Mikhail Illoukhine
Encyclopedia
Mikhail Illoukhine is a Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...

n former mixed martial artist
Mixed martial arts
Mixed Martial Arts is a full contact combat sport that allows the use of both striking and grappling techniques, both standing and on the ground, including boxing, wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, muay Thai, kickboxing, karate, judo and other styles. The roots of modern mixed martial arts can be...

 who competed in the light heavyweight
Light Heavyweight (MMA)
The light heavyweight division in mixed martial arts generally refers to competitors weighing between 186 and 205 lb . It sits between the lighter middleweight division, and the heavyweight division....

 division. Mikhail Illoukhine holds notable wins over Igor Vovchanchyn
Igor Vovchanchyn
Igor Yaroslavovich "Ice Cold" Vovchanchyn is a retired Ukrainian mixed martial artist and kickboxer. He won seven mixed martial arts tournaments, as well as acquiring a 37 fight unbeaten streak, and reaching the final of the Pride Grand Prix 2000....

, Tsuyoshi Kohsaka, Volk Han
Volk Han
Magomedkhan Amanulayevich Gamzatkhanov , better known by his alias Volk Han , is a Russian shoot wrestler and later a mixed martial artist renowned for his technical mastery of Sambo and submission victories in shoot wrestling and MMA. He was representing Russia in the Russian RINGS team with Fedor...

, Masayuki Naruse
Masayuki Naruse
is a Japanese professional wrestler and Professional mixed martial artist.-Career:Naruse debuted in Fighting Network RINGS in 1992 where he was displayed as a scrappy junior heavyweight willing to take on opponents twice his size. He and other RINGS wrestlers made the transition to mixed martial...

 and Randy Couture
Randy Couture
Randy Duane Couture is a retired American mixed martial artist, Greco-Roman wrestler, actor, a three-time former heavyweight champion, two-time former light-heavyweight champion, former interim light heavyweight champion and UFC 13 tournament winner of the Ultimate Fighting Championship...

. He competed in both RINGS, and Pride Fighting Championships, and was a prominent member of Russia Top Team, where he trained with the likes of Volk Han
Volk Han
Magomedkhan Amanulayevich Gamzatkhanov , better known by his alias Volk Han , is a Russian shoot wrestler and later a mixed martial artist renowned for his technical mastery of Sambo and submission victories in shoot wrestling and MMA. He was representing Russia in the Russian RINGS team with Fedor...

, Fedor Emelianenko
Fedor Emelianenko
Fedor Vladimirovich Emelianenko) is a Russian heavyweight mixed martial artist. He has won numerous tournaments and accolades in multiple sports, most notably the Pride 2004 Grand Prix and the World Combat Sambo championship on four occasions, as well as medaling in the Russian national Judo...

, and Sergei Kharitonov. In Pride 26 - Bad to the Bone Illoukhine lost by stoppage to Quinton Jackson
Quinton Jackson
Quinton Ramone Jackson ;, also known as Rampage Jackson, is an American mixed martial artist and actor. He is a former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion. Jackson rose to prominence in Japan's Pride Fighting Championships where he was noted for his powerful body slams including a knockout victory over...

. He won his last fight at K-1 - Hero's Lithuania against Jordanas Poskaitis on November 26, 2005. It appears that following the demise of the Russia Top Team Illoukhine has retired.

Mixed martial arts record

|-
|Win
|align=center|36-18-1
|  Jordanas Poskaitis
|Submission (leglock)
|Hero's Lithuania 2005
|
|align=center|N/A
|
|Vilnius, Lithuania
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|35-18-1
|  Petrov Kolev
|Submission (heel hook)
|Rings - Lithuania
|
|align=center|1
|
|Lithuania
Lithuania
Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...


|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|34-18-1
|  Quinton Jackson
Quinton Jackson
Quinton Ramone Jackson ;, also known as Rampage Jackson, is an American mixed martial artist and actor. He is a former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion. Jackson rose to prominence in Japan's Pride Fighting Championships where he was noted for his powerful body slams including a knockout victory over...


|Submission (strikes)
|PRIDE 26
PRIDE 26
Pride 26: Bad to the Bone was a mixed martial arts event held by Pride Fighting Championships. It took place at the Yokohama Arena in Yokohama, Japan on June 8, 2003....


|
|align=center|1
|align=center|6:26
|Yokohama
Yokohama
is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo and most populous municipality of Japan. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu...

, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|34-17-1
|  Katsuhisa Fujii
Katsuhisa Fujii
, is a Japanese mixed martial artist who competes in the heavyweight division.-Championships and Accomplishments:*Pancrase Hybrid Wrestling**2000 Pancrase Heavyweight Championship Tournament Runner-up*Ultimate Fighting Championship...


|Submission (guillotine choke)
|PC - Premium Challenge
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|5:45
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
|align=center|33-17-1
|  Hiromitsu Kanehara
Hiromitsu Kanehara
is a Japanese mixed martial artist who competes in the light heavyweight division.Although starting as a professional wrestler in 1991, Kanehara did not have much success as such, and eventually abandoned professional wrestling when his then-home circuit, Fighting Network RINGS, abandoned the...


|Draw
|Rings - World Title Series Grand Final
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Yokohama
Yokohama
is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo and most populous municipality of Japan. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu...

, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|33-17
|  Bobby Hoffman
Bobby Hoffman
Bobby "The Truth" Hoffman is a retired American mixed martial artist who competed in the Heavyweight division. He won his last fight at Mainstream MMA - Inferno against Chuck Grigsby on August 12, 2006...


|TKO (corner stoppage)
|Rings - 10th Anniversary
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|33-16
|  Borislav Jeliazkov
|Submission (armbar)
|Rings - World Title Series 2
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:06
|Yokohama
Yokohama
is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo and most populous municipality of Japan. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu...

, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|32-16
|  Kestutis Smirnovas
|Submission (achilles lock)
|Rings Lithuania - Bushido Rings 2
|
|align=center|1
|
|Lithuania
Lithuania
Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...


|
|-
|Win
|align=center|31-16
|  Martin Lazarev
|Decision (4-0 points)
|Rings Russia - Russia vs Bulgaria
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|10:00
|Ekaterinburg, Russia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|30-16
|  Tsuyoshi Kohsaka
|KO (punches)
|Rings - King of Kings 2000 Block B
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:53
|Osaka
Osaka
is a city in the Kansai region of Japan's main island of Honshu, a designated city under the Local Autonomy Law, the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and also the biggest part of Keihanshin area, which is represented by three major cities of Japan, Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe...

, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|30-15
|  Valerijus Golubovskis
|Submission (arm lock)
|Rings Lithuania - Bushido Rings 1
|
|align=center|N/A
|
|Lithuania
Lithuania
Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...


|
|-
|Win
|align=center|29-15
|  Bakouri Gogitidze
|Submission (ankle lock)
|Rings - Russia vs Georgia
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|7:25
| Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|28-15
|  Lee Hasdell
Lee Hasdell
Lee Hasdell is a former British mixed martial artist, kickboxer and promoter. He promoted the first professional mixed martial arts events in the United Kingdom. Lee Hasdell began his professional career as a Kickboxer in 1989, eventually winning three British Kickboxing titles...


|Decision
|Rings Russia - Rings Russia
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Ekaterinburg, Russia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|27-15
|  Renato Sobral
Renato Sobral
Renato da Cunha Sobral , also known as "Babalu", is a Brazilian mixed martial artist, and former Strikeforce Light Heavyweight Champion. He is regarded as one of the best light heavyweights of the night, and noted for his aggressive style, grappling prowess, and high-caliber submissions. Sobral...


|Submission (armbar)
|Rings - King of Kings 1999 Final
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|0:40
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|27-14
|  Justin McCully
Justin McCully
Justin McCully is an American mixed martial artist who most recently fought in the UFC heavyweight division.He has a professional fight record of ten wins, five losses, and two draws...


|Technical Submission (achilles lock)
|Rings - King of Kings 1999 Block A
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:48
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|26-14
|  Brad Kohler
Brad Kohler
Brad Kohler is an American mixed martal artist who competes in the Heavyweight division.-Career:Kohler's most notable fight occurred at UFC 22 against Steve Judson, where he scored one of the more infamous knockouts in MMA history. 30 seconds into Round 1, Kohler feigned a takedown attempt, only...


|Submission (armbar)
|Rings - King of Kings 1999 Block A
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:16
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|25-14
|  Bakouri Gogitidze
|Submission
|Rings - Rings Georgia
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|5:07
|Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. The state is named after King George II of Great Britain. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788...

, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|25-13
|  Joop Kasteel
Joop Kasteel
Joop Kasteel is a former Dutch mixed martial artist. Kasteel made his mixed martial arts debut on 15 June 1996. He is a veteran of the RINGS promotion and as he has fought the majority of his fights for them....


|Submission (achilles lock)
|Rings - Rise 3rd
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|9:40
| Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|24-13
|  Randy Couture
Randy Couture
Randy Duane Couture is a retired American mixed martial artist, Greco-Roman wrestler, actor, a three-time former heavyweight champion, two-time former light-heavyweight champion, former interim light heavyweight champion and UFC 13 tournament winner of the Ultimate Fighting Championship...


