Margarete Wallmann
Encyclopedia
Margarete Wallmann or Wallman (aka Margarethe Wallmann, Margherita Wallman or Margarita Wallmann) (22 June or July 1901 or 1904 – 2 May 1992)
was a ballerina
, choreographer, stage designer, and opera director.
The date and place of Wallmann's birth are uncertain, and nothing is known about her family. The memoir Les balcons du ciel, published in 1976 under the name Margarita Wallmann, is of no help since it deals mainly with her career after 1933.
Born most probably in Berlin Wallmann received classical dancing education from Eugenia Eduardowa (1882–1960) in Berlin and later from Heinrich Kröller (1880–1930) and Anna Ornelli in Munich. From 1923 on she attended Mary Wigman
s ballet school in Dresden and for a time belonged to Wigman's touring company, whose members included such future dance stars as Hanya Holm
and Gret Palucca
. In 1928 she traveled to New York and held lectures there on Wigman's Ausdruckstanz. In 1929 she became head of the Wigman School in Berlin.
In 1930 she founded her own company Tänzer-Kollektiv which in 1931 had already grown to 37 members. Their first production was the "movement drama" Orpheus Dionysos by Felix Emmel with Wallmann as Euridike and Ted Shawn
as Orpheus. Shawn invited Wallmann to teach at his Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts
in Los Angeles. In 1931 the company staged Emmel's Das jüngste Gericht (The Last Judgement) for the Salzburg Festival
and performed there again the following year. Due to an accident however Wallmann herself had to quit dancing.
In 1933 she moved to Vienna and in 1934 became ballet master at the Vienna State Opera and head of its ballet school. In 1938, after Austria's Anschluss
to Nazi Germany, due to her "non aryan" descent she was laid off as was her soon to be divorced husband Hugo Burghauser. While Burghauser on 12 September 1938 fled via Hungary, Yugoslavia and Italy to Canada and finally to the United States, Wallmann found employment as ballet director at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires and became a leading figure of dance in Argentine.
In 1949 she returned to Europe and became ballet director of La Scala
in Milano. One of the new ballets she created there was Vita dell'uomo by Alberto Savinio
(1958). Since 1952, she devoted herself mainly to directing operas. Wallmann became the natural choice to direct premiere performances, from Darius Milhaud
's David to La Scala's now-famed 1958 rendition of Turandot
with Birgit Nilsson
. Also at the Scala, she directed Maria Callas
in Médée (conducted by Leonard Bernstein
, 1953), Alceste (conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini
, 1954), Norma (1955, the last few seconds of which were filmed), and Un ballo in maschera (1957).
In 1957 Wallmann returned to the Vienna State Opera to stage Tosca
(conducted by Herbert von Karajan
, and starring Renata Tebaldi
), followed in later years by new productions of Dialogues des Carmelites
(1959; conducted by Heinrich Hollreiser
; starring Irmgard Seefried
, Ivo Žídek
, Elisabeth Höngen
, Hilde Zadek
, Christel Goltz
, Rosette Anday, Anneliese Rothenberger
), Assassinio nella cattedrale
(1960, reviving Wallmann's 1958 La Scala production; conducted by Herbert von Karajan, starring Hans Hotter
, Kurt Equiluz
, Anton Dermota
, Gerhard Stolze
, Paul Schöffler
, Walter Berry, Hilde Zadek, Christa Ludwig
), La forza del destino (1960; conducted by Dimitri Mitropoulos; starring Antonietta Stella
, Giuseppe di Stefano
, Ettore Bastianini
, Giulietta Simionato
), Turandot (1961; conducted by Francesco Molinari-Pradelli
, starring Birgit Nilsson, Giuseppe di Stefano, Leontyne Price
), and Don Carlo (1962; conducted by Oliviero de Fabritiis
, starring Flaviano Labò
, Boris Christoff
, Hans Hotter
, Sena Jurinac
, Eberhard Wächter
, Giulietta Simionato).
For the Deutsche Oper Berlin
she directed Turandot (1965), and La forza del destino (1970).
Her last production was Der Rosenkavalier
for the Monte Carlo Opera (1987).
She died in Monte Carlo
.
was a ballerina
Ballerina
A ballerina is a title used to describe a principal female professional ballet dancer in a large company; the male equivalent to this title is danseur or ballerino...
, choreographer, stage designer, and opera director.
The date and place of Wallmann's birth are uncertain, and nothing is known about her family. The memoir Les balcons du ciel, published in 1976 under the name Margarita Wallmann, is of no help since it deals mainly with her career after 1933.
Born most probably in Berlin Wallmann received classical dancing education from Eugenia Eduardowa (1882–1960) in Berlin and later from Heinrich Kröller (1880–1930) and Anna Ornelli in Munich. From 1923 on she attended Mary Wigman
Mary Wigman
Mary Wigman was a German dancer, choreographer, and dance instructor.A pioneer of expressionist dance, her work was hailed for bringing the deepest of existential experiences to the stage...
s ballet school in Dresden and for a time belonged to Wigman's touring company, whose members included such future dance stars as Hanya Holm
Hanya Holm
Hanya Holm is known as one of the “Big Four” founders of American modern dance...
and Gret Palucca
Gret Palucca
Gret Palucca was a German dancer and teacher.Shortly after birth, her family moved to San Francisco, returning with her mother to Dresden in 1909. There she received ballet lessons with Heinrich Kröller from 1914 to 1916...
. In 1928 she traveled to New York and held lectures there on Wigman's Ausdruckstanz. In 1929 she became head of the Wigman School in Berlin.
In 1930 she founded her own company Tänzer-Kollektiv which in 1931 had already grown to 37 members. Their first production was the "movement drama" Orpheus Dionysos by Felix Emmel with Wallmann as Euridike and Ted Shawn
Ted Shawn
Ted Shawn , originally Edwin Myers Shawn, was one of the first notable male pioneers of American modern dance. Along with creating Denishawn with former wife Ruth St. Denis he is also responsible for the creation of the well known all-male company Ted Shawn and His Men Dancers...
as Orpheus. Shawn invited Wallmann to teach at his Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts
Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts
The Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts, founded in 1915 by Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn in Los Angeles, California, helped many perfect their dancing talents. Some of the school's more notable pupils include Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman, Jack Cole, and silent film star...
in Los Angeles. In 1931 the company staged Emmel's Das jüngste Gericht (The Last Judgement) for the Salzburg Festival
Salzburg Festival
The Salzburg Festival is a prominent festival of music and drama established in 1920. It is held each summer within the Austrian town of Salzburg, the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart...
and performed there again the following year. Due to an accident however Wallmann herself had to quit dancing.
In 1933 she moved to Vienna and in 1934 became ballet master at the Vienna State Opera and head of its ballet school. In 1938, after Austria's Anschluss
Anschluss
The Anschluss , also known as the ', was the occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938....
to Nazi Germany, due to her "non aryan" descent she was laid off as was her soon to be divorced husband Hugo Burghauser. While Burghauser on 12 September 1938 fled via Hungary, Yugoslavia and Italy to Canada and finally to the United States, Wallmann found employment as ballet director at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires and became a leading figure of dance in Argentine.
In 1949 she returned to Europe and became ballet director of La Scala
La Scala
La Scala , is a world renowned opera house in Milan, Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as the New Royal-Ducal Theatre at La Scala...
in Milano. One of the new ballets she created there was Vita dell'uomo by Alberto Savinio
Alberto Savinio
Alberto Savinio, real name Andrea Francesco Alberto de Chirico was an Italian writer, painter, musician, journalist, essayist, playwright, set designer and composer. He was the younger brother of 'metaphysical' painter Giorgio De Chirico...
(1958). Since 1952, she devoted herself mainly to directing operas. Wallmann became the natural choice to direct premiere performances, from Darius Milhaud
Darius Milhaud
Darius Milhaud was a French composer and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—also known as The Group of Six—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions are influenced by jazz and make use of polytonality...
