Murciano, more popularly known as panocho, is a variant of the Peninsular Spanish

Peninsular Spanish

Peninsular Spanish, also known as European Spanish, refers to the varieties of the Spanish language spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, as opposed to the Spanish spoken in the Americas and in the Canary Islands....

, spoken mainly in autonomous region of Murcia

Region of Murcia

The Region of Murcia is an autonomous community of Spain located in the southeast of the country, between Andalusia and Valencian Community, on the Mediterranean coast....

 and the adjacent Comarca of Vega Baja del Segura

Vega Baja del Segura

Vega Baja del Segura is a comarca in the province of Alicante, Valencian Community, Spain.To the North its neighbouring comarcas are the Baix Vinalopó and Vinalopó Mitjà...

 in the province of Alicante (especially in the rural areas) on the Mediterranean

Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Anatolia and Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant...

 coast.

It is considered a southern dialect of the Spanish language

Spanish language

Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...

, with influences from the Todmir dialect and from the Aragonese

Aragonese language

Aragonese is a Romance language now spoken in a number of local varieties by between 10,000 and 30,000 people over the valleys of the Aragón River, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in Aragon, Spain...

 and Catalan language

Catalan language

Catalan is a Romance language, the national and only official language of Andorra and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencian Community, where it is known as Valencian , as well as in the city of Alghero, on the Italian island...

s.

History

Murcian is a dialect emerged from the mixture of several linguistics varieties that joined in the Kingdom of Murcia  after the conquest of the Crown of Aragon

Crown of Aragon

The Crown of Aragon Corona d'Aragón Corona d'Aragó Corona Aragonum controlling a large portion of the present-day eastern Spain and southeastern France, as well as some of the major islands and mainland possessions stretching across the Mediterranean as far as Greece...

 and the Crown of Castile

Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile was a medieval and modern state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then King Ferdinand III of Castile to the vacant Leonese throne...

 between 13th and 14th centuries: these linguistics varieties were mainly Todmir´s Romance

Romance languages

The Romance languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, more precisely of the Italic languages subfamily, comprising all the languages that descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of ancient Rome...

, Arabic, Ancient Castilian

Castilian

Castilian may refer to:* Alternative name for the Spanish language .* Something related to the Crown of Castile, a former state in present-day Spain...

, Catalan

Catalan language

Catalan is a Romance language, the national and only official language of Andorra and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencian Community, where it is known as Valencian , as well as in the city of Alghero, on the Italian island...

, Aragonese

Aragonese language

Aragonese is a Romance language now spoken in a number of local varieties by between 10,000 and 30,000 people over the valleys of the Aragón River, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in Aragon, Spain...

 and Provençal

Provençal

Provençal may refer to:*Provençal, meaning "of Provence", a region of France*Provençal dialect, a dialect of the Occitan language, spoken in the south-east of France*Provençal, meaning the whole Occitan language...

.

This dialect is an Iberian Romance language with different linguistic elements from Prerroman and Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...

 substrates and also Todmir´s Romance

Romance

Romance or romantic may refer to:* Romance languages, a family of languages originating in south-western Europe.* Romance , a genre of medieval and renaissance narrative fiction* Romance , a type of ballad or lyrical song...

 substrate as well as Arabic, Aragonese

Aragonese language

Aragonese is a Romance language now spoken in a number of local varieties by between 10,000 and 30,000 people over the valleys of the Aragón River, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in Aragon, Spain...

, Occitan and Provençal

Provençal

Provençal may refer to:*Provençal, meaning "of Provence", a region of France*Provençal dialect, a dialect of the Occitan language, spoken in the south-east of France*Provençal, meaning the whole Occitan language...

, Catalan

Catalan language

Catalan is a Romance language, the national and only official language of Andorra and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencian Community, where it is known as Valencian , as well as in the city of Alghero, on the Italian island...

 and Valencian

Valencian

Valencian is the traditional and official name of the Catalan language in the Valencian Community. There are dialectical differences from standard Catalan, and under the Valencian Statute of Autonomy, the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua has been established as its regulator...

 and Ancient Castilian

Castilian

Castilian may refer to:* Alternative name for the Spanish language .* Something related to the Crown of Castile, a former state in present-day Spain...