|Submission (kimura)
|Rings - Rise 1st
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|7:43
|Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|23-13
| Dick Leon-Vrij
|KO
|Rings - World Mega Battle Tournament 1998: First Round
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:50
|Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|23-12
| Hans Nijman
Hans Nijman
Hans Nijman is a Dutch former professional mixed martial artist and Wrestler. He competes in the Heavyweight division. He is a RINGS Holland veteran and has also fought for many other top promotions such as Pride FC and It's Showtime.-Fighting Network RINGS:Hans Nijman made his Shootfighting debut...


|Submission
|Rings - World Mega Battle Tournament 1998: First Round
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:54
|Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|22-12
|  Ramazi Buzariashvili
|Submission
|Rings - Georgia
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:26
|Tbilisi, Georgia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|22-11
|  Tsuyoshi Kohsaka
|Submission
|Rings - Third Fighting Integration
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|12:00
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|22-10
|  Masayuki Naruse
Masayuki Naruse
is a Japanese professional wrestler and Professional mixed martial artist.-Career:Naruse debuted in Fighting Network RINGS in 1992 where he was displayed as a scrappy junior heavyweight willing to take on opponents twice his size. He and other RINGS wrestlers made the transition to mixed martial...


|Submission
|Rings - Third Fighting Integration
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|13:52
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|21-10
|  Chris Haseman
Chris Haseman
Chris Haseman is a former Australian mixed martial artist. He is currently competing in the Light Heavyweight division.He lost his fight at Spartan Reality Fight 9 against Bill Mahood in 2004, retiring afterwards...


|Submission
|Rings - Russia vs. Holland
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|8:47
|Ekaterinburg, Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|20-10
|  Hiromitsu Kanehara
Hiromitsu Kanehara
is a Japanese mixed martial artist who competes in the light heavyweight division.Although starting as a professional wrestler in 1991, Kanehara did not have much success as such, and eventually abandoned professional wrestling when his then-home circuit, Fighting Network RINGS, abandoned the...


|Submission
|Rings - Fighting Integration
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|14:05
|Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|19-10
|  Kiyoshi Tamura
Kiyoshi Tamura
is a Japanese middleweight professional wrestler and mixed martial artist.Once a student of legendary Pro Wrestler Akira Maeda, Tamura is known for his skill in catch wrestling as well as his ability to deliver exciting and realistic professional wrestling bouts....


|Submission
|Rings - World Mega Battle Tournament 1997: Grand Final
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|18:12
|Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|19-9
|  Volk Han
Volk Han
Magomedkhan Amanulayevich Gamzatkhanov , better known by his alias Volk Han , is a Russian shoot wrestler and later a mixed martial artist renowned for his technical mastery of Sambo and submission victories in shoot wrestling and MMA. He was representing Russia in the Russian RINGS team with Fedor...


|Submission
|Rings - World Mega Battle Tournament 1997: Semi-Finals
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|9:36
|Fukuoka, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|18-9
|  Tsuyoshi Kohsaka
|Submission
|Rings - World Mega Battle Tournament 1997: Second Round
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|14:16
|Osaka, Japan
|
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|17-9
|  Masayuki Naruse
Masayuki Naruse
is a Japanese professional wrestler and Professional mixed martial artist.-Career:Naruse debuted in Fighting Network RINGS in 1992 where he was displayed as a scrappy junior heavyweight willing to take on opponents twice his size. He and other RINGS wrestlers made the transition to mixed martial...


|Submission (ankle lock)
|Rings - World Mega Battle Tournament 1997: First Round
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|12:28
|Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|16-9
|  Tsuyoshi Kohsaka
|Submission
|Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1996: Grand Final
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|10:04
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|16-8
|  Kiyoshi Tamura
Kiyoshi Tamura
is a Japanese middleweight professional wrestler and mixed martial artist.Once a student of legendary Pro Wrestler Akira Maeda, Tamura is known for his skill in catch wrestling as well as his ability to deliver exciting and realistic professional wrestling bouts....


|Submission
|Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1996: First Round
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|14:40
|Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|16-7
|  Adilson Lima
|Submission (armbar)
|Rings - Maelstrom 6
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|24:52
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|16-6
| Mestre Hulk
|Submission (chin in the eye)
|Shoot Boxing - S-Cup 1996
Shoot Boxing - S-Cup 1996
Shoot Boxing - S-Cup 1996 was a shoot boxing event promoted by Caesar Takeshi. It was a qualifier for the Shoot Boxing World Tournament 1997, featuring four elimination fights with all bouts fought under Shoot Boxing Rules involving eight fighters from across the world...


