Mauritian Militant Movement
Encyclopedia
The Mouvement Militant Mauricien (often shortened to MMM ) is a socialist political party
in Mauritius
. The party was formed by a group of students in the late 1960s. The MMM is currently led by Paul Bérenger
.
The MMM is currently the second-largest party in the National Assembly of Mauritius. There are 19 MMM Members of Parliament (MPs), all elected at the 2010 elections
.
Promoting socialism
, the MMM advocates a fairer, more democratic Mauritian society, free from discrimination due to social class
, race, community
, caste
, religion
, gender
or sexual orientation
.
Beginning of the years 1970's when the principal leaders of the MMM were imprisoned, their spouses and female supporters mobilized with the objective of obtaining the release without condition of their husbands and friends. The Feminine Wing was officially created in 1974, with the objectives of favoring the participation of women in all spheres of the society and the introduction of true socialism.
The feminine commission is to ensure a constant representation of women in the CC and the BP, and to promote the ideologies of the MMM throughout the Mauritian nation; especially women. The MMM has as far as possible ensured a representation of women in elections as candidates. The unflinching proof of the consideration that the MMM has for women is the creation just after the general elections of 1982 of the 'Ministry of Woman' which was to ask as the organism taking into considerations the various problems and aspirations of women in Mauritius. The commission now consists of fourteen members, elected at the same time as that of the CC. Each month, representatives of the commission meet at the QG of the MMM at La Rue la Poudriere; Port Louis. The constitution of the MMM guarantees the representation of women in the CC to as least two women who are not deputies of the parliament. The actual executive committee consists of: President: Dany Perrier, Secretary: Sheila Babajee, Treasurer: Bernadette Chan and ten other executive members.
This year, the Youth Wing consists of 11 executives elected by secret ballot elected by the 20 Regionales; each Regionale sending 3 representatives to elect the committee. The election is normally held on a yearly basis. The current president is Chetan Ramchurn, with Ridwaan Beeharry bearing office as the secretary. The executive committee for the MMM Youth Wing for the year 2010-2011 is as follows http://www.mmmparty.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207&Itemid=58:
President: Chetan Ramchurn
Vice. President: Fabiani Balisson
Secretary: Ridwaan Beeharry
Assistant Secretary: Umar Dustmohammed
Treasurer: Alvin Veeren
Assistant Treasurer: Vishek Jadunundun
P.R.O. : Arshad Duymun
Female CC Representative: Nisha Kistnah
Executive member: Darshan Ramkissoon
Executive member: Najeeb Fokeerbux
Executive member: Nicolas Sans-Souci
The party's first participation to an electoral poll in Mauritius was a winning one. A by-election in the Triolet/Pamplemousses constituency was organised in September 1971, following the death of MP Lall Jugnauth. The MMM fielded Dev Virahsawmy as candidate won the contest against the Ptr/PMSD/CAM coalition by more than 5000 votes. The PTr/PMSD/CAM government reacted to the rise of the MMM by voting the Public Order Bill: an anti-democratic bill imposing a state of emergency in order to ban activities organised by the MMM.
The MMM experienced its first schism in 1973, when Dev Virahsawmy left the party to found the MMMSP. The Youth Wing, Jeunesse Militante, is set up with Jean Claude Augustave, Gynaduth Hanzary, Kris Bhorra, Raffick Elahee and Amédée Darga amongst many animators. The government, fearing further electoral defeats, repelled general elections and voted for a ban of by-elections.
In 1976, the MMM won 34 of the 70 National Assembly seats, with Labour getting 28 and the PMSD, 8. Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam contracted a political alliance with Sir Gaëtan Duval to stop the MMM from forming a government. The MMM formed a strong parliamentary opposition with Sir Anerood Jugnauth as Leader of the Opposition
.
