Ming Dao
Encyclopedia
Ming Dao was born on 26 February 1980. He is a Taiwanese
Taiwanese people
Taiwanese people may refer to individuals who either claim or are imputed cultural identity focused on the island of Taiwan and/or Taiwan Area which have been governed by the Republic of China since 1945...

 model
Model (person)
A model , sometimes called a mannequin, is a person who is employed to display, advertise and promote commercial products or to serve as a subject of works of art....

, actor
Actor
An actor is a person who acts in a dramatic production and who works in film, television, theatre, or radio in that capacity...

 and singer of quintet boy band
Boy band
A boy band is loosely defined as a popular music act consisting of only male singers. The members are expected to dance as well as sing, usually giving highly choreographed performances. More often than not, boy band members do not play musical instruments, either in recording sessions or on...

 183 Club
183 Club
183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...

 since 2004. He is well known for starring in The Prince Who Turns into a Frog
The Prince Who Turns Into A Frog
The Prince Who Turns Into a Frog is a 2005 Taiwanese drama starring Ming Dow and Sam Wang of boyband 183 Club; and Joe Chen and Joyce Chao of girl group 7 Flowers, as well as all the members of the former and two members of the latter, who are signed by Jungiery Entertainment...

, which held the highest single episode average rating of 6.99 for a Taiwanese drama
Taiwanese drama
Taiwanese Drama refers to dramatic programming of television programming extended stories usually dramatizing relationships through the general range of ten to forty one-hour episodes. They are produced in Taiwan and have gained increasing popularity in the Mandarin-speaking community...

 from 2005 to 2008, and the winner of Best Host in Educational Programme at the 39th Golden Bell Awards
Golden Bell Awards
The Golden Bell Awards is an annual Taiwanese television production award, founded in 1965, presented by Government Information Office, Republic of China . It is usually presented in October or November each year. It is the first television production award in Chinese circulation and Taiwan's...

.

Career

Ming was first discovered in 1999 when he took part in television variety show Guess
Guess (variety show)
Guess is a Taiwanese television variety show, currently hosted by Jacky Wu and Patty Hou. It is broadcast in Taiwan, weekly on Saturdays at 22:00 to 0:00 on free-to-air China Television and in Singapore weekly on Saturdays 23:30 on free-to-air MediaCorp Channel U.The show was twice nominated for...

hosted by Jacky Wu
Jacky Wu
Wu Jing , sometimes credited as Jacky Wu or Jing Wu, is a Chinese martial artist, actor and film director. Wu is perhaps best known as Hawkman / Jackie in 1996 film Tai Chi Boxer and Kong Ko in 2006 film Fatal Contact.-Personal life:At age six he was sent to the Beijing Sports Institute at Shichahai...

 on China Television
China Television
China Television Company, Ltd. was established on September 3, 1968 by the then-ruling Nationalist Party of the Republic of China . The party owned the majority stake of the network...

. He went on to modeled for various advertisements and appeared in several music videos including Fei Xiang
Fei Xiang
Fei Xiang is a Chinese-American pop icon and musical singer.-Early life:...

's "She" and R&B's "Love Bubble". Ming also participated in a Taiwanese program Super Sunday in 2000 and worked as a spokesperson for Shiatzy Chen
Shiatzy Chen
Shiatzy Chen is a Taiwanese fashion house, whose founder and brand innovator Wang Chen Tsai-Hsia is often referred to as the Chanel of Taiwan,and is the eponym of her luxury goods brand. She was born in 1951 in Changhua, Taiwan and founded the company in 1978...

.

Ming hosted King of Adventure (冒險王) on SETTV from 2002, visiting India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

, Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...

, Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

, Namibia
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...

, New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...

, Laos
Laos
Laos Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west...

, Guam
Guam
Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the western Pacific Ocean. It is one of five U.S. territories with an established civilian government. Guam is listed as one of 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories by the Special Committee on Decolonization of the United...

, Fiji
Fiji
Fiji , officially the Republic of Fiji , is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island...

, Alaska
Alaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...

, Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

, Oman
Oman
Oman , officially called the Sultanate of Oman , is an Arab state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the...

, and Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...

 as an adventure tour guide. In 2004, Ming won the Best Host in Educational Programme at the 39th Golden Bell Awards
Golden Bell Awards
The Golden Bell Awards is an annual Taiwanese television production award, founded in 1965, presented by Government Information Office, Republic of China . It is usually presented in October or November each year. It is the first television production award in Chinese circulation and Taiwan's...

.