, and in the modern age French

French language

French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...

 and also Caló

Calo

Calo, Caló, or Calò may refer to:* Caló language, the language of the Iberian Romani**Iberian Kale :***Romani people in Spain, more frequently called gitanos***Romani people in Portugal, more frequently called ciganos...

.

It is considered an endangered language

Endangered language

An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use. If it loses all its native speakers, it becomes a dead language. If eventually no one speaks the language at all it becomes an "extinct language"....

.

Study

There are a huge amount of works on Murcian Spanish:

• Alberto Sevilla. Vocabulario Murciano
• Garcia Soriano. Vocabulario del Dialecto Murciano
• García Cotorruelo-Emilia. Estudio sobre el habla de Cartagena y su comarca.
• Molina Fernandez, Patricio. Parablero Murciano.
• Muñoz Cortés-Manuel. El habla de la Huerta.
• Aguilar Gil, Pedro. Raíces, habla y costumbres de los huertanos. A.A.V.V. Torrealta. Molina. 1999.
• Álvar López, Manuel. Estudios sobre las hablas meridionales. Universidad de Granada. Granada. 2004.
• Álvar López, Manuel. Las hablas meridionales de España y su interés para la lingüística comparada. Atlas Lingüístico de Andalucía, Tomo 1, nº. 2. Universidad de Granada. Granada. 1956.
• Diez de Revenga, Francisco Javier y De Paco, Mariano. Historia de la literatura murciana. Editora Regional. Murcia. 1989.
• Ibarra Lario, Antonia. Materiales para el conocimiento del habla de Lorca y su comarca. Universidad de Murcia. Murcia. 1996.

Dialectal features

The Murcian dialectal features differ among areas, villages, social classes and individuals in accordance with the communicative situation in which they are involved, this is because of the influence of standard rule. This dialect has similarities and differences with Spanish, Aragonese, Catalan and Valencian languages.

Vowels

As Eastern Andalusian dialects, Murcian has 5 tense vowels (roughly the same as Castilian Spanish); [a], [e̞], [i], [o̞], [u] and 5 open vowels; [æ̞], [ɛ], [i̞], [ɔ], [u̞]. Vowels are lowered when in contact with an omitted /s/, /θ/ and /x/ in the coda, additionally a vowel harmony

Vowel harmony

Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels that occurs in some languages. In languages with vowel harmony, there are constraints on which vowels may be found near each other....

 process may take place; e.g. la casa [la ˈkasa] ("the house") vs las casas [læ̞ ˈkæ̞sæ̞] ("the houses").

Consonants

In this dialect we can find linguistic phenomena that are (or were) usual in other linguistic varieties (Aragonese, Mozarabic, Catalan, Valencian, Andalusian, etc.).

• The frequent preservation of voiceless intervocalic consonants or a voiceless consonants were it has to be a voice one: cocote (cogote in Spanish), cocotazo, cancro (cangrejo in Spanish), parata, sermonata (sermonada), atoba (adobe), acachar, alcayata, engangrenar, cangrena, pescatero, pinato (pino joven), gayato (cayado), falluto (huero), capolar, Caputa (Paraje en Mula), caparra (garrapata), capítulo (cabildo), súpito (súbito), molata, La Mulata, escorrata, pescatero, Ficaria (Paraje en Blanca), poyata (Lorca), volandero, etc.
• Frequent voicing of voiceless consonants: gambusino (campesino), morga (morca), alhábega (albahaca), chiguito (chiquito), regüestar (recostar), bambulla (lat. ampulla), etc.
• The frequent preservation of Latin group kl: clamar, 'llamar' and also "pl" (plantaje, El Plan).
• The frequent preservation of Latin group fl: flama (llama, calor), flamante (llameante), flamar, suflama y soflama, inflar, infleta, botinflar, botinflao...
• The frequent maintenance of Latin /f/ in its original form (Fenazar, fenás, vafada, fito a fito, manifacero, ferrija, Ficaria, figue, etc) or aspirated (it's always aspirated before /u/ like in huerte, huerza, huente, humar, humo, conhundir, etc; it is maintained in certain cases before /o/ like in hormar, hondo, hongo, hopo, etc; and also before /a/ like in haldar, hambre, etc.
• Presence of intervocalic consonantic group -ns-: ansa, nansa, pansa, pansir, pansío, suspensar, ansín y ansina...
• Consonantal change between voiceless /k/ and /t/: La Rápita or La Rápica, tavacote (cavacote), tápena (caparis), friolenco, cantamusa, a tatas (a catas < a gatas), chito (chico, en Cieza), etc.
• Change from b to m-: mandurria, Menjú (Abenhud), meneno, comenencia, moñiga, camota (cabota), etc..