The MMM win the municipalities of Port Louis
, Beau Bassin/Rose Hill and Vacoas/Phoenix. The first MMM mayors were K. Bhayat (Port Louis), J.C. de l'Estrac (Beau Bassin/Rose Hill) and D. Jhuboolall (Vacoas/Phoenix).
as Finance Minister
. The latter came up with
(MSM) with the dissidents. The MMM, under the leadership of Paul Bérenger, contested the August 1983 election alone. Despite the communal campaign against the MMM and its leader, the party grabbed 19 seats, with 46% of voters supporting the MMM.
alliance which won 54 out 60 seats in the Parliament. The leader Paul Berenger
succeeded to Sir Anerood Jugnauth in 2003 after this one acted from 2000 to 2003. The alliance was led by Berenger from 2003 to 2006. In the 2005 general elections, Berenger led the Alliance with him as candidate for Prime Minister. They obtained only 22 out of the 70 seats. In 2010, the MMM formed the Alliance du Coeur with the Union National of Ashock Jugnauth and Social Democrat Mauritian Mouvement (MMSD) of Eric Guimbeau. The Alliance du Coeur won 18 out of 60 seats in the May 2010 General election. The Alliance du Coeur was further attributed 2 best loser seats. Following the elections, the Eric Guimbeau of the MMSD decided to sit as an independent MP, leaving the MMM with 19 seats in total.
, Alan Ganoo, Reza Uteem, Kee Chong Li Kwong Yee, Rajesh Bhagwan, Arriane Navarre Marie, Jean Claude Barbier, Veda Baloomoody, Francoise Labelle, Franco Quirin, Deven Nagalingum, Lisie Ribot, Kavi Ramano, Satish Boolell, Steven Obeegadoo, Raffick Sorefan, Josique Radegonde,Joe Lesjongard and Adil Ameer Meea.
, an international grouping of socialist, social democratic, and labour parties.
Political party
A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...
in Mauritius
Mauritius
Mauritius , officially the Republic of Mauritius is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar...
. The party was formed by a group of students in the late 1960s. The MMM is currently led by Paul Bérenger
Paul Bérenger
Paul Raymond Bérenger GCSK MP is the Leader of the Opposition of Mauritius and former Prime Minister of the Republic. Bérenger, who is a Christian of French descent, is the only Prime Minister of Mauritius who was not a Hindu....
.
The MMM is currently the second-largest party in the National Assembly of Mauritius. There are 19 MMM Members of Parliament (MPs), all elected at the 2010 elections
Elections in Mauritius
Elections in Mauritius gives information on elections and election results in Mauritius.Mauritius elects on national level a legislature. The National Assembly has 70 members, 62 elected for a four year term in 21 multi-member constituencies and 8 additional "best loser" members appointed by the...
.
Promoting socialism
Socialism
Socialism is an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy; or a political philosophy advocating such a system. "Social ownership" may refer to any one of, or a combination of, the following: cooperative enterprises,...
, the MMM advocates a fairer, more democratic Mauritian society, free from discrimination due to social class
Social class
Social classes are economic or cultural arrangements of groups in society. Class is an essential object of analysis for sociologists, political scientists, economists, anthropologists and social historians. In the social sciences, social class is often discussed in terms of 'social stratification'...
, race, community
Community
The term community has two distinct meanings:*a group of interacting people, possibly living in close proximity, and often refers to a group that shares some common values, and is attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical location, generally in social units larger than a household...
, caste
Caste
Caste is an elaborate and complex social system that combines elements of endogamy, occupation, culture, social class, tribal affiliation and political power. It should not be confused with race or social class, e.g. members of different castes in one society may belong to the same race, as in India...
, religion
Religion
Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to...
, gender
Gender
Gender is a range of characteristics used to distinguish between males and females, particularly in the cases of men and women and the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. Depending on the context, the discriminating characteristics vary from sex to social role to gender identity...
or sexual orientation
Sexual orientation
Sexual orientation describes a pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to the opposite sex, the same sex, both, or neither, and the genders that accompany them. By the convention of organized researchers, these attractions are subsumed under heterosexuality, homosexuality,...
