Mukhammas
Encyclopedia
Mukhammas refers to a type of Persian
or Urdu
cinquain
or pentastich
with Sufi connections based on a pentameter
.
It is one of the more popular verse forms in Tajik Badakhshan, occurring both in madoh and in other performance-genres.
s and a hemistich
in monorhyme
, the fifth line being the “bob” or burden: each succeeding stanza affects a new rhyme, except in the fifth line, e.g., aaaab + ccccb + ddddb and so forth.
Every stanza
of a mukhammas includes five lines.
and his companions but other themes also occur.
Poets who have written the mukhammas in other languages include:
The sunset fades, the world grows cold and grey;
Across the plain the length'ning shadows play;
“O tentsman, haste, and strike the tents, I pray!
The caravan's already under way.”
In haste the travellers together come;
"Some all unready, long expectant some;
Their voices rise like swarming bee-hive's hum;
“The drummer sounds already the first drum;
Their loads the drivers on the camels lay.”
Another bilingual example of Ram Prasad Bismil
in Urdu and English
Persian literature
Persian literature spans two-and-a-half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources have been within historical Persia including present-day Iran as well as regions of Central Asia where the Persian language has historically been the national language...
or Urdu
Urdu poetry
Urdu poetry is a rich tradition of poetry and has many different types and forms. Borrowing much from the Persian language, it is today an important part of Pakistani and North Indian culture....
cinquain
Cinquain
Cinquain is a class of poetic forms that employ a 5-line pattern. Earlier used to describe any five-line form, it now refers to one of several forms that are defined by specific rules and guidelines.-Crapsey cinquain:...
or pentastich
Quintain (poetry)
Quintain means any poetic form containing 5 lines such as tanka, cinquain, and limerick.- Example : All, all a-lonely: Three little children sitting on the sand, All, all a-lonely, Three little children sitting in the sand, All, all a-lonely...
with Sufi connections based on a pentameter
Pentameter
Pentameter may refer to:*the iambic pentameter of the modern period*the dactylic pentameter of antiquity...
.
It is one of the more popular verse forms in Tajik Badakhshan, occurring both in madoh and in other performance-genres.
Details of the form
The mukhammas represents a stanza of two distichCouplet
A couplet is a pair of lines of meter in poetry. It usually consists of two lines that rhyme and have the same meter.While traditionally couplets rhyme, not all do. A poem may use white space to mark out couplets if they do not rhyme. Couplets with a meter of iambic pentameter are called heroic...
s and a hemistich
Hemistich
A hemistich is a half-line of verse, followed and preceded by a caesura, that makes up a single overall prosodic or verse unit. In Classical poetry, the hemistich is generally confined to drama. In Greek tragedy, characters exchanging clipped dialogue to suggest rapidity and drama would speak in...
in monorhyme
Monorhyme
Monorhyme is a rhyme scheme in which each line has an identical rhyme. This is common in Arabic, Latin, and Welsh works, such as The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, e.g. Qasida and its derivative Kafi. Monorhyme is also used in the third verse of American rapper Jay-Z's song Already Home....
, the fifth line being the “bob” or burden: each succeeding stanza affects a new rhyme, except in the fifth line, e.g., aaaab + ccccb + ddddb and so forth.
Every stanza
Stanza
In poetry, a stanza is a unit within a larger poem. In modern poetry, the term is often equivalent with strophe; in popular vocal music, a stanza is typically referred to as a "verse"...
of a mukhammas includes five lines.
- In the first stanza, all five lines rhyme.
- In the later stanzas, the first four lines rhyme, but the fifth line breaks the rhyme. It can be repeated, or else its rhyme can be that of the first stanza.
Themes
A recurrent theme of the mukhammas is praise of Imam AliAli
' |Ramaḍān]], 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661).His father's name was Abu Talib. Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and ruled over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661, and was the first male convert to Islam...
and his companions but other themes also occur.
Poets
Many Urdu poets have contributed to the mukhammas. The important among them include:- Mirza GhalibMirza GhalibDabir-ul-Mulk, Najm-ud-Daula Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan , pen-name Ghalib and Asad , was a classical Urdu and Persian poet from India during British colonial rule...