|
|align=center|1
|align=center|6:59
| Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|15-6
|  Wataru Sakata
Wataru Sakata
is a Japanese professional wrestler and mixed martial artist. He has a professional MMA record of 11-13-0 as of December 31, 2003.He started his career in Akira Maeda's Fighting Network RINGS in 1994 after being trained by Animal Hamaguchi. He made the transition to mixed martial arts in the late...


|Submission
|Rings - Maelstrom III: Russian Battle Mission
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|11:20
|Ekaterinburg, Russia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|15-5
|  Carlos Barreto
Carlos Barreto
Carlos Barreto was a bantamweight boxer from Venezuela, who represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.-Olympic results:*Defeated Aleksandar Hristov 9-3...


|Submission (rear naked choke)
|UVF 1 - Universal Vale Tudo Fighting 1
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:15
| Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|15-4
|  Mitsuya Nagai
|KO
|Rings - Maelstrom
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|11:24
|Niigata, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|15-3
|  Wataru Sakata
Wataru Sakata
is a Japanese professional wrestler and mixed martial artist. He has a professional MMA record of 11-13-0 as of December 31, 2003.He started his career in Akira Maeda's Fighting Network RINGS in 1994 after being trained by Animal Hamaguchi. He made the transition to mixed martial arts in the late...


|Submission
|Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1995: Grand Final
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|10:44
|Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|14-3
|  Zagil Eribinov
|Submission (armbar)
|IAFC - Absolute Fighting Championship 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:35
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|13-3
|  Andrei Besedin
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|IAFC - Absolute Fighting Championship 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:21
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|12-3
|  Igor Vovchanchyn
Igor Vovchanchyn
Igor Yaroslavovich "Ice Cold" Vovchanchyn is a retired Ukrainian mixed martial artist and kickboxer. He won seven mixed martial arts tournaments, as well as acquiring a 37 fight unbeaten streak, and reaching the final of the Pride Grand Prix 2000....


|Submission (chin in the eye)
|IAFC - Absolute Fighting Championship 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|6:30
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|11-3
|  Achmed Sagidgusenov
|Submission (achilles lock)
|IAFC - Absolute Fighting Championship 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:05
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|10-3
|  Ricardo Morais
Ricardo Morais
Ricardo "The Mutant" Morais is a Brazilian former mixed martial artist, who competed in Pride Fighting Championships, Jungle Fight, and Rings - MMA...


|Submission (rear naked choke)
|IAFC - Absolute Fighting Championship 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|9:44
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|10-2
| Hans Nijman
Hans Nijman
Hans Nijman is a Dutch former professional mixed martial artist and Wrestler. He competes in the Heavyweight division. He is a RINGS Holland veteran and has also fought for many other top promotions such as Pride FC and It's Showtime.-Fighting Network RINGS:Hans Nijman made his Shootfighting debut...


|TKO
|Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1995: Second Round
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|8:10
|Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10-1
|  Nikolai Zouev
|Submission
|Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1995: First Round
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|12:27
|Fukuoka, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9-1
|  Chris Haseman
Chris Haseman
Chris Haseman is a former Australian mixed martial artist. He is currently competing in the Light Heavyweight division.He lost his fight at Spartan Reality Fight 9 against Bill Mahood in 2004, retiring afterwards...


|Submission
|Rings - Rising Series: Hazuki
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|5:43
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8-1
|  Piotr Tjernov
|Submission (achilles lock)
|IAFC - Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:36
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|7-1
|  Vadim Shevchenko
|Submission (achilles lock)
|IAFC - Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:08
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|6-1
|  Leonid Efremov
|Submission (achilles lock)
|IAFC - Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:09
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|5-1
|  Victor Yerohin
|Submission (rear naked choke)
|IAFC - Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:54
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|4-1
|  Maxim Tarasov
|Submission (achilles lock)
|IAFC - Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:41
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|3-1
|  Masayuki Naruse
Masayuki Naruse
is a Japanese professional wrestler and Professional mixed martial artist.-Career:Naruse debuted in Fighting Network RINGS in 1992 where he was displayed as a scrappy junior heavyweight willing to take on opponents twice his size. He and other RINGS wrestlers made the transition to mixed martial...


|TKO
|Rings - Rising Series: Minazuki
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|9:26
|Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|2-1
| Dick Leon-Vrij
|KO
|Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1994: Second Round
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|6:06
|Fukuoka, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|2-0
| Willie Peeters
|Submission
|Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1994: First Round
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|9:56
|Osaka
Osaka
is a city in the Kansai region of Japan's main island of Honshu, a designated city under the Local Autonomy Law, the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and also the biggest part of Keihanshin area, which is represented by three major cities of Japan, Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe...

, Japan
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1-0
|  Mitsuya Nagai
|Submission
|Rings - Rings 1994 in Ariake
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|14:42
|Tokyo
Tokyo
, ; officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family...

, Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...


|
|-

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK