List of pusher aircraft by configuration

A Pusher aircraft is a type of aircraft using propellers placed behind the engines.

Pushers may be classified according to technical characteristics:

Lifting surfaces layout (conventional, 3 surfaces, canard, joined wing, tailless, rotorcraft),
engine /propeller location and drive.

Push-pull configuration

Some aircraft named Push-pull
Push-pull configuration
An aircraft constructed with a push-pull configuration has a mixture of forward-mounted propellers and backward-mounted propellers.-Historical:...

are both tractor and pusher. The following list includes push-pull aircraft even if the pushing engine is just added to a conventional layout (engines inside the wings or above the wing for example).

Conventional layout

The conventional layout of an aircraft has wings placed ahead of a separated tailplane

Empennage

The empennage , also known as the tail or tail assembly, of most aircraft gives stability to the aircraft, in a similar way to the feathers on an arrow...

, but Pusher aircraft address several issues with this model:

A suitable center of gravity
Center of gravity
In physics, a center of gravity of a material body is a point that may be used for a summary description of gravitational interactions. In a uniform gravitational field, the center of mass serves as the center of gravity...

(CG) location, not too far aft. Aircraft of this type may present a short fuselage with an aftward extension (upper boom, lower boom, twin-boomers, aft framework) or a long fuselage with an above location of the engine (axial pod) or a lateral location of engines (on wings or lateral pods) or a central location of the engine inside the fuselage.
The aft propeller/tail conflict. Aircraft of this type may present a short fuselage with aftward boom(s), mainly direct drive, or a long fuselage with a drive shaft.
The propeller ground clearance at takeoff. Aircraft of this type may include one or more of the following : high thrust line, small propeller diameter, either free BD-5, Prescott Pusher, Grinvalds Orion, Grob GF 200, Lear Fan or shrouded,Bede XBD-2, RFB designs, Ligeti Stratos skid,Prescott Pusher ventral fin.cruciform tail : Goppingen Go9 , Dornier Do 335, Douglas XB-42, VmaxProbe. Y-tail : Acme Sierra, Aerocar, Lear Fan. inverted V-tail : Mini-IMP, American Eaglet, UAVs
The propeller water clearance at takeoff (flying boats): high thrust line (following aircraft : nacelle above wing, above fuselage, axial pod).

Prop ahead of the tail

In line with the fuselage, inside the aft framework

Curtiss Model D

|-See also:-External links:...

, biplane, 1 seat, 40 hp, 1911

Farman MF.11

|-See also:-External links:* * *...

, biplane, 1 seat, 80 hp, 1913

Voisin III

-Survivors and replicas:There is a Full-scale replica of the Voisin III La on display at the Pearson Air Museum in Vancouver, WA near Portland Oregon-References:* * archived from www.caedmon.n-yorks.sch.uk* archived from www.csd.uwo.ca...

, Voisin V

Voisin V

The Voisin V was a French pusher-type bomber aircraft of World War I.-Development history:The Voisin III had proved a successful bomber, but its payload was limited by the Salmson M9 engine, which produced only 120-hp...

and other models, military, 2 seats, 120 hp and more, 1914, N about 3,20

Breguet Bre.5, military biplane, 2 seats, 220 hp, 1915

Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2

The Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 was a two-seat pusher biplane that was operated as a day and night bomber and as a fighter aircraft by the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War...

, military biplane, 2 seats, 120-160 hp, 1915, N=1939

Airco DH.2

|-DH.2 aces:Distinguished pilots of the DH.2 included Victoria Cross winner Lanoe Hawker , who was the first commander of No 24 Squadron and ace Alan Wilkinson. The commander of No. 32 Squadron, Lionel Rees won the Victoria Cross flying the D.H.2 for single handedly attacking a formation of 10...

, biplane fighter, 1 seat, 100 hp, 1915, N=453

Vickers Type 161

|-See also:...

, experimental fighter, 1 seat, 530 hp, 1931

Brditschka HB-3, motorglider, 2 seats, 100 hp, 1971

RFB Fanliner, 2 seats, 150 hp, 1974

RFB Fantrainer

-See also:-References:*"Concept Aircraft" by Jim Winchester, ISBN 978-84-662-1370-7, MMV International Master Publications BV-External links:***...

, 2 seats, 650 hp, 1977, N = 47

On nacelle(s) between wings (biplane)

Supermarine Walrus

The Supermarine Walrus was a British single-engine amphibious biplane reconnaissance aircraft designed by R. J. Mitchell and operated by the Fleet Air Arm . It also served with the Royal Air Force , Royal Australian Air Force , Royal Canadian Air Force , Royal New Zealand Navy and Royal New...