In 2004, he made his acting debut Heaven's Wedding Gown (天國的嫁衣) as bike-racing champion, Chen Hai Nuo, co-starring Cyndi Wang
Cyndi Wang
Cyndi Wang was born on 5 September 1982. She is a Taiwanese singer and actress. Her birth name is Wáng Jūnrú .Wang has released eleven albums, nearly all of which carries her name...

 and Leon Jay Williams. A year later, he starred in The Prince Who Turns into a Frog
The Prince Who Turns Into A Frog
The Prince Who Turns Into a Frog is a 2005 Taiwanese drama starring Ming Dow and Sam Wang of boyband 183 Club; and Joe Chen and Joyce Chao of girl group 7 Flowers, as well as all the members of the former and two members of the latter, who are signed by Jungiery Entertainment...

(王子變青蛙) as Shan Jun Hao and Dang Ou. This drama is the only one in which all five members of 183 Club
183 Club
183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...

 appeared. Episode seven broadcasted on 17 July 2005 achieved an average rating of 6.99 and peaked at 8.05, which broke the previous average record of 6.43 held by Meteor Garden
Meteor Garden
Meteor Garden is a 2001 Taiwanese drama starring Barbie Hsu, Jerry Yan, Vic Zhou, Vanness Wu and Ken Chu. It is based on Japanese shōjo manga series, , written by Yoko Kamio...

and was the highest peak for a single episode for a Taiwanese drama
Taiwanese drama
Taiwanese Drama refers to dramatic programming of television programming extended stories usually dramatizing relationships through the general range of ten to forty one-hour episodes. They are produced in Taiwan and have gained increasing popularity in the Mandarin-speaking community...

 until it was broken by episode 13 of Fated To Love You
Fated to Love You
Fated to Love You , also known as You're My Destiny, Sticky Note Girl or Destiny Love, is a 2008 Taiwanese drama starring Joe Chen, Ethan Ruan, Baron Chen and Bianca Bai. It was produced by Sanlih E-Television and directed by Chen Ming Zhang with location filming in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Shanghai...

which peaked at 8.13 in 2008.

In his next drama, The Magicians of Love (愛情魔髮師), he co-starred with his band mates Sam Wang
Sam Wang
Sam Wang is a Taiwanese actor, singer and a model. Sam is a member of two Taiwanese groups 5566 and 183 Club. At one point, he played on the Taiwan national soccer team.-Biography:...

, Jacky Zhu, and Ehlo Huang
Ehlo Huang
Ehlo Huang is a Taiwanese actor and member of Taiwanese group 183 Club. He is of Hakka and Amis descent.- TV Series :-External links:...

 from 183 Club
183 Club
183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...

. Then in 2006, he starred in The Legend of Star Apple and Angel Lover
Angel Lover
Angel Lover is Taiwanese drama starring Ming Dow, Bianca Bai, Alex To, Coco Jiang. It was written by Fang Yi De / An Jin Hong and directed by Deng An Ning...

. Followed by Ying Ye 3 Jia 1
Ying Ye 3 Jia 1
Ying Ye 3 Jia 1 or is a Taiwanese Drama that airs Sunday on TTV/SETTV. This drama brings back Ming Dao and Joe Chen Qiao En again.-Synopsis:...

, in 2007 in which he plays Ah Jiang, opposite former co-star Joe Chen from The Prince Who Turns Into A Frog. Other cast members include Jason Hsu
Jason Hsu
Jason Hsu is a member of the Taiwanese boyband 5566. He is known in the Philippines for playing the role of Cyborg 5566 in an episode of Captain Barbell.-Television roles:-References:...

 of 5566, who plays his friend Bulu (Wang Dao Ren). Also released in 2007 was Modern Youth (梦幻天堂).

In 2008 he finished filming Quietly Falling in Love With You and Always Smile! in Hunan, China. In December Ming and Chen Qiao En filmed Staying by You, Staying in the Sunshine/Taking of You, accompanied by the Lights, released in 2009.

Movies

  • 2010 - Close to You (近在咫尺的爱恋)
  • 2010 - Life of Sentime (感情生活)

TV series

Year Chinese Title English Title Role Network Notes With
2004 天国的嫁衣 La robe de Mariee des cieux Chen Hai Nuo/Harold CTS
CTS
- Television :* Chinese Television System, a Taiwanese broadcast television station.**CTS Main Channel ** CTS Education and Culture ** CTS Recreation ** CTS News...

Main Cast None
2005 王子變青蛙 The Prince Who Turns into a Frog
The Prince Who Turns Into A Frog
The Prince Who Turns Into a Frog is a 2005 Taiwanese drama starring Ming Dow and Sam Wang of boyband 183 Club; and Joe Chen and Joyce Chao of girl group 7 Flowers, as well as all the members of the former and two members of the latter, who are signed by Jungiery Entertainment...

Shan Jun Hao/Dang'ou TTV
TTV
TTV may refer to:* Taiwan Television** TTV Main Channel ** TTV Family ** TTV Finance ** TTV Health ** TTV World * Transfusion Transmitted Virus* Transit Timing Variation* TTV , a teenage-aimed television show broadcast on RTÉ Two in Ireland....