's David to La Scala's now-famed 1958 rendition of Turandot
Turandot
Turandot is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini, set to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni.Though Puccini's first interest in the subject was based on his reading of Friedrich Schiller's adaptation of the play, his work is most nearly based on the earlier text Turandot...
with Birgit Nilsson
Birgit Nilsson
right|thumb|Nilsson in 1948.Birgit Nilsson was a celebrated Swedish dramatic soprano who specialized in operatic and symphonic works...
. Also at the Scala, she directed Maria Callas
Maria Callas
Maria Callas was an American-born Greek soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the 20th century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique, a wide-ranging voice and great dramatic gifts...
in Médée (conducted by Leonard Bernstein
Leonard Bernstein
Leonard Bernstein August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, author, music lecturer and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the United States of America to receive worldwide acclaim...
, 1953), Alceste (conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini
Carlo Maria Giulini
Carlo Maria Giulini was an Italian conductor.-Biography:Giulini was born in Barletta, Italy, to a father born in Lombardy and a mother born in Naples; but he was raised in Bolzano, which at the time of his birth was part of Austria...
, 1954), Norma (1955, the last few seconds of which were filmed), and Un ballo in maschera (1957).
In 1957 Wallmann returned to the Vienna State Opera to stage Tosca
Tosca
Tosca is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900...
(conducted by Herbert von Karajan
Herbert von Karajan
Herbert von Karajan was an Austrian orchestra and opera conductor. To the wider world he was perhaps most famously associated with the Berlin Philharmonic, of which he was principal conductor for 35 years...
, and starring Renata Tebaldi
Renata Tebaldi
Renata Tebaldi was an Italian lirico-spinto soprano popular in the post-war period...
), followed in later years by new productions of Dialogues des Carmelites
Dialogues of the Carmelites
Dialogues of the Carmelites , is an opera in three acts by Francis Poulenc. In 1953, M. Valcarenghi approached Poulenc to commission a ballet for La Scala in Milan; when Poulenc found the proposed subject uninspiring, Valcarenghi suggested instead a screenplay by Georges Bernanos, based on the...
(1959; conducted by Heinrich Hollreiser
Heinrich Hollreiser
Heinrich Hollreiser was a German conductor.Born in Munich, he attended the State Academy of Music there, and went on to serve as the conductor at the opera houses in Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, Mannheim, and Duisburg. From 1942-1945 he served as the principal conductor of the Bavarian State Opera, while...
; starring Irmgard Seefried
Irmgard Seefried
Irmgard Seefried was a distinguished German soprano who sang opera and lieder.Maria Theresia Irmgard Seefried was born in Köngetried, near Mindelheim, Bavaria, Germany, the daughter of educated Austrian-born parents. She studied at Augsburg University before making her debut in Aachen as the...
, Ivo Žídek
Ivo Žídek
Ivo Žídek was a celebrated Czech lyric tenor, known for his vivid portrayals of character roles in the operas of Smetana, Dvorák and Janáček.-Early life:...
, Elisabeth Höngen
Elisabeth Höngen
Elisabeth Höngen was a German operatic mezzo-soprano, particularly associated with Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss roles, and with Verdi's Lady Macbeth....
, Hilde Zadek
Hilde Zadek
Hilde Zadek is a German operatic soprano.After her hometown became Polish after World War I, her parents moved to Stettin in 1920, where Zadek spent her youth; however as a Jew she was forced to leave Germany in 1934, and settled in then Palestine, where she worked as a nurse in Jerusalem, while...
, Christel Goltz
Christel Goltz
Christel Goltz was a German operatic soprano. One of the leading dramatic sopranos of her generation, she possessed a rich voice with a brilliant range and intensity...
, Rosette Anday, Anneliese Rothenberger
Anneliese Rothenberger
Anneliese Rothenberger was a German operatic soprano who had an active international performance career which spanned from 1943 to 1983...
), Assassinio nella cattedrale
Assassinio nella cattedrale
Assassinio nella cattedrale is an opera in two acts and an intermezzo by the Italian composer Ildebrando Pizzetti. The libretto is an adaptation by the composer of an Italian translation of T.S. Eliot's play Murder in the Cathedral. The opera was first performed at La Scala, Milan on 1 March 1958...