, military flying boat, 4 seats, 680 hp, 1933, N=740

Short Singapore, military flying boat, 6 seats, 2 nacelles, push-pull, 4 x 675 hp, 1934, N=37

On nacelle(s) above the wing (monoplane)

Dornier Do X

The Dornier Do X was the largest, heaviest, and most powerful flying boat in the world when it was produced by the Dornier company of Germany in 1929. First conceived by Dr. Claudius Dornier in 1924, planning started in late 1925 and after over 240,000 work hours it was completed in June 1929...

, flying boat, more than 100 seats, 6 nacelles, push-pull, 12 x 610 hp, 1929, N=3

Dornier Do 12

|-See also:...

, amphibian, 4 seats, 240 hp, 1932

Tupolev ANT-22

|-See also:...

, twin hull military monoplane flying boat, 8 seats, 3 nacelles, push-pull, 6 x 820 hp, 1934

RFB Lippisch X-114, experimental WIG flying boat, 6 seats, 200 hp ducted fan, 1977

RFB Airfish 1-2-3, experimental WIG flying boats, 1-2 seats, ducted fans, 1987-1990

In line with the fuselage, coaxially on rear fuselage or tail boom

Gallaudet D-4, experimental seaplane, 2 seats, 360 hp, 1918, N=2

Austria Krähe

Raab Krähe

|-See also:...

, motorglider, 1 seat, propeller rotating around the tail boom tube, 1960

Buselec 2, experimental project, 2 seats, electric engine 27 hp, 2010

In line with the fuselage, below tail boom

AmEagle American Eaglet

|-See also:-References:* *...

, UL motorglider, 1 seat, 15 hp, 1975, N=12

Jean St-Germain Raz-Mut

|-See also:...

, ultralight, 1 seat, 44 hp engine below the wing (no fuselage), 1976, N=7

Alpaero Sirius

|-See also:...

, UL motorglider, 1 seat, 24 hp, 1984, N=20

Above the fuselage at wing level or higher

Dornier Do 18

The Dornier Do 18 was a development of the Do 16 flying boat. It was developed for the Luftwaffe, but Lufthansa got 5 aircraft and used these for tests between the Azores and the North American continent in 1936 and on their mail route over the South Atlantic from 1937 to 1939.27–29 March 1938 a...

, monoplane flying boat, 4 seats, 2 x 605 hp (push-pull), 1935, N=170

Republic RC-3 Seabee

The Republic RC-3 Seabee is an all-metal amphibious sports aircraft designed by Percival Spencer and manufactured by the Republic Aircraft Corporation.-Design and development:...

, amphibious sportsplane, 4 seats, 215 hp, 1945

Taylor Coot, homebuilt amphibian, 2 seats, 180 hp, 1969, N=70

Rhein Flugzeugbau Sirius 1, 2 seats, 2 x 20 hp, 1969

Spencer Air Car

-External links:***...

, amphibious sportsplane, 4 seats, 180-260 hp, 1970

Janowski J-1, experimental, 1 seat, 25 hp, 1970

SZD-45 Ogar, motorglider, 2 seats, 68 hp, 1973 N>60

Taylor Bird, homebuilt, 2 seats, 65 hp, 1980

Neukom AN-20B, UL motorglider, 1 seat, 22 hp, 1981

Aerostructure "Lutin 80", UL motorglider, 1 seat, 32 hp, 1983, N=2

Janowski "Marco J-5", UL motorglider, low wing, 1 seat, 30 hp, 1983

Quad City Challenger

|-See also:...

, ultralight, 2 seats, 64 hp, 1983, N>3000

Funk FK6, UL motorglider, 1 seat, 22 hp, 1985

Advanced Aeromarine Buccaneer

|-See also:-External links:...

, amphibious biplane, 2 seats, 80 hp, 1988

Technoflug "Piccolo", UL motorglider, 1 seat, 23 hp, 1989

AAC SeaStar

|-See also:...

, amphibious biplane, 2 seats, 80 hp, 1998

Airmax Sea Max

-External links:http://seamaxusa.com Website with specifications and photographs...

, amphibious biplane, 2 seats, 100 hp, 2005

CZAW Mermaid, amphibious biplane, 2 seats, 120 hp, 2005

On axial pod, mainly amphibians and flying boats

Volmer VJ-22 Sportsman

-References:* Lambert, Mark. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993-94. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. ISBN 0-7106-1066-1.* Taylor John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976-77. London:Macdonald and Jane's, 1976. ISBN 0-354-00538-3....

