Long Range Surveillance
Encyclopedia
Long Range Surveillance (LRS) units are specially trained elite Surveillance
Special reconnaissance
Special reconnaissance is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organisations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. As a role, SR is distinct from commando operations,...

 units of the United States Army
United States Army
The United States Army is the main branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military, and is one of seven U.S. uniformed services...

 that are employed by Military Intelligence
Military intelligence
Military intelligence is a military discipline that exploits a number of information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to commanders in support of their decisions....

 Units for gathering information from deep within hostile territories.

Classic LRS employment is to infiltrate deep into enemy territory, construct a hide site, and provide continuous Surveillance
Special reconnaissance
Special reconnaissance is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organisations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. As a role, SR is distinct from commando operations,...

 / Special reconnaissance
Special reconnaissance
Special reconnaissance is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organisations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. As a role, SR is distinct from commando operations,...

 of an intelligence target of key interest. LRS teams allow 24 hour Surveillance
Special reconnaissance
Special reconnaissance is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organisations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. As a role, SR is distinct from commando operations,...

 and analysis coverage unlike Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), manned aircraft, and most satellites. Assuming there is no mission compromise, these teams typically remain in position for up to 5 days, as determined by the available food and water supplies.

Employment

LRSUs operate up to 100 kilometres (62.1 mi) from the Forward Line Of Troops
Front line
A front line is the farthest-most forward position of an armed force's personnel and equipment - generally in respect of maritime or land forces. Forward Line of Own Troops , or Forward Edge of Battle Area are technical terms used by all branches of the armed services...

 (FLOT) for a maximum of 5 days. Their five primary missions are reconnaissance
Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance is the military term for exploring beyond the area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about enemy forces or features of the environment....

, Surveillance
Special reconnaissance
Special reconnaissance is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organisations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. As a role, SR is distinct from commando operations,...

, target acquisition
Target Acquisition
In the military, target acquisition denotes any process that provides detailed information about enemy forces and locates them with sufficient accuracy to permit continued monitoring or attacking it....

, battle damage assessment, and force protection
Force protection
Force protection or FP is a term used by the US military to describe preventive measures taken to mitigate hostile actions in specific areas or against a specific populous, usually Department of Defense personnel , resources, facilities, and critical information.-See also:*Pentagon Force Protection...

. They also have many secondary missions capabilities to include the conduct of emergency assaults or provide general battlefield information to military intelligence sources weather and light data, map data, etc.). Today's LRS units trace their origin to the US Army's Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol units LRRPs of Western Europe, later the Vietnam War
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of...

, and to Army Rangers.

LRS team operations are characterized by the following:
  1. Clandestine operations require Operational Security (OPSEC) procedures before, during, and after mission employment.
  2. Team members depend on stealth, cover and concealment, and infantry and ranger skills.
  3. Team members avoid contact with enemy forces and local population.
  4. Teams are employed to obtain timely information.
  5. Teams have restricted mobility in the area of operations.
  6. Team members depend on communications, knowing the enemy's order of battle, and equipment identification skills.
  7. The Surveillance
    Special reconnaissance
    Special reconnaissance is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organisations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. As a role, SR is distinct from commando operations,...

     or reconnaissance
    Reconnaissance
    Reconnaissance is the military term for exploring beyond the area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about enemy forces or features of the environment....

     area is small, has a specified route, or is a specific location or installation.
  8. Team equipment and supplies are limited to what can be man packed or cached.
  9. Teams require detailed intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) from the Intelligence Officer (G2) for employment.

Organization

LRS units (LRSU) are Infantry
Infantry
Infantrymen are soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot to engage the enemy face to face and have historically borne the brunt of the casualties of combat in wars. As the oldest branch of combat arms, they are the backbone of armies...

 company-size elements that are assets within a Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
Throughout the history of warfare, soldiers have needed to know who and where the enemy is. In order to address that need in the context of the 21st century threat, the army has planned for the creation and transformation of nine units, in 2007 to the Battlefield Surveillance Brigade format...

's Reconnaissance & Surveillance Squadron
Reconnaissance & Surveillance Squadron
The Reconnaissance & Surveillance Squadron is a specialized unit within the US Army's new Battlefield Surveillance Brigade that blends ground Cavalry troops with an Elite Long Range Surveillance Airborne Infantry Company continuing the [US Army]'s march toward a modular force.The Reconnaissance &...

 (R&S Squadron) designated as US Army Cavalry
Cavalry
Cavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the third oldest and the most mobile of the combat arms...

 but are functionally Airborne Infantry units. The LRSU is structured as an LRS troop (a "troop" is the Cavalry equivalent of an infantry company) comprising three LRS platoons, a communications Platoon
Platoon
A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two to four sections or squads and containing 16 to 50 soldiers. Platoons are organized into a company, which typically consists of three, four or five platoons. A platoon is typically the smallest military unit led by a commissioned officer—the...