(1960, reviving Wallmann's 1958 La Scala production; conducted by Herbert von Karajan, starring Hans Hotter
Hans Hotter
Hans Hotter was a German operatic bass-baritone, admired internationally after World War II for the power, beauty, and intelligence of his singing, especially in Wagner operas. He was extremely tall and his appearance was striking because of his high, narrow face, wide mouth, and big, aquiline nose...
, Kurt Equiluz
Kurt Equiluz
Kurt Equiluz is an Austrian classical tenor in opera and concert, known for recording works of Johann Sebastian Bach with Nikolaus Harnoncourt and Helmuth Rilling, a member of the Vienna State Opera as a tenor buffo from 1957 until 1983.- Professional career :Kurt Equiluz was an alto soloist of...
, Anton Dermota
Anton Dermota
Kammersänger Anton Dermota was a Slovene tenor.He was born in a poor family Born in the Upper Carniolan village of Kropa, in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire . He went to the Ljubljana Conservatory with the intention of studying composition and organ, but in 1934 he received a scholarship...
, Gerhard Stolze
Gerhard Stolze
Gerhard Stolze was a German tenor.A character tenor best known as a Wagner singer. His most famous roles were Mime , David , Loge , Aegisth and Herod...
, Paul Schöffler
Paul Schöffler
Paul Schöffler was a German operatic baritone, particularly associated with Mozart, Wagner, Strauss roles....
, Walter Berry, Hilde Zadek, Christa Ludwig
Christa Ludwig
Christa Ludwig is a retired German mezzo-soprano, distinguished for her performances of opera, Lieder, oratorio and other major religious works like masses and passions, and solos contained in symphonic literature...
), La forza del destino (1960; conducted by Dimitri Mitropoulos; starring Antonietta Stella
Antonietta Stella
Antonietta Stella is an Italian operatic soprano, one of the finest Italian spinto sopranos of the 1950s and 1960s, possessing a beautiful and ample voice, and particularly associated with Verdi and Puccini roles.Stella studied at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome, and made her...
, Giuseppe di Stefano
Giuseppe Di Stefano
Giuseppe Di Stefano was an Italian operatic tenor who sang professionally from the late 1940s until the early 1990s. He was known as the "Golden voice" or "The most beautiful voice", as the true successor of Beniamino Gigli...
, Ettore Bastianini
Ettore Bastianini
Ettore Bastianini was an Italian opera singer who was particularly associated with the operas of Verdi. He had a prolific international career between 1945 and 1965 which was cut short by throat cancer. He began his professional career as a bass working in opera houses throughout Italy and in...
, Giulietta Simionato
Giulietta Simionato
Giulietta Simionato was an Italian mezzo-soprano. Her career spanned from the 1930s until her retirement in 1966.-Life:Born at Forlì, Romagna, she studied in Rovigo and Padua, and made her operatic debut at Montagnana in 1928...
), Turandot (1961; conducted by Francesco Molinari-Pradelli
Francesco Molinari-Pradelli
Francesco Molinari-Pradelli was a prominent Italian opera conductor. He studied piano and composition at Bologna, and graduated from the Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Rome in 1938. He made his debut at La Scala in 1946 and his Covent Garden debut in 1956...
, starring Birgit Nilsson, Giuseppe di Stefano, Leontyne Price
Leontyne Price
Mary Violet Leontyne Price is an American soprano. Born and raised in the Deep South, she rose to international acclaim in the 1950s and 1960s, and was one of the first African Americans to become a leading artist at the Metropolitan Opera.One critic characterized Price's voice as "vibrant",...
), and Don Carlo (1962; conducted by Oliviero de Fabritiis
Oliviero De Fabritiis
Oliviero De Fabritiis was an Italian conductor and composer.Born in Rome, where he studied with Refice and Setaccialo. He made his debut at the Teatro Nazionale in Rome in 1920, and later moved to the Teatro Adriano. He was artistic secretary at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma from 1932 until 1943...