Evolution of certain consonantic groups

• /bd /> /dd/ (Abdón > Addón)
• /bj /> /jj /> /j/ (objetivo > ojjetivo > ojetivo)
• /bs /> /ss /> /s/ (absorver > assorver > asorver)
• /bt /> /tt/ (obtener > ottener)
• /cc /> /zc /> /c/ (lección> lición; producción > predución)
• /cn /> /n·n/ (tecnología > ten·nología)
• /ct /> /tt/ (exacto > esatto)
• /ct /> /tt /> /t/ (doctrina > dottrina > dotrina)
• /dc /> /cc/ (adquirir > acquirir)
• /df /> /ff/ (adfirmar > affirmar)
• /dj /> /jj/ (adjetivo > ajjetivo; adjuntar > ajuntar)
• /dm /> /m/ (admirar > amirar)
• /dv /> /vv/ (adverbio > avverbio)
• /ft /> tt/ (difteria > ditteria)
• /gd /> /dd /> /d/ (Magdalena > Maddalena > Madalena)
• /gl /> /l/ (iglesia > ilesia)
• /gm /> /m·m/ (magma > mam·ma)
• /gn /> /nn /> /n/ (indigno > indin·no > indino)
• /lr /> /rr/ (arreor)
• /mn /> /n·n/ (columna > colun·na)
• /nm /> /m·m/ (inmenso > im·menso)
• /nv /> /nf/ (enviscar > enfiscar; enblanquecío > enflanquecío)
• /pn /> /n·n/ (apnea > an·nea)
• /ps /> /pp/ (epsilón > es·silón; epilepsia > epiles·sia)
• /pt /> /tt/ (septenil > setenil; aptitud > attitú)
• /pz /> /pp/ (Leipzip > Leiz·zih)
• /sb /> /ff /> /f/ (esbordar > effordar > efordar)
• /sc /> /cc/ (escapar > eccapar)
• /sd /> /zz/ (los dientes > loz-zientes)
• /sf /> /ff /> /f/ (esbaratar > effaratar > efaratar)
• /sg /> /jj /> /j/ (esgarrar > ejjarrar > ejarrar)
• /sj /> /jj/ (esjargolar > ejjargolar)
• /sl /> /l·l/ (eslomar > el·lomar; isla > il·la)
• /sm /> /m·m/ (mesmo > mem·mo; golisma > golim·ma)
• /sn /> /n·n /> /n/ (fresno > fren·no > freno)
• /sp /> /pp/ (asperar > apperar)
• /sr /> /r·r/ (esroñar > er·roñar; Israel > Ir·rael)
• /st /> /tt/ (castaña> cattaña)
• /sv /> /ff/ (esvarar > effarar > efarar)
• /rl /> /l·l/ (Carlos > Cal·los)
• /rn /> /n·n/ (carne > can·ne)
• /rm /> /m·m/ (hermano > hem·mano)
• /rs /> /s·s/ (comerse > comes·se)
• /tl /> /l·l/ (Atlántico > Al·lántico)
• /tn /> /n·n/ (etnología > en·nología)
• /vg /> /gg/ (Novgorod > Noggorod)
• /xf /> /ff/ (Oxford > Offor)
• /zc /> /cc/ (bizcocho > biccocho)
• /zg /> /jj /> /j/ (mayorazgo > mayorajjo > mayorajo)
• /zl /> /l·l/ (hazlo > hal·lo)
• /zn /> /n·n/ (biznaga > bin·naga)