- Bahadur Shah Zafar
- Wali Mohammed WaliWali Mohammed WaliWali Muhammad Wali , was a classical Urdu poet of the subcontinent....
- Zauq
- Ram Prasad BismilRam Prasad BismilRam Prasad Bismil Ram Prasad Bismil Ram Prasad Bismil (Hindi: राम प्रसाद 'बिस्मिल', Gujarati: રામપ્રસાદ બિસ્મિલ, (Malayalam: രാം പ്രസാദ് ബിസ്മിൽ, Tamil: ராம் பிரசாத் பிஸ்மில், Born: 11 June 1897, Executed: 19 December 1927) was an Indian revolutionary who participated in Mainpuri Shadyantra of...
Poets who have written the mukhammas in other languages include:
- Sipandi SamarkandiSipandi SamarkandiMulla Abdulkarim Sipandi Samarqandi was a Tajik bilingual poet. He lived in Samarkand, in current-day Uzbekistan. His work consists of ghazal, qit'a, mukhammas, and ruba'i, which were written in the Tajik language...
- Qatran TabriziQatran TabriziAbū-Mansūr Qatrān-i Tabrīzī was a royal Persian poet.He was born in Sahar near Arrah, bihar Tabriz and was the most famous panegyrist of his time in Iran. His full name according to an old manuscript handwritten by the famous poet Anvari Abivardi is Abu Mansur Qatran al-Jili al-Azerbaijani...
Examples
The shades of evening mark the close of day;The sunset fades, the world grows cold and grey;
Across the plain the length'ning shadows play;
“O tentsman, haste, and strike the tents, I pray!
The caravan's already under way.”
In haste the travellers together come;
"Some all unready, long expectant some;
Their voices rise like swarming bee-hive's hum;
“The drummer sounds already the first drum;
Their loads the drivers on the camels lay.”
Another bilingual example of Ram Prasad Bismil
Ram Prasad Bismil
Ram Prasad Bismil Ram Prasad Bismil Ram Prasad Bismil (Hindi: राम प्रसाद 'बिस्मिल', Gujarati: રામપ્રસાદ બિસ્મિલ, (Malayalam: രാം പ്രസാദ് ബിസ്മിൽ, Tamil: ராம் பிரசாத் பிஸ்மில், Born: 11 June 1897, Executed: 19 December 1927) was an Indian revolutionary who participated in Mainpuri Shadyantra of...
in Urdu and English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
A Martyr's Morale
(English translation of Jazb-E-Shaheed)
हमको भी पाला था माँ-बाप ने दुःख सह-सह कर , वक्ते-रुख्सत उन्हें इतना भी न आये कह कर, गोद में अश्क जो टपकें कभी रुख से बह कर , तिफ्ल उनको ही समझ लेना जी बहलाने को ! अपनी किस्मत में अजल ही से सितम रक्खा था, रंज रक्खा था मेहन रक्खी थी गम रक्खा था , किसको परवाह थी और किसमें ये दम रक्खा था, हमने जब वादी-ए-ग़ुरबत में क़दम रक्खा था , दूर तक याद-ए-वतन आई थी समझाने को ! अपना कुछ गम नहीं लेकिन ए ख़याल आता है, मादरे-हिन्द पे कब तक ये जवाल आता है , कौमी-आज़ादी का कब हिन्द पे साल आता है, कौम अपनी पे तो रह-रह के मलाल आता है , मुन्तजिर रहते हैं हम खाक में मिल जाने को ! नौजवानों! जो तबीयत में तुम्हारी खटके, याद कर लेना कभी हमको भी भूले भटके , आपके अज्वे-वदन होवें जुदा कट-कट के, और सद-चाक हो माता का कलेजा फटके , पर न माथे पे शिकन आये कसम खाने को ! एक परवाने का बहता है लहू नस-नस में, अब तो खा बैठे हैं चित्तौड़ के गढ़ की कसमें , सरफ़रोशी की अदा होती हैं यूँ ही रस्में, भाई खंजर से गले मिलते हैं सब आपस में , बहने तैयार चिताओं से लिपट जाने को ! सर फ़िदा करते हैं कुरबान जिगर करते हैं, पास जो कुछ है वो माता की नजर करते हैं , खाना वीरान कहाँ देखिये घर करते हैं! खुश रहो अहले-वतन! हम तो सफ़र करते हैं , जा के आबाद करेंगे किसी वीराने को ! नौजवानो ! यही मौका है उठो खुल खेलो, खिदमते-कौम में जो आये वला सब झेलो , देश के वास्ते सब अपनी जबानी दे दो , फिर मिलेंगी न ये माता की दुआएँ ले लो , देखें कौन आता है ये फ़र्ज़ बजा लाने को ?