.
Structure
The structure of the party lies on the branches. A branch consists of around 10 members minimum. Each branch is to delegate two representatives to the Regionale. The party consists of 20 Regionales; each relative to a constituency of Mauritius. In the past, there was one Regionale at Rodrigues also. Each Regionale is to elect a member to represent it in the Central Committee(CC). Other instances of the party are the Youth Wing and the Feminine Wing. The Youth Wing has two representatives a male and a female representing them in the CC. The CC further elects members to enter the Political Bureau (BP). The BP then elects its executives. The BP can also co-opt members in the CC and the BP. However, the main body still remains the assembly of delegates, which consists of members from branches that make up the party structure. The assembly of delegates can change all within the party on a voting system based on 50% + 1 by secret ballot.Political Bureau
The Political Bureau was set up with the objective of enabling collective thinking within the party so that it will not be a one-man show or a party oriented towards a single father figure. The executive posts are distributed as follows http://www.mmmparty.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=311&Itemid=34:| Leader | Incumbency |
|---|---|
| Paul Berenger Paul Bérenger Paul Raymond Bérenger GCSK MP is the Leader of the Opposition of Mauritius and former Prime Minister of the Republic. Bérenger, who is a Christian of French descent, is the only Prime Minister of Mauritius who was not a Hindu.... |
1969–1976 |
| Sir Anerood Jugnauth | 1976–1983 |
| Paul Berenger Paul Bérenger Paul Raymond Bérenger GCSK MP is the Leader of the Opposition of Mauritius and former Prime Minister of the Republic. Bérenger, who is a Christian of French descent, is the only Prime Minister of Mauritius who was not a Hindu.... |
1983–1987 |
| Prem Nababsing | 1987–1995 |
| Paul Berenger Paul Bérenger Paul Raymond Bérenger GCSK MP is the Leader of the Opposition of Mauritius and former Prime Minister of the Republic. Bérenger, who is a Christian of French descent, is the only Prime Minister of Mauritius who was not a Hindu.... |
1995–present |
Feminine Wing
Since 1969, the MMM had for one of its prime considerations the welfare and the emancipation of women. It was thus, the first political movement in Mauritius to give importance to women in politics http://mmmparty.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215&Itemid=59.Beginning of the years 1970's when the principal leaders of the MMM were imprisoned, their spouses and female supporters mobilized with the objective of obtaining the release without condition of their husbands and friends. The Feminine Wing was officially created in 1974, with the objectives of favoring the participation of women in all spheres of the society and the introduction of true socialism.
The feminine commission is to ensure a constant representation of women in the CC and the BP, and to promote the ideologies of the MMM throughout the Mauritian nation; especially women. The MMM has as far as possible ensured a representation of women in elections as candidates. The unflinching proof of the consideration that the MMM has for women is the creation just after the general elections of 1982 of the 'Ministry of Woman' which was to ask as the organism taking into considerations the various problems and aspirations of women in Mauritius. The commission now consists of fourteen members, elected at the same time as that of the CC. Each month, representatives of the commission meet at the QG of the MMM at La Rue la Poudriere; Port Louis. The constitution of the MMM guarantees the representation of women in the CC to as least two women who are not deputies of the parliament. The actual executive committee consists of: President: Dany Perrier, Secretary: Sheila Babajee, Treasurer: Bernadette Chan and ten other executive members.