, homebuilt amphibian, 2 seats, 90 hp, 1958, N>100

Lake Buccaneer

|-See also:-External links:...

, amphibian, 4 seats, 200 hp, 1959

Taylor Coot, 2 seats, 180 hp, 1969, N=70

Osprey Osprey 2

|-See also:...

, 2 seats, 150 hp, 1973

Ken Rand KR-3, experimental amphibian, 2 seats, VW engine, 1977

P300 Equator, 6 seats, 300 hp, 1990 ?

Rida-Pony, amphibian, 1 seat, 80 hp, 1994

Between tail booms

Abrams P-1 Explorer, 365 hp, 1937

General Aircraft GAL.47

-External links:*...

, air observation prototype, 2 seats, 90 hp, 1940

Saab 21

|-See also:-References:NotesBibliography* Billing, Peter. "A Fork-Tailed Swede." Air Enthusiast Twenty-two, August–November 1983. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press Ltd., 1983....

, fighter, 1 seat, 1,450 hp, 1943,

Vultee XP-54, experimental fighter, 1 seat, 2,300 hp, 1943, N=2

SECAN Courlis

-Bibliography:*Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Orbis, 1997. p. 796. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5....

, 4 seats, 190 hp, 1946,

Fokker F.25

|-References:*...

, 4 seats, 190 hp, N=200

Alaparma Baldo

|-References:* -See also:...

, 1 seat, 75 hp,

Anderson Greenwood AG-14

|-References:* Hoadley, E. "The Anderson Greenwood AG-14." Flying December, 1950.-External links:***-See also:...

, 2 seats, 100 hp, 1950, N=6, precursor of Cessna XMC

Cessna XMC

The Cessna XMC was a prototype technology demonstrator designed to show advanced aerodynamics and materials.The marketing name of XMC stood for "Experimental Magic Carpet" and the single test aircraft was designated Cessna 1014 and later 1034.-Development:...

Potez 75

The Potez 75 was a French light ground attack pusher configuration monoplane of the 1950s.The Potez 75 was a French light ground attack pusher configuration monoplane of the 1950s....

, military prototype, 2 seats, 450 hp, 1953, 1 built

SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera

-See also:-External links:*...

, amphibian, 4 seats, 250 hp, 1962,

Cessna Skymaster

The Cessna Skymaster is a United States twin-engine civil utility aircraft built in a push-pull configuration. Its engines are mounted in the nose and rear of its pod-style fuselage. Twin booms extend aft of the wings to the vertical stabilizers, with the rear engine between them. The horizontal...

, push-pull, 6 seats, 2 x 210 hp, 1963, N=2993

Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-26 Moseppl, powered sailplane, 1 seat, 26 hp, 1970

Cessna XMC

, research aircraft, 2 seats, 100 hp, 1971

Edgley Optica

- See also :- External links :** *...

, observation aircraft, 3 seats, ducted fan 200 hp, 1979, N=21

ADI Condor

|-References:* * -External links:*...

, motorglider, 2 seats, 65 hp, 1981

Acapella 200, experimental BD-5 modified, 1 seat, 200 hp, 1982

Applebay Zia

|-See also:...

, UL motorglider, 1 seat, 28 hp, short drive shaft, 1982, N=4

Sparrow Hawk MKII, kitbuilt, 2 seats, 65 hp, 1984

HFL Stratos 300, UL motorglider, 1 seat, 24 hp, 1996

Adam A500

The Adam A500 is a six-seat civil utility aircraft that was produced by Adam Aircraft Industries. The aircraft is of pod-and-boom, push-pull configuration with its two Continental TSIO-550-E piston engines mounted to provide centerline thrust....

, push-pull, 5 seats, 2 x 350 hp, 2002, N=7

Armstechno NITI

- References :*...

, UAV, span 5.78 m, 10 hp,

Alenia Aeronautica Sky-Y

-External links:* *...

, UAV, span 9.94 m, 170 hp, 2006

Northrop-Grumman "Firebird", experimental UAV, span 65 ft, 2010

Propeller behind the tail

Moynet Jupiter

The Moynet 360 Jupiter was a small executive transport built in France in the 1960s. It had an unusual twin push-pull configuration, single fuselage configuration...

, H-tail, 5 seats, 2 x 200 hp engines in push-pull configuration, 1963, N=2

Aero Design DG-1

-References:* Taylor, J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 27* * Aero Trader, October 2005* Air Progress, June 1975* Sport Aviation, March 1976* Sport Aviation, February 2002, p.44-49...