, and a Troop Headquarters. Within the LRS troop the LRS platoons typically have designated specialties. For example, one platoon will specialize in Long Range Surveillance missions, another will specialize in Pathfinder missions and a third will specialize in sniper
Sniper
A sniper is a marksman who shoots targets from concealed positions or distances exceeding the capabilities of regular personnel. Snipers typically have specialized training and distinct high-precision rifles....

 and target acquisition
Target Acquisition
In the military, target acquisition denotes any process that provides detailed information about enemy forces and locates them with sufficient accuracy to permit continued monitoring or attacking it....

 missions. (This informal arrangement is established by the commander of each LRS troop and varies from unit to unit.)

LRS platoons are organized as six unsupported LRS teams.

LRS Team composition

Each US Army LRS team is composed of six soldiers:
  • Team Leader (TL) Staff Sergeant
    Staff Sergeant
    Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in several countries.The origin of the name is that they were part of the staff of a British army regiment and paid at that level rather than as a member of a battalion or company.-Australia:...

     (E-6)
  • Assistant Team Leader (ATL) Sergeant
    Sergeant
    Sergeant is a rank used in some form by most militaries, police forces, and other uniformed organizations around the world. Its origins are the Latin serviens, "one who serves", through the French term Sergent....

     (E-5)
  • Radio Telephone Operator (RTO) Specialist
    Specialist (rank)
    Specialist is one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army, just above Private First Class and equivalent in pay grade to Corporal. Unlike Corporals, Specialists are not considered junior non-commissioned officers...

     (E-4)
  • Senior Scout Observer (SSO) Specialist (E-4)
  • Scout Observer (SO) Specialist (E-4)
  • Assistant Radio Telephone Operator (ARTO) Specialist (E-4)

Reconnaissance & Surveillance Squadron

LRS units are being transferred into the United States Army's new Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
Throughout the history of warfare, soldiers have needed to know who and where the enemy is. In order to address that need in the context of the 21st century threat, the army has planned for the creation and transformation of nine units, in 2007 to the Battlefield Surveillance Brigade format...

 (BfSB) organizations. These brigades contain a Brigade Headquarters & Headquarters Company (HHC), two Military Intelligence
Military intelligence
Military intelligence is a military discipline that exploits a number of information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to commanders in support of their decisions....

 Battalions, and a Reconnaissance & Surveillance Squadron
Reconnaissance & Surveillance Squadron
The Reconnaissance & Surveillance Squadron is a specialized unit within the US Army's new Battlefield Surveillance Brigade that blends ground Cavalry troops with an Elite Long Range Surveillance Airborne Infantry Company continuing the [US Army]'s march toward a modular force.The Reconnaissance &...

 (R&S).

The Reconnaissance & Surveillance squadrons conduct the same reconnaissance missions as a RSTA but the R&S capabilities are vastly broader and encompass all aspects of basic reconnaissance. Additionally, LRS units have the added capability of conducting strategic level Long Range Surveillance missions deep behind enemy lines. Due to this specialized capability of strategic Long Range Surveillance, the LRS units' R&S capability is significantly more comprehensive than RSTAs. The US Army RSTA units' missions may require them to make and maintain contact with the enemy, forfeiting their ability to avoid detection. The only units within the US Army to specialize in the capability and skill of the Long Range Surveillance mission are those of the Long Range Surveillance units within the US Army's Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
Throughout the history of warfare, soldiers have needed to know who and where the enemy is. In order to address that need in the context of the 21st century threat, the army has planned for the creation and transformation of nine units, in 2007 to the Battlefield Surveillance Brigade format...

s, Special Forces
Special forces
Special forces, or special operations forces are terms used to describe elite military tactical teams trained to perform high-risk dangerous missions that conventional units cannot perform...

 Operation Detachment Alphas (ODA) (also known as Special Forces A Teams that reside within the US Army's Special Forces Groups) and the Ranger Regimental Recon Company of the US Army's 75th Ranger Regiment. The BfSB's R&S squadron is composed one Long Range Surveillance unit (Troop C) with 15 LRS teams that conducts both tactical reconnaissance
Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance is the military term for exploring beyond the area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about enemy forces or features of the environment....

 and strategic Long Range Surveillance missions. The R&S also has two Cavalry Troops (two platoons each) that conduct basic mounted and dismounted tactical reconnaissance
Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance is the military term for exploring beyond the area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about enemy forces or features of the environment....

