NACHT domain
Encyclopedia
The NACHT domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain
.
This NTPase domain is found in apoptosis
protein
s as well as those involved in MHC
transcription
.
The NACHT domain contains 300 to 400 amino acid
s. It is a predicted nucleoside-triphosphatase
(NTPase) domain, which is found in animal, fungal
and bacteria
l proteins. The NACHT domain has been named after NAIP, CIITA, HET-E and TP1. It is found in association with other domains, such as the CARD domain
, the pyrin domain
, the HEAT repeat domain
, the WD40 repeat
, the leucine-rich repeat
(LRR) or the BIR repeat .
The NACHT domain consists of seven distinct conserved motifs, including the ATP/GTPase specific P-loop, the Mg2+-binding site (Walker A and B motifs
, respectively) and five more specific motifs. The unique features of the NACHT domain include the prevalence of 'tiny' residues (glycine, alanine or serine) directly C-terminal of the Mg2+-coordinating aspartate in the Walker B motif, in place of a second acidic residue prevalent in other NTPases. A second acidic residue is typically found in the NACHT-containing proteins two positions downstream. Furthermore, the distal motif VII contains a conserved pattern of polar, aromatic and hydrophobic residues that is not seen in any other NTPase family.
Protein domain
A protein domain is a part of protein sequence and structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain. Each domain forms a compact three-dimensional structure and often can be independently stable and folded. Many proteins consist of several structural...
.
This NTPase domain is found in apoptosis
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...
protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
s as well as those involved in MHC
MHC
-Biology:*Myosin heavy chain - part of the motor protein myosin's quaternary protein structure*Major histocompatibility complex - a highly polymorphic region on chromosome 6 with genes particularly involved in immune functions-Colleges:...
transcription
Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes...
.
The NACHT domain contains 300 to 400 amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...
s. It is a predicted nucleoside-triphosphatase
Nucleoside-triphosphatase
In enzymology, a nucleoside-triphosphatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactionThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are NTP and H2O, whereas its two products are NDP and phosphate....
(NTPase) domain, which is found in animal, fungal
Fungus
A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds , as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria...
and bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals...
l proteins. The NACHT domain has been named after NAIP, CIITA, HET-E and TP1. It is found in association with other domains, such as the CARD domain
CARD domain
Caspase recruitment domains, or Caspase activation and recruitment domains , are interaction motifs found in a wide array of proteins, typically those involved in processes relating to inflammation and apoptosis. These domains mediate the formation of larger protein complexes via direct...
, the pyrin domain
Pyrin domain
A pyrin domain is a protein domain and a subclass of protein motif known as the death fold; it allows a pyrin domain containing protein to interact with other proteins that contain a pyrin domain...
, the HEAT repeat domain
Heat repeat domain
The HEAT repeat domain is a protein domain found in a number of cytoplasmic proteins including the four that the give rise to the acronym HEAT . HEAT repeats form a rod-like helical structures which are involved in intracellular transport....
, the WD40 repeat
WD40 repeat
The WD40 repeat is a short structural motif of approximately 40 amino acids , often terminating in a tryptophan-aspartic acid dipeptide...
, the leucine-rich repeat
Leucine-rich repeat
A leucine-rich repeat is a protein structural motif that forms an α/β horseshoe fold. It is composed of repeating 20–30 amino acid stretches that are unusually rich in the hydrophobic amino acid leucine...
(LRR) or the BIR repeat .
The NACHT domain consists of seven distinct conserved motifs, including the ATP/GTPase specific P-loop, the Mg2+-binding site (Walker A and B motifs
Walker motifs
The Walker A and Walker B motifs are protein sequence motifs. These were first reported in ATP-binding proteins by Walker and co-workers in 1982.-Walker A motif:...
, respectively) and five more specific motifs. The unique features of the NACHT domain include the prevalence of 'tiny' residues (glycine, alanine or serine) directly C-terminal of the Mg2+-coordinating aspartate in the Walker B motif, in place of a second acidic residue prevalent in other NTPases. A second acidic residue is typically found in the NACHT-containing proteins two positions downstream. Furthermore, the distal motif VII contains a conserved pattern of polar, aromatic and hydrophobic residues that is not seen in any other NTPase family.