Lead Role Joe Chen
2006 爱情魔发师 The Magician of Love Du Ya Si/Artz TTV
TTV
TTV may refer to:* Taiwan Television** TTV Main Channel ** TTV Family ** TTV Finance ** TTV Health ** TTV World * Transfusion Transmitted Virus* Transit Timing Variation* TTV , a teenage-aimed television show broadcast on RTÉ Two in Ireland....

Lead Role Joanne Zeng
星苹果乐园 Legend of Star Apple Tao Si CTV
China Television
China Television Company, Ltd. was established on September 3, 1968 by the then-ruling Nationalist Party of the Republic of China . The party owned the majority stake of the network...

Lead Role Achel Chang
天使情人 Angel Lover
Angel Lover
Angel Lover is Taiwanese drama starring Ming Dow, Bianca Bai, Alex To, Coco Jiang. It was written by Fang Yi De / An Jin Hong and directed by Deng An Ning...

Yang Tian You StarTV
StarTV
Star TV is a Tanzanian television station with a wide range of broadcast content. It is based in Mwanza, near Lake Victoria, and maintains offices in Dar es Salaam....

Lead Role Bianca Bai
Bianca Bai
Bianca Bai was born on 23 October 1982. She is a Taiwanese model and actress. She graduated from Shih Hsin University and started her career as a model with Catwalk Modeling Agency before becoming an actress...

2007 梦幻天堂 Modern Youth Zhou Ji Chun Lead Role Li Man
Li Man
Li Man is a Chinese actress. She is a student at the Beijing Drama Academy. She appeared in Zhang Yimou's 2006 film Curse of the Golden Flower.-External links:*...

樱野3加1 Ying Ye 3 Jia 1
Ying Ye 3 Jia 1
Ying Ye 3 Jia 1 or is a Taiwanese Drama that airs Sunday on TTV/SETTV. This drama brings back Ming Dao and Joe Chen Qiao En again.-Synopsis:...

Yang Jia Jiang/Ah Jiang TTV
TTV
TTV may refer to:* Taiwan Television** TTV Main Channel ** TTV Family ** TTV Finance ** TTV Health ** TTV World * Transfusion Transmitted Virus* Transit Timing Variation* TTV , a teenage-aimed television show broadcast on RTÉ Two in Ireland....

Lead Role Joe Chen
2009 敲敲愛上你 Knock Knock Loving You
Knock Knock Loving You
Knock Knock Loving You , also known as Quietly Falling in Love with You, is a Romantic Taiwanese drama starring Dylan Kuo, Maggie Wu, and Ming Dao...

Zhao Guan Xi CTS
CTS
- Television :* Chinese Television System, a Taiwanese broadcast television station.**CTS Main Channel ** CTS Education and Culture ** CTS Recreation ** CTS News...

Main Cast None
守著陽光守著你 Let's Dance Yang Rui Lead Role Joe Chen
微笑在我心 Always Smile! Liang Yu Fang Hunan TV Lead Role Zhang Jia Ni
2010 幸福一定强 Happy & Love Forever Yin Ding Qiang Anhui
Anhui
Anhui is a province in the People's Republic of China. Located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny...

Lead Role Niu Meng Meng
鍾無艷 Zhong Wu Yen Qi Xuan TTV
TTV
TTV may refer to:* Taiwan Television** TTV Main Channel ** TTV Family ** TTV Finance ** TTV Health ** TTV World * Transfusion Transmitted Virus* Transit Timing Variation* TTV , a teenage-aimed television show broadcast on RTÉ Two in Ireland....

Lead Role Cheryl Yang
2011 Chang E Ben Yue
男女生了沒 Boy and Girl
Boy and Girl
Boy and Girl is a successful youth drama in China. When broadcast in 2003 on China Central Television in 2003, it dominated over all other series with an average of 80 million audience each night. The story introduces you into the lives of the young generation from real-life obstacles to seeking...

Biker CTV
China Television
China Television Company, Ltd. was established on September 3, 1968 by the then-ruling Nationalist Party of the Republic of China . The party owned the majority stake of the network...

Cameo None
唐宫美人天下 Tang Gong Mei Ren Tian Xia Ming Chong Yan TBA Lead Role-in production Zhang Ting
Zhang Ting
Zhang Ting is a Paralympian athlete from China competing mainly in category T54 sprint events.She competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. There she won a gold medal in the women's T53-54 4 x 100 metres relay as part of the Chinese team. She also competed in the T54 100m and 200m...

王的女人 Beauties of the Empreror Chu Emperor Xiang Yu TBA Lead Role-in production Joe Chen
天使的幸福 Happiness of an Angel Jie Luo TBA Lead Role-in production Liu Shi Shi

Discography

Album Information Tracks Contributed
Heaven's Wedding Gown Soundtrack
  • Artist:
  • Released: 2004
"Torture [Zhe Mo]"(折磨) by 183 Club
183 Club
183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...

