutron Source
    Intense Pulsed Neutron Source
    Intense Pulsed Neutron Source was a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory for neutron scattering research. The IPNS was the world's first pulsed neutron source open to external users and started operations in 1981. The facility ceased operation in January, 2008 after the omnibus...

    , Argonne National Laboratory
    Argonne National Laboratory
    Argonne National Laboratory is the first science and engineering research national laboratory in the United States, receiving this designation on July 1, 1946. It is the largest national laboratory by size and scope in the Midwest...

  • LANSCE - Los Alamos Neutron Science Center
    Los Alamos Neutron Science Center
    The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center , formerly known as the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility is one of the world's most powerful linear accelerators. It is located in Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico in Technical Area 53 . It was the most powerful linear accelerator in the world...

     (Los Alamos)
  • NIST - Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg near Washington D.C.
  • ORNL - High Flux Isotope Reactor
    High Flux Isotope Reactor
    The High Flux Isotope Reactor is a nuclear research reactor located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States...

    , Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    Oak Ridge National Laboratory is a multiprogram science and technology national laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by UT-Battelle. ORNL is the DOE's largest science and energy laboratory. ORNL is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near Knoxville...

  • SNS - Spallation Neutron Source
    Spallation Neutron Source
    The Spallation Neutron Source is an accelerator-based neutron source facility that provides the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development...

    , Oak Ridge (Tennessee)

External links

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