, racer prototype, cruciform tail, 1 seat, push-pull 2 x 330 hp, 1977

Prescott Pusher, kit plane, T-tail, 4 seats, 180 hp, 1985, about 30 built

General Atomics GNAT, UAV, inverted V-tail, 65 hp, 1989

Air Quest Nova 21, experimental, 2 seats, 90 hp, 1992

General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, UAV, inverted V-tail, 1994

General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper, UAV, Y-tail, 2001

Engines and props on wings

Bell YFM-1 Airacuda, military, 5 seats, 2 x 1090 hp on the wings, 1937, N=13

[Dornier Do 26], flying boat, 4 seats, push-pull, 4 x 600 hp, 1939, N=6

Praga E-211

Praga E-210

The Praga E-210 was a four-seat, twin-engined touring aircraft built in Czechoslovakia in the late 1930s. It had an unusual pusher configuration...

, touring aircraft prototype, 4-5 seats, 2 x 105 hp, H-tail with 3 fins, 1947

Baumann Brigadier

-References:*Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953-54. London:Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1953.*Mondey, David. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. London:Hamlyn Publishing, 1978. ISBN 0 600 303780.-External links:...

, 4 seats, 2 x 145 hp, 1947

Piaggio P.136

|-References: ISSN = 1742-996X...

, amphibian, 5 seats, 2 x 340 hp, 1948

Convair B-36

The Convair B-36 "Peacemaker" was a strategic bomber built by Convair and operated solely by the United States Air Force from 1949 to 1959. The B-36 was the largest mass-produced piston engine aircraft ever made. It had the longest wingspan of any combat aircraft ever built , although there have...

, strategic bomber, 6 engines 3000 hp, 1949

AAC Angel

|-See also:-External links:* *...

, twin 7 pax, 2 x 300 hp, 1984

EM-11 Orka

|-See also:-External links:*...

, 4 seats, 2 x 160 hp, 2003

OMA SUD Skycar

-External links:*...

, 5 seats, 2 x 200 hp, 2007

Engines and props on lateral pods

Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector

-References:* Lambert, Mark . Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993-94. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. ISBN 0-7106-1066-1.* "South American Vector". Air International, September 1990, Vol 39 No. 5. pp. 122–128.-External links:*...

, transport, 2 + 19 seats, 2 x 1,300 hp, 1990

NAL Saras, transport aircraft, 16 seats, 2 x 2,150 hp, 2004

BAE Systems Mantis, Unmanned combat air vehicle

Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle

An unmanned combat air vehicle or combat drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle that is designed to deliver weapons without an onboard pilot. Currently operational UCAVs are under real-time human control, but future version may enable autonomous operation, for example with pre-programmed route and...

demonstrator, 2 x 420 hp, 2009

Engines and props behind the pilot

Ultralight trike or Flexwing

Paramotor

Paramotor is a generic name for the propulsive portion of a powered paraglider . It consists of a frame that combines the motor, propeller, harness and cage...

or Powered paraglider

Powered paragliding

Powered paragliding, also known as paramotoring, is a form of ultralight aviation where the pilot wears a motor on his or her back which provides enough thrust to take off using an adapted paraglider or paramotor wing...

Powered parachute

A powered parachute is a parachute with motor and wheels. The aircraft's airspeed is typically about 25–35 mph . PPCs operate safely at heights ranging from a few feet off the ground to altitudes as high as 18,000+ feet...

Engine to propeller transmission by drive shaft, belt or chain

This class usually has a single engine.

Propeller ahead of the tail

Inside the airframe

Fischer Fibo-2a, motorglider, 1 seat, 30 hp, 1954

Rhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 Multoplan, 2 seats, 75 hp, 1955, N=27, precursor of RFB Fantrainer

Rhein-Flugzeugbau Sirius II, motorglider, 2 seats, 2 x 30 hp, 1972

Jorg IV Skimmerfoil, ground-effect vehicle, 5 seats, 320 hp, 1981, N=2

Behind the wing

MEGONE biplane, experimental, 2 seats, 60 hp, chain drive, propeller rotating around a tail boom tube, 1913

Carden-Baynes Bee

The Carden-Baynes Bee was a 1930s British two-seat aircraft, with twin engines in pusher configuration buried in the wings. The wings rotated for storage. Financial problems limited the Bee to a single flight.-Design and development:...

, two seat tourer, 2 seats, 2 x 40 hp buried in wings, shaft drives, 1937

Kiceniuk Icarus HPA-1, experimental HPA, 1 seat, wing in ground effect, chain drive, 1975

Raab Krähe

|-See also:...

, motorglider, 1 seat, 27 hp, 1958, N=30

Ultralight, 1 seat, propeller rotating around a tail boom tube, 1977