The Prince Who Turns Into A Frog Soundtrack
  • Artist: Various Artists
  • Released: 2005
  • "Enticing Trick"(迷魂計) by 183 Club
    183 Club
    183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...



    "Magical Smile"(魔法) by 183 Club
    183 Club
    183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...



    "Call My Name"(閉上眼默唸3遍) by 183 Club
    183 Club
    183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...

     and 7 Flowers

    "True Love"(真愛) by 183 Club
    183 Club
    183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...


    The Magicians of Love Soundtrack
    • Artist: Various Artists
    • Released: 2006
    "Perfect Lover" (完美情人) by 183 Club
    183 Club
    183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...



    "Magic Room" by 183 Club
    183 Club
    183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...



    "Bomba Bomba" by 183 Club
    183 Club
    183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...



    "Affected Line"(感情線) by 183 Club
    183 Club
    183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...



    "A Date So Sweet"(甜蜜約定) by 183 Club
    183 Club
    183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called "183 Yu Le Bu," meaning "183 Entertainment Group," but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the...


    Angel Lover Soundtrack
    • Artist: Various Artists
    • Released: 2006
    "Finding True Love" (發現真愛) with Jacky Chu
    Jacky Chu
    -Music career:Jacky entered New Talent Singing Awards Vancouver Audition 1998 and won. He then represented Vancouver in the International Finals and ended first runner-up. After finishing school he then moved to Taiwan to continue his singing career and was signed by Universal Music Taiwan...

     and Ehlo Huang
    Ehlo Huang
    Ehlo Huang is a Taiwanese actor and member of Taiwanese group 183 Club. He is of Hakka and Amis descent.- TV Series :-External links:...



    "Unregrettable Decision" (不後悔的決定) with Jacky Chu
    Jacky Chu
    -Music career:Jacky entered New Talent Singing Awards Vancouver Audition 1998 and won. He then represented Vancouver in the International Finals and ended first runner-up. After finishing school he then moved to Taiwan to continue his singing career and was signed by Universal Music Taiwan...



    "Forgotten" (遺忘) with Ehlo Huang
    Ehlo Huang
    Ehlo Huang is a Taiwanese actor and member of Taiwanese group 183 Club. He is of Hakka and Amis descent.- TV Series :-External links:...



    "Since Beginning" (從頭) with Jacky Chu
    Jacky Chu
    -Music career:Jacky entered New Talent Singing Awards Vancouver Audition 1998 and won. He then represented Vancouver in the International Finals and ended first runner-up. After finishing school he then moved to Taiwan to continue his singing career and was signed by Universal Music Taiwan...

     and Ehlo Huang
    Ehlo Huang
    Ehlo Huang is a Taiwanese actor and member of Taiwanese group 183 Club. He is of Hakka and Amis descent.- TV Series :-External links:...

    Ying Ye 3 Jia 1 Soundtrack
    • Artist: Various Artists
    • Released: 2007
    "To Believe Again" with Chen Qiao En
    Chen Qiao En
    Joe Chen Qiao-En is a Taiwanese actress, singer and model. She is the co-leader of Taiwanese group 7 Flowers and is also the first female member of the talent agency Jungiery. Her interest lies mainly in acting and writing and she does well in both fields...



    "Looking for My Best Friend" with Jason Hsu
    Jason Hsu
    Jason Hsu is a member of the Taiwanese boyband 5566. He is known in the Philippines for playing the role of Cyborg 5566 in an episode of Captain Barbell.-Television roles:-References:...



    Endorsements

    Year Product Type
    2001 Olay
    Olay
    Olay is an American skin care line. It is one of the top skin care retail brands in the world, except for Japan, and is one of Procter & Gamble's multi-billion dollar brands. For the 2009 fiscal year ended June 30, Olay accounted for an estimated $2.8 billion of P&G's $79 billion in revenue.-Early...

    Face Wash
    Cosmetic
    Supao Sport Drink 舒跑運動飲料 Beverage
    2002 KYMCO 光陽機車 Motor sports equipment
    Jasmine Green Tea 茉莉綠茶 Beverage
    2004 Sweet Promise - 2SWEET Gold Jewelry 甜蜜約定 2SWEET金飾 Accessories
    2005 Bolife Juice 波蜜果菜汁 Beverage
    Proman Underwear 豪門內衣 Clothing
    US Cotton 美國棉代
    2006 Caterpillar Watch Accessories
    2007 Cloie Watch Accessories
    New Era of Casual Sport Shoes 新紀元休閒鞋 Clothing
    Eminu Clothing 依米奴休閒服飾 Clothing
    The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
     
    x
    OK