Examples
Human proteins containing this domain include:- CIITACIITACIITA is a human gene which encodes a protein called the class II, major histocompatibility complex, transactivator. Mutations in this gene are responsible for the bare lymphocyte syndrome in which the immune system is severely compromised and cannot effectively fight infection...
- NAIP
- NLRC3NLRC3NLRC3, short for NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 3, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system. It was previously known as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and CARD domain containing 3 and CLR16.2. NLRC3 inhibits the activity...
, NLRC4NLRC4NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRC4 gene.-Interactions:NLRC4 has been shown to interact with caspase 1 and NOD2.-Further reading:...
, NLRC5NLRC5NLRC5, short for NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 5, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system. NLRC5 is a pattern recognition receptor implicated in innate immunity to viruses potentially by regulating interferon activity.In humans, the NLRC5 protein is... - NLRP1NLRP1NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP1 gene.-Interactions:NLRP1 has been shown to interact with caspase 9 and APAF1.-Further reading:...
, NLRP2NLRP2NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP2 gene.-Further reading:...
, NLRP3, NLRP4NLRP4NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP4 gene.-Further reading:...
, NLRP5NLRP5NLRP5, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 5, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in early embryogenesis. NLRP5 is also known as NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 5 , Mater protein homolog , PYPAF8, PAN11, and CLR19.8, and is one of 14 pyrin domain...
, NLRP6NLRP6NLRP6, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system. It is also known as NALP6, PYPAF5, PAN3, and CLR11.4, and is one of 14 pyrin domain containing members of the NOD-like receptor family of pattern recognition...
, NLRP7NLRP7NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP7 gene.- Function :NALPs are cytoplasmic proteins that form a subfamily within the larger CATERPILLER protein family...
, NLRP8NLRP8NLRP8, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 8, is an intracellular protein that is expressed in the ovaries, testes, and preimplantation embryos of mammals. It is also known as NALP8, NOD16, PAN4, and CLR19.2, and is one of 14 pyrin domain containing members of the NOD-like...
, NLRP9NLRP9NLRP9, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 9, is an intracellular protein that is expressed in the ovaries, testes, oocytes, and preimplantation embryos of mammals that is likely involved in reproductive processes...
, NLRP10NLRP10NLRP10, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 10, is an intracellular protein of mammals that functions in apoptosis and the immune system...
, NLRP11NLRP11NLRP11, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 11, is an intracellular protein of mammals. It is also known as NALP11, PYPAF6, NOD17, PAN10, and CLR19.6, and is one of 14 pyrin domain containing members of the NOD-like receptor family of cytoplasmic receptors. The function of...
, NLRP12NLRP12NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP12 gene.-Further reading:...
, NLRP13NLRP13NLRP13, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 13, is an intracellular protein of mammals. It is also known as NALP13, NOD14, PAN13, and CLR19.7, and is one of 14 pyrin domain containing members of the NOD-like receptor family of cytoplasmic receptors. The function of NLRP13...
, NLRP14NLRP14NLRP14, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 14, is an intracellular protein of mammals associated with a role in spermatogenesis. It is also known as NALP14, NOD5, GC-LRR, Nalp-iota, PAN8, and CLR11.2, and is one of 14 pyrin domain containing members of the NOD-like receptor...
, NLRX1NLRX1NLRX1 or NLR family member X1, short for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat containing X1, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system. It is also known as NOD-like receptor X1, NLR family, X1, NOD5, NOD9, and CLR11.3, and is a member of the... - NOD1NOD1Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 is a protein receptor that in humans is encoded by the NOD1 gene. It recognizes bacterial molecules and stimulates an immune reaction....
, NOD2NOD2Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 also known as caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 or inflammatory bowel disease protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOD2 gene located on chromosome 16. NOD2 plays an important role in the immune system... - NWD1NWD1NWD1, short for NACHT and WD repeat domain containing 1, is a gene found in vertebrates, which encodes a protein that contains a NACHT domain and a WD40 repeat domain. It was originally identified during a search for immune system genes in zebrafish as a protein coding sequence related to APAF1;...
- TEP1TEP1Telomerase protein component 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TEP1 gene.-Further reading:...