Mehadia is a small market town and commune in Caraş-Severin County

Caras-Severin County

Caraș-Severin is a county of Romania, in the historical region of Banat and few villages in Transylvania, with the county seat at Reșița.-Demographics:The county is part of the Danube-Kris-Mureș-Tisza euroregion....

, Romania

Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...

. It lies on the European route E70

European route E70

European route E 70 is an A-Class West-East European route, extending from A Coruña in Spain in the west to the Georgian city of Poti in the east.-Itinerary:...

, in the Cerna River valley. The town is located on the site of the ancient Roman

Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a thriving civilization that grew on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to one of the largest empires in the ancient world....

 colony Ad Mediam and was noted for its Hercules baths. It had a population of 2,492 in 1900, and of 4,474 in 2002. The commune is prone to major recurring flooding. The 1838 floods destroyed some 2000 houses in the valley and the 1841 floods in Mehadia were also devastating. It experienced major flooding more recently in May 2005.

The commune is composed of four villages: Globurău, Mehadia, Plugova and Valea Bolvaşniţa.

Etymology

The Romans had called 'Mehadia' as "Ad mediam", and initially spelled it “me-ad-diem” which was subsequently changed to Mehadia by dropping the letter “m” and inserting an “h” to remove the gap.

History

During Roman period, Mehadia was the known by the name "Ad Medium"; the ruins of a fortress and other Roman
antiquaries testify this fact. The Hercules baths also are of Roman vintage known in that period as Thermae Herculis or Ponies Herculis. Subsequent to the fall of the Roman Empire, the place was deserted till it was restored in recent times (after 1735) and the springs are most visited (June to September are the best months for visiting the baths). The Roman road from the Danube

Danube

The Danube is a river in the Central Europe and the Europe's second longest river after the Volga. It is classified as an international waterway....

 to Dacia

Dacia

In ancient geography, especially in Roman sources, Dacia was the land inhabited by the Dacians or Getae as they were known by the Greeks—the branch of the Thracians north of the Haemus range...

 was close to this village. Recent archaeological excavations have further substantiated the Roman period rule in the region. Many inscriptions dedicated to Hercules which testify the Hadrian reign of the Romans are seen at the baths.

During the continent floods of 1910, Mehadia suffered serious loss to farms and property and several hundred lives were lost; 600 houses were destroyed.

Geography

Mehadia is located in southwestern Romania in the Cerna valley at an elevation of 287 m. It is located along European route E70

European route E70

European route E 70 is an A-Class West-East European route, extending from A Coruña in Spain in the west to the Georgian city of Poti in the east.-Itinerary:...

, south of the village of Plugova and north of Topleţ

Toplet

Topleţ is a commune in Caraş-Severin County, western Romania with a population of 2923 people. It is composed of two villages, Bârza and Topleţ.-References:...

. Beyond Toplet to the south is Orșova

Orsova

Orșova is a port city on the Danube river in southwestern Romania's Mehedinți County. It is one of four localities in the county located in the Banat historical region. It is situated just above the Iron Gates, on the spot where the Cerna River meets the Danube.- History :The first documented...

, which was for many years the residence of a Pasha

Pasha

Pasha or pascha, formerly bashaw, was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors, generals and dignitaries. As an honorary title, Pasha, in one of its various ranks, is equivalent to the British title of Lord, and was also one of the highest titles in...

 and contained a prominent Turkish fortress. The town of Băile Herculane

Baile Herculane

Băile Herculane is a town in Romanian Banat, in Caraş-Severin County, situated in the valley of the Cerna River, between the Mehedinţi Mountains to the east and the Cerna Mountains to the west, elevation 168 meters. Its current population is approximately 6,000...

 lies nearby to the east. Different parts of the river valley in the commune have different names such as the Shupanek valley and Coramnic. To the northeast of the main town is an elongated lake named Lacul Prisaca. A suspension bridge crosses the river near Mehadia in an area which is said to smell strongly of sulphur. The road to Mehadia passes through a broad forested scenic valley and crosses a Roman Aqueduct. The aqueduct has only 11 arches remaining in an otherwise well preserved state. They are made of large field stones and red bricks placed over a four layered field stones.

Geologically the Plugova Fault exists between the Vârciorova and Bolvașnița

Bolvasnita

Bolvaşniţa is a commune in Caraş-Severin County, western Romania, with a population of 1,573 people. It is composed of two villages, Bolvaşniţa and Vârciorova.-References:...

 valleys on the eastern boundary of the river basin and the Belibuc Fault also lies in the Plugova vicinity.

Wild life
Wild life found in the vicinity of Mehadia are mainly wolves and bears. In the mild climate of Mehadia, fig trees grow in profusion.

Culture

The famous baths of Mehadia were known to the Romans as "The Baths of Hercules". It is a celebrated place for its mineral springs, which are located in a narrow rocky gorge in the. The springs rise in Banat

Banat

The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe currently divided between three countries: the eastern part lies in western Romania , the western part in northeastern Serbia , and a small...

 in the Cerna valley

Cerna River (Danube)

The Cerna River is a river in Romania. The Cerna has its source on the south-east side of the Godeanu Mountains and flows into the Danube. The upper reach of the river is sometimes called Cernişoara River. With a basin of 1433 square km and a length of 84 km, it carves an erosive tectonic...

, about a mile from the Mehadia town. Originally, 22 hot springs existed. However, now only nine springs are known of which the popular one is Hercules spring, which emanates from fissures. The temperature of the water, on an average, remains in the range of 70 to 145 0 F. The nine different springs in use have varying degree of chemical content with the usual sulphurated hydrogen gas, lime sulphate, soda and lime, nitrogen gas, carbonic acid gas. However, the Hercules bath does not contain sulphurated hydrogen. The temperature is controlled through a cooling apparatus. Eye treatment is also arranged with the spring water, apart from the therapeutic healing powers for scrofula, joint pains, chronic rheumatism, gout, indolent skin diseases , complicated mercurial afflictions, hysteria, hypochondria ad many other “opprobria medica”. The spring waters which are rich in hydrogen in particular, are popular for cures of cutaneous disorders, paralysis and apoplexy. The yield of these springs have been estimated as 5500 cu ft (155.7 m³) of water even during the dry season. The water temperature of some of the springs reported in a German

Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

 publication in degrees on the Réaumur scale (°C = °Ré × 1.25) are: The Kalkabad 30 °Ré, the Rauber bad or Hercules Spring 35.5 °Ré, the Old Gliederbad 30.5 °Ré; the Augenbader 42 °Ré the new Giledarbad 20 °Ré; the Spring Brunnon 47.5 °Ré; The Schindel or Ledwige bad 36.5 °Ré; the Schwitzhloch 30 v; the Fiedrabad 30.5 °Ré; and Franciscilbad 25 °Ré.

There are ruins of a Praetorium

Praetorium

- Etemology :The praetorium, also spelled prœtorium or pretorium, was originally used to identify the general’s tent within a Roman Castra, Castellum, or encampment. The word originates from the name of the chief Roman magistrate, known as Praetor...

 and civilian settlement about 3 km northwest of Mehadia and about 2 km south of Plugova on the left side of the E 70 at 44°55′0"N 22°21′0"E.

The Koramnik part of the commune historically contained a gypsy encampment along the river bank. Traditionally the locals grew peach

Peach

The peach tree is a deciduous tree growing to tall and 6 in. in diameter, belonging to the subfamily Prunoideae of the family Rosaceae. It bears an edible juicy fruit called a peach...

es and Muscat grapes and produced wine. Gypsies in the area were known for their vibrant music and Germanic theatrical influences.

Houses
There are no small houses in Mehadia. They are built in narrow “Platz” with a statue of Hercules in the middle, placed over spout shaped like a crocodile from which the clear spring water emerges. The houses are painted in pale green or yellow colour, have high roofs with overhanging eves and with brownish tiles in the backdrop of the rocky mountains.