English English language English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria... Translation by 'Krant' M.L.Verma | We too could enjoy the pleasure of 'foam', We too had been the sons of someone, To nourish us what they have not done. At the time of departure from our home, We could'nt say at least to them- "In case if the tears drop in lap, Think as if your child is there." In our's fate was the torture since birth, We had the dole, the distress & dearth. Who had the care and dare so dire! When we took our step in fire. Till farther had tried the country to sheer. We have no woe of self but bother, Why downfall does the country disorder. When cometh the year of freedom in nation, Ours is the race that feels us a 'passion'. It's only we, who are anxious to die everywhere. O Youths! in case if it clicks to you, Remember "us" ever for a while in view. Whether your body be cut into pieces, And your mother be drench in distress, Yet your faces should be fresh with flair. In our veins runs the blood of a moth, We have now taken for the Nation an oath. So are performed customs of a Martyr, The brothers embrace their swords altogether, And the sisters are ready to sit on the pyre. We dedicate head and sacrifice heart, To our motherland we offer every sort. We know not where to dwell & dine, Be merry friends! we march align, To inhabit any solitude somewhere. O Youths! it's the proper time to face, Wear every sort of suffering for the race. It's nothing if you bestow for country,your blood. Take the blessings of Mother in a flood. Let us see! who cometh next to share? |
See also
- MusaddasMusaddasMusaddas is a genre of Urdu poetry in which each unit consists of 6 lines-sestain- . Famous early writers employing this form are Mir Anis and Dabeer. Maulana Altaf Husain Hali and Waheed Akhtar are other well known poets to find expression in this form of poetry. Particularly iconic is Hali's...
- Doha (poetry)DohaDoha is the capital city of the state of Qatar. Located on the Persian Gulf, it had a population of 998,651 in 2008, and is also one of the municipalities of Qatar...
- MarsiaMarsiaMarsiya is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hussain and his comrades of the Karbala...
- MasnaviMasnavi (poetic form)Masnavi, or mathnawī, is the name of a poem written in rhyming couplets, or more specifically, “a poem based on independent, internally rhyming lines”. Most mathnawī followed a meter of eleven, or occasionally ten, syllables, but had no limit in their length...
- Ram Prasad BismilRam Prasad BismilRam Prasad Bismil Ram Prasad Bismil Ram Prasad Bismil (Hindi: राम प्रसाद 'बिस्मिल', Gujarati: રામપ્રસાદ બિસ્મિલ, (Malayalam: രാം പ്രസാദ് ബിസ്മിൽ, Tamil: ராம் பிரசாத் பிஸ்மில், Born: 11 June 1897, Executed: 19 December 1927) was an Indian revolutionary who participated in Mainpuri Shadyantra of...
External links
- http://www.tanhaa.net/index.php/2007/09/10/duur-tak-yaad-e-vatan-aaii-thi-samjhaane-ko/Full text of Ram Prasad BismilRam Prasad BismilRam Prasad Bismil Ram Prasad Bismil Ram Prasad Bismil (Hindi: राम प्रसाद 'बिस्मिल', Gujarati: રામપ્રસાદ બિસ્મિલ, (Malayalam: രാം പ്രസാദ് ബിസ്മിൽ, Tamil: ராம் பிரசாத் பிஸ்மில், Born: 11 June 1897, Executed: 19 December 1927) was an Indian revolutionary who participated in Mainpuri Shadyantra of...
's Mukhammas Jazv-E-Shaheed in EnglishEnglish languageEnglish is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
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