, starring Flaviano Labò
Flaviano Labò
Flaviano Labò , was an Italian operatic tenor, particularly associated with heroic roles of the Italian repertory.Labò was born at Borgonovo, near Piacenza...
, Boris Christoff
Boris Christoff
Boris Christoff was a Bulgarian opera singer...
, Hans Hotter
Hans Hotter
Hans Hotter was a German operatic bass-baritone, admired internationally after World War II for the power, beauty, and intelligence of his singing, especially in Wagner operas. He was extremely tall and his appearance was striking because of his high, narrow face, wide mouth, and big, aquiline nose...
, Sena Jurinac
Sena Jurinac
Sena Jurinac Sena (Srebrenka) Jurinac Sena (Srebrenka) Jurinac ([juˈrinats] (24 October 192122 November 2011) was a Bosnian Croat/Austrian operatic soprano.Born in Travnik, Bosnia-Herzegovina, she studied at the Zagreb Academy of Music, and also with Milka Kostrenčić (whose other well-known...
, Eberhard Wächter
Eberhard Waechter (baritone)
Eberhard Wächter was an Austrian baritone, particularly celebrated for his performances in the operas of Mozart, Richard Wagner, and Richard Strauss...
, Giulietta Simionato).
For the Deutsche Oper Berlin
Deutsche Oper Berlin
The Deutsche Oper Berlin is an opera company located in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin, Germany. The resident building is also home to the Berlin State Ballet.-History:...
she directed Turandot (1965), and La forza del destino (1970).
Her last production was Der Rosenkavalier
Der Rosenkavalier
Der Rosenkavalier is a comic opera in three acts by Richard Strauss to an original German libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal. It is loosely adapted from the novel Les amours du chevalier de Faublas by Louvet de Couvrai and Molière’s comedy Monsieur de Pourceaugnac...
for the Monte Carlo Opera (1987).
She died in Monte Carlo
Monte Carlo
Monte Carlo is an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco....
.
Videography
- Ballett stager: Anna KareninaAnna KareninaAnna Karenina is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger...
. Directed by Clarence BrownClarence BrownClarence Brown was an American film director.-Early life:Born in Clinton, Massachusetts, to a cotton manufacturer, Brown moved to the South when he was 11. He attended Knoxville High School and the University of Tennessee, both in Knoxville, Tennessee, graduating from the university at the age of...
, with Greta GarboGreta GarboGreta Garbo , born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson, was a Swedish film actress. Garbo was an international star and icon during Hollywood's silent and classic periods. Many of Garbo's films were sensational hits, and all but three were profitable...
, Fredric MarchFredric MarchFredric March was an American stage and film actor. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1932 for Dr. Jekyll and Mr...
, Basil RathboneBasil RathboneSir Basil Rathbone, KBE, MC, Kt was an English actor. He rose to prominence in England as a Shakespearean stage actor and went on to appear in over 70 films, primarily costume dramas, swashbucklers, and, occasionally, horror films...
. 1935. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0026071/fullcredits#cast - Choreographer: Regina della Scala. Directed by Camillo MastrocinqueCamillo MastrocinqueCamillo Mastrocinque was an Italian film director and screenwriter. He directed 63 films between 1937 and 1968.-Selected filmography:* Lost in the Dark * Gli Inesorabili...
. 1937. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0029474/fullcredits#cast - Choreographer: La donna piu bella del mondo. Directed by Robert Z. LeonardRobert Z. LeonardRobert Zigler Leonard was an American film director, actor, producer and screenwriter.He was born in Chicago, Illinois...
, with Gina LollobrigidaGina LollobrigidaGina Lollobrigida is an Italian actress, photojournalist and sculptress. She was one of the most popular European actresses of the 1950s and early 1960s. She was also an iconic sex symbol of the 1950s. Today, she remains an active supporter of Italian and Italian American causes, particularly the...