Costumes

The peasants of Mehadia wear picturesque costumes and walk with a graceful bearing. The comely women wear braided hair, which is braided in bands and twisted round the head and bedecked with flowers. The hair seen in different colours is attributed to the traditional custom, followed by women even today, of wearing the hair of several generations of women as natural inheritance from mother, grandmother and great grand mother, along with their own. The native colourful dresses which the women wear is described as “The Obrescha, a broad girdle with red fringe hanging to the instep and worn over the white shift, gives them occasionally, as they walk along the road with the long disheveled web flaunting in the wind, a wild witch like air”.

Economic development

Mehadia forest resources are proposed to be exploited by new company known as Woodex Industries. The project started in 2001 envisaged manufacture of large wood laminated boards.

The road networks in and around Mehadia are also under a major expansion and rehabilitation programme. The upgrading of the roads to international standards is aimed at meeting the increased traffic in the region and to minimise occurrence of accidents, to improving traffic safety and create new parking lots.

The baths in Mehadia are now provided with elegant accommodation to stay and are provided with modern amenities.

Archaeological excavations

The Mehadia archaeological site is spread over an area of 7 ha. The "Roman champ" is the site where excavations were initiated since 1942. The Roman champ has been investigated in two stages – the first stage excavation was in earth while the second stage was in stone formations in pits of 116×142.6 m size. These have unearthed many Roman antiquaries buried under agricultural fields of corn and private orchards. A defence system dated to 101 has been discovered near the confluence of the Bolvaşniţa

Bolvasnita

Bolvaşniţa is a commune in Caraş-Severin County, western Romania, with a population of 1,573 people. It is composed of two villages, Bolvaşniţa and Vârciorova.-References:...

 stream with the Bela Reka River. It has been inferred that the Emperor Trajan

Trajan

Trajan , was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD. Born into a non-patrician family in the province of Hispania Baetica, in Spain Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian. Serving as a legatus legionis in Hispania Tarraconensis, in Spain, in 89 Trajan supported the emperor against...

 had set up his army establishment here during the first phase of the war with the Dacians

Dacians

The Dacians were an Indo-European people, very close or part of the Thracians. Dacians were the ancient inhabitants of Dacia...

. A relic of a military diploma was found. This diploma is stated to belong to a soldier of the Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum, a personal guard of the emperor.

Epigraphical information read at the base of the Roman champ provides link to the Cohors III Delmatarum

Cohors III Delmatarum equitata c.R. pf

Cohors tertia Delmatarum equitata civium Romanorum pia fidelis was a Roman auxiliary mixed infantry and cavalry regiment. It is named after the Dalmatae, an Illyrian-speaking tribe that inhabited the Adriatic coastal mountain range of the eponymous Dalmatia...

. In addition, temporary military establishments of "Cohors VII Raetorum, detachments from Legio XIII Gemina, Legio V Macedonica and from Legio III Flavia Felix and Legio VII Claudia" have also been identified. The defense system was created to protect the Dierna

Dierna

Dierna is a genus of moths of the Noctuidae family....

 city from northern invasions. In the constricted area of the Roman champ, "a circular military vicus", which extends along the Bela Reka River up to the thermae has also been identified. A graveyard of the Roman period has also been discovered on the bank of the Bolvaşniţa stream, in the northern part the Roman champ. Further, excavations have also revealed "the Capitolium of the civilian settlement at Praetorium – Mehadia", which has a temple built by the soldiers of the Cohors III Delmatarum ¥.

Further reading

• Băcilă, Ion, Monografia Mehadiei, Editura Marineasa, Timișoara, 1997, ISBN 973-9185-88-6
• Nicolae Danciu Petniceanu, Mehadia – vatră istorică milenară, Editura Gordian, Timișoara, 2007, ISBN 978-973-8902-13-8