Youth Wing
The Youth Wing, officially Jeunesse Militante, formed in 1973, is opened to all youngsters aging 15 to 30 of Mauritian Nationality. Being a member is free of charge. A Youth Wing member can be affiliated to a branch, Regionale or joint the Youth Wing directly. Membership is free of cost.This year, the Youth Wing consists of 11 executives elected by secret ballot elected by the 20 Regionales; each Regionale sending 3 representatives to elect the committee. The election is normally held on a yearly basis. The current president is Chetan Ramchurn, with Ridwaan Beeharry bearing office as the secretary. The executive committee for the MMM Youth Wing for the year 2010-2011 is as follows http://www.mmmparty.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207&Itemid=58:
President: Chetan Ramchurn
Vice. President: Fabiani Balisson
Secretary: Ridwaan Beeharry
Assistant Secretary: Umar Dustmohammed
Treasurer: Alvin Veeren
Assistant Treasurer: Vishek Jadunundun
P.R.O. : Arshad Duymun
Female CC Representative: Nisha Kistnah
Executive member: Darshan Ramkissoon
Executive member: Najeeb Fokeerbux
Executive member: Nicolas Sans-Souci
Founding
The MMM originated in 1968 as a students' movement (Mouvement Etudiants Mauricien) led by Paul Berenger, Dev Virahsawmy and the Jeerubarkhan brothers, Jhoneed and Shaffick, Sushil Kushiram, Tirat Ramkissoon, Krishen Mati, Ah-Ken Wong, Kriti Goburdhun, Allen Sew Kwan Kan, Vela Vengaroo, and Amedee Darga amongst others. It was in 1969 that it became the Mouvement Militant Mauricien following the frustrating and disappointing coalition between the Mauritius Labour Government and the main opposition Party at the time, of Gaetan Duval's PMSD.The party's first participation to an electoral poll in Mauritius was a winning one. A by-election in the Triolet/Pamplemousses constituency was organised in September 1971, following the death of MP Lall Jugnauth. The MMM fielded Dev Virahsawmy as candidate won the contest against the Ptr/PMSD/CAM coalition by more than 5000 votes. The PTr/PMSD/CAM government reacted to the rise of the MMM by voting the Public Order Bill: an anti-democratic bill imposing a state of emergency in order to ban activities organised by the MMM.
"Les annees de braise (1971-1982)"
In October 1971, Fareed Muttur, member of the MMM, died in a car accident near the Réduit round-about in obscure circumstances. One month later, a plot against the leaders of the MMM at the Chasteauneuf street, Curepipe, lead to the death of another activist: a docker called Azor Adélaïde.The MMM experienced its first schism in 1973, when Dev Virahsawmy left the party to found the MMMSP. The Youth Wing, Jeunesse Militante, is set up with Jean Claude Augustave, Gynaduth Hanzary, Kris Bhorra, Raffick Elahee and Amédée Darga amongst many animators. The government, fearing further electoral defeats, repelled general elections and voted for a ban of by-elections.
In 1976, the MMM won 34 of the 70 National Assembly seats, with Labour getting 28 and the PMSD, 8. Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam contracted a political alliance with Sir Gaëtan Duval to stop the MMM from forming a government. The MMM formed a strong parliamentary opposition with Sir Anerood Jugnauth as Leader of the Opposition
Leader of the Opposition
The Leader of the Opposition is a title traditionally held by the leader of the largest party not in government in a Westminster System of parliamentary government...
.
The MMM win the municipalities of Port Louis
Port Louis
-Economy:The economy is dominated by its port, which handles Mauritius' international trade. The port was founded by the French who preferred Port Louis as the City is shielded by the Port Louis/Moka mountain range. It is the largest container handling facility in the Indian Ocean and can...
, Beau Bassin/Rose Hill and Vacoas/Phoenix. The first MMM mayors were K. Bhayat (Port Louis), J.C. de l'Estrac (Beau Bassin/Rose Hill) and D. Jhuboolall (Vacoas/Phoenix).
The 1982 60-0 Victory
Using "Enn nouvo simen pou enn nouno lavie" as the party slogan for the 1982 elections, the MMM won all of the 60 contestable seats, together with its partner, the PSM. An MMM-PSM-OPR government was constituted with Sir Anerood Jugnauth as prime minister and Paul BérengerPaul Bérenger
Paul Raymond Bérenger GCSK MP is the Leader of the Opposition of Mauritius and former Prime Minister of the Republic. Bérenger, who is a Christian of French descent, is the only Prime Minister of Mauritius who was not a Hindu....
as Finance Minister
Finance minister
The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government.A minister of finance has many different jobs in a government. He or she helps form the government budget, stimulate the economy, and control finances...
. The latter came up with
The 1983 trauma
The 22 March 1983 saw the end of the MMM-PSM alliance. The MMM suffered a major schism, and Sir Anerood Jugnauth formed the Militant Socialist MovementMilitant Socialist Movement
The Militant Socialist Movement is a Centre-Right political party in Mauritius that adheres to the philosophies of socialism and political democracy. It is the 3rd largest political party in the National Assembly. It has in all 13 seats directly elected from the 2010 general elections...
(MSM) with the dissidents. The MMM, under the leadership of Paul Bérenger, contested the August 1983 election alone. Despite the communal campaign against the MMM and its leader, the party grabbed 19 seats, with 46% of voters supporting the MMM.
The nineties
The MMM formed a winning alliance with the MSM in 1990, and notably helped changing the status of Mauritius from an Independent state to a Republic, with a President as Head of State. The MMM allied with Labourites in 1995, and won the general elections that year with a 60-0 landslide victory over the MSM and the PMSD. The MMM was expelled from the government in 1997.The noughties onwards
In 2000, the Party formed part of the second MSM/MMMMSM/MMM
The Militant Socialist Movement/Mauritian Militant Movement was a coalition party that formed the government of the Republic of Mauritius from September 2000 to July 2005.The coalition was known as the "Medpoint Deal" and was formed by former Prime Minister and actual President Sir Anerood...
alliance which won 54 out 60 seats in the Parliament. The leader Paul Berenger
Paul Bérenger
Paul Raymond Bérenger GCSK MP is the Leader of the Opposition of Mauritius and former Prime Minister of the Republic. Bérenger, who is a Christian of French descent, is the only Prime Minister of Mauritius who was not a Hindu....
succeeded to Sir Anerood Jugnauth in 2003 after this one acted from 2000 to 2003. The alliance was led by Berenger from 2003 to 2006. In the 2005 general elections, Berenger led the Alliance with him as candidate for Prime Minister. They obtained only 22 out of the 70 seats. In 2010, the MMM formed the Alliance du Coeur with the Union National of Ashock Jugnauth and Social Democrat Mauritian Mouvement (MMSD) of Eric Guimbeau. The Alliance du Coeur won 18 out of 60 seats in the May 2010 General election. The Alliance du Coeur was further attributed 2 best loser seats. Following the elections, the Eric Guimbeau of the MMSD decided to sit as an independent MP, leaving the MMM with 19 seats in total.
Current MPs
The 19 MMM MPs are Paul BérengerPaul Bérenger
Paul Raymond Bérenger GCSK MP is the Leader of the Opposition of Mauritius and former Prime Minister of the Republic. Bérenger, who is a Christian of French descent, is the only Prime Minister of Mauritius who was not a Hindu....
, Alan Ganoo, Reza Uteem, Kee Chong Li Kwong Yee, Rajesh Bhagwan, Arriane Navarre Marie, Jean Claude Barbier, Veda Baloomoody, Francoise Labelle, Franco Quirin, Deven Nagalingum, Lisie Ribot, Kavi Ramano, Satish Boolell, Steven Obeegadoo, Raffick Sorefan, Josique Radegonde,Joe Lesjongard and Adil Ameer Meea.
Affiliations
The MMM is a member of the Socialist InternationalSocialist International
The Socialist International is a worldwide organization of democratic socialist, social democratic and labour political parties. It was formed in 1951.- History :...
, an international grouping of socialist, social democratic, and labour parties.