, Vittorio GassmanVittorio GassmanVittorio Gassman Knight Grand Cross OMRI , popularly known as Il Mattatore, was an Italian theatre and film actor and director...
, Robert AldaRobert AldaRobert Alda was an American actor. He was the father of actors Alan Alda and Antony Alda.-Life and career:...
, Anne VernonAnne VernonAnne Vernon , born Edith Antoinette Alexandrine Vignaud is a French actress. She has appeared in 40 films between 1948 and 1970, including three films that were entered into the main competition at the Cannes Film Festival....
. 1955. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0048006/fullcredits#cast - Choreographer: AidaAidaAida sometimes spelled Aïda, is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni, based on a scenario written by French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette...
Directed by Clemente FracassiClemente FracassiClemente Fracassi was an Italian film producer, director and screenwriter. His career spanned from 1939 to 1967.-Selected filmography:* To Live in Peace * Senza pietà...
, with Sophia LorenSophia LorenSophia Loren, OMRI is an Italian actress.In 1962, Loren won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Two Women, along with 21 awards, becoming the first actress to win an Academy Award for a non-English-speaking performance...
/ Renata TebaldiRenata TebaldiRenata Tebaldi was an Italian lirico-spinto soprano popular in the post-war period...
, 1953. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045483/fullcredits#cast - Director: TurandotTurandotTurandot is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini, set to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni.Though Puccini's first interest in the subject was based on his reading of Friedrich Schiller's adaptation of the play, his work is most nearly based on the earlier text Turandot...
with Birgit NilssonBirgit Nilssonright|thumb|Nilsson in 1948.Birgit Nilsson was a celebrated Swedish dramatic soprano who specialized in operatic and symphonic works...
, Conductor Georges PrêtreGeorges Prêtre- Biography :He was born in Waziers , and attended the Douai Conservatory and then studied harmony under Maurice Duruflé and conducting under André Cluytens among others at the Conservatoire de Paris. Amongst his early musical interests were jazz and trumpet. After graduating, he conducted in a...
, 1967 (Legato Classics) http://www.operone.de/opern/turanpucc.html - Director: Lucia di LammermoorLucia di LammermoorLucia di Lammermoor is a dramma tragico in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti. Salvadore Cammarano wrote the Italian language libretto loosely based upon Sir Walter Scott's historical novel The Bride of Lammermoor....
with Joan SutherlandJoan SutherlandDame Joan Alston Sutherland, OM, AC, DBE was an Australian dramatic coloratura soprano noted for her contribution to the renaissance of the bel canto repertoire from the late 1950s through to the 1980s....
, Alfredo KrausAlfredo KrausAlfredo Kraus Trujillo was a distinguished Spanish tenor of partly Austrian descent, particularly known for the artistry he brought to opera's bel canto roles...
, Conductor Richard BonyngeRichard BonyngeRichard Alan Bonynge, AO, CBE is an Australian conductor and pianist.Bonynge was born in Sydney and educated at Sydney Boys High School before studying piano at the Royal College of Music in London. He gave up his music scholarship, continuing his private piano studies, and became a coach for...
, recorded at the Metropolitan Opera New York 13 November 1982 (Deutsche Grammophon DVD-Video 073 410-9) http://www.forumopera.com/v1/critiques/lucia_sutherland_dvd.html
Memoir
- Les balcons du ciel. Mémoires. Robert Laffont, 1976.
- re-edition under the title: Sous le ciel de l'opéra. Mémoires. Felin, 2004. ISBN 2-86645-562-2
External links
- Andrea Amort, Biography of Margarete Wallmann, Jewish Women Encyclopedia
- The Lady General in TIME 12 March 1965
- Toepfer, Karl: Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, p. 290
- Kriechbaumer, Robert: Der Geschmack der Vergänglichkeit. Jüdische Sommerfrische in Salzburg. Wien 2002, p. 352
- Wallmann at austria-lexikon.at
- Wallfrau – a new work from Renato Zanella, Oct. 10, 2008, uncoy.com
- 3sat Kulturzeit Oct. 9, 2008 3sat.de/mediathek 4:42 min