, one Infantry Company to provide the Security Force (SECFOR) for the R&S while forward deployed into a combat theater and a Headquarters & Headquarters Troop (HHT).

The primary method of insertion behind enemy lines (for a 6-man LRS team) is by night helicopter or secondarily, by an Airborne Operation. In recent low-intensity conflicts, additional covert means have been added. Airborne reconnaissance missions are conducted by the previously mentioned three types of units in the Army: Long Range Surveillance (LRS) units, the Regimental Recon Company (formerly the Regimental Recon Detachment) of the 75th Ranger Regiment, and various Special Forces
Special forces
Special forces, or special operations forces are terms used to describe elite military tactical teams trained to perform high-risk dangerous missions that conventional units cannot perform...

 A-Teams.

Contrast with Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition units

LRS units (Airborne
Airborne forces
Airborne forces are military units, usually light infantry, set up to be moved by aircraft and 'dropped' into battle. Thus they can be placed behind enemy lines, and have an ability to deploy almost anywhere with little warning...

 Infantry
Infantry
Infantrymen are soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot to engage the enemy face to face and have historically borne the brunt of the casualties of combat in wars. As the oldest branch of combat arms, they are the backbone of armies...

) are not to be confused with the new Army concept of Reconnaissance, Surveillance
Special reconnaissance
Special reconnaissance is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organisations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. As a role, SR is distinct from commando operations,...

, and Target Acquisition (RSTA) units (a non-Airborne capable Cavalry unit). As part of the Army-wide transfer to Brigade Combat Team
Brigade combat team
The brigade combat team is the basic deployable unit of maneuver in the US Army. A brigade combat team consists of one combat arms branch maneuver brigade, and its attached support and fire units. A brigade combat team is generally commanded by a colonel , but in rare instances it is commanded by...

s, all combat divisions and separate brigades are transitioning to the RSTA format.

RSTA units also have added light vehicle support in the form of Humvees and M3 Bradley
M3 Bradley
The M3 Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicle is an American tracked armored reconnaissance vehicle manufactured by BAE Systems Land and Armaments based on the Bradley Fighting Vehicle family. The M3 CFV is used by heavy armored cavalry units in the U.S. Army.-History:The M3 Bradley was originally...

s, due to being commissioned as cavalry. LRS units in contrast do not utilize a larger vehicle support element. RSTA units are not airborne capable, whereas all LRS units are (exceptions being the RSTA squadron of the 4th BCT (Abn)
4th Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division (United States)
The 4th Brigade Combat Team , 25th Infantry Division is an airborne infantry brigade combat team of the United States Army. The unit is stationed at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson in Anchorage, Alaska and is the only airborne brigade combat team in the Pacific Theater...

, 25th Infantry Division; the 173rd Airborne BCT
173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team
The 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team is an airborne infantry brigade combat team of the United States Army based in Vicenza, Italy...

; and the four in the 82nd Airborne Division).

By doctrine, RSTA units do not require their leadership positions to be filled by Ranger
United States Army Rangers
United States Army Rangers are elite members of the United States Army. Rangers have served in recognized U.S. Army Ranger units or have graduated from the U.S. Army's Ranger School...

 qualified officers and NCOs as LRSU units do in addition to many more specialized skill qualifications.

Equipment

LRS team members usually carry the M4 carbine
M4 carbine
The M4 carbine is a family of firearms tracing its lineage back to earlier carbine versions of the M16, all based on the original AR-15 designed by Eugene Stoner and made by ArmaLite. It is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle, with 80% parts commonality.It is a gas-operated,...

, M203 grenade launcher
M203 grenade launcher
The M203 is a single shot 40 mm grenade launcher designed to attach to a rifle. It uses the same rounds as the older M79 break-action grenade launcher, which utilize the High-Low Propulsion System to keep recoil forces low. Though versatile, and compatible with many rifle models, the M203 was...

, M9 pistol
M9 Pistol
The Beretta M9, formally Pistol, Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9, is a 9×19mm Parabellum pistol of the United States military adopted in 1985. It is essentially a military specification Beretta 92F, later the 92FS....

, and the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) as well as the typical complement of specialized optics and communications gear.

Training

LRSUs are Airborne Forces
Airborne forces
Airborne forces are military units, usually light infantry, set up to be moved by aircraft and 'dropped' into battle. Thus they can be placed behind enemy lines, and have an ability to deploy almost anywhere with little warning...

 and most leadership positions are filled by Ranger qualified officers and NCOs. LRS leaders typically undergo the Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course is an elite five week school offered by 4th Ranger Training Battalion to soldiers, Marines, sailors and airmen to train them to expert levels in reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition, battle damage assessment, foreign...

 (RSLC) at Fort Benning
Fort Benning
Fort Benning is a United States Army post located southeast of the city of Columbus in Muscogee and Chattahoochee counties in Georgia and Russell County, Alabama...

, where they learn long range land navigation, communications, intelligence, vehicle identification, survival, and operational techniques.

LRS troopers are often graduates of other specialized schools including:
  • U.S. Army Sniper School
  • US Army Special Operations Target Interdiction Course (SOITC)
  • US Army Ranger School
    Ranger School
    The United States Army Ranger School is an intense 61-day combat leadership course oriented towards small-unit tactics. It has been called the "toughest combat course in the world" and "is the most physically and mentally demanding leadership school the Army has to offer". The course is conducted...

  • US Army Waterborne Infiltration Course (WIC)
  • US Army Special Forces Combat Diver Qualification Course
  • US Army HALO
  • United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
    United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
    United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course is an elite five week school offered by 4th Ranger Training Battalion to soldiers, Marines, sailors and airmen to train them to expert levels in reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition, battle damage assessment, foreign...

     RSLC (Formerly desiganted as the Long Range Surveillance Leaders Course (LRSLC))
  • US Army Pathfinder
    Pathfinder Badge (United States)
    The Pathfinder Badge is a military badge of the United States Army awarded to soldiers who successfully complete the U.S. Army Pathfinder School at Fort Benning, Georgia...

     School
  • Air Assault School
    United States Army Air Assault School
    The Sabalauski Air Assault School is a FORSCOM TDA unit located at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Its primary task is training leaders and soldiers assigned to the 101st Airborne Division , other US Army units and US armed services in several courses annually.- Background :Air Assault School qualifies...

  • US Army Jumpmaster
    Jumpmaster
    Jumpmasters are the expert Paratroopers in an Airborne unit who train and teach the military techniques for jumping from airplanes. They are responsible for transforming Soldiers who enter Army Airborne School into Paratroopers and managing Airborne jump operations in Airborne units across all...

     School
  • US Army Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE)
  • US Army Special Operations Medicine Course
  • International Special Training Center (ISTC), which trains NATO Special Operations Forces and similar units in advanced individual patrolling, battlefield medicine, close quarter battle, sniper, survival, planning, and recognition skills. It was established in 1979, and first called the International Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol School (ILRRPS) formerly located in Weingarten, Germany and later move to Pfullendorf, Germany.


US Army LRS-Us conduct training exercises and exchange programs with various US allies. In recent years these exercises have included deployments to England, Germany, France, Hungary, and Italy. Joint training exercises have involved units from British TA SAS
Special Air Service
Special Air Service or SAS is a corps of the British Army constituted on 31 May 1950. They are part of the United Kingdom Special Forces and have served as a model for the special forces of many other countries all over the world...

, France's 13 RDP, Belgium's ESR
ESR
ESR may refer to:Technology:* Electro Slag Remelting* Electronic Staff Record, a human resources and payroll system of the UK National Health Service...

, Italy's 9 Para Assault Regiment and Germany's Fernspählehrkompanie 200 |Long Range Scout Companies or FSLK200. (roughly translated: Surveillance
Special reconnaissance
Special reconnaissance is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organisations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. As a role, SR is distinct from commando operations,...

 and Reconnaissance Instruction Company 200)

See also

  • Patruljekompagniet
    Patruljekompagniet
    The Special Support and Reconnaissance Company , until 1 January 2007 known as the Patrol Company Army Operational Command is the only remaining Long Range Surveillance Company / Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol Coy) in the Danish Armed Forces...

     - The only LRS unit of the Danish Armed Forces
  • Jegerkompaniet
    Jegerkompaniet
    Jegerkompaniet / ISTAR is the Norwegian Army's northern-most unit. It is deployed to the world's northern-most military garrison, Porsangmoen, at 70 degrees northern latitude. The company has both conscripts and professional soldiers...

     (eng: Ranger Company (infantry)) LRS unit of the Norwegian Armed Forces
  • Fjernoppklaringseskadron (eng: Long Range Reconnaissance Squadron (cavalry)) LRS unit of the Norwegian Armed Forces
  • Honourable Artillery Company
    Honourable Artillery Company
    The Honourable Artillery Company was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1537 by King Henry VIII. Today it is a Registered Charity whose purpose is to attend to the “better defence of the realm"...

     - LRS Unit of the British Army
  • Platun Risik Gempur - The LRS unit of Malaysian Army
  • Fernspähkompanie - Special unit of the German Bundeswehr
    Bundeswehr
    The Bundeswehr consists of the unified armed forces of Germany and their civil administration and procurement authorities...

    similar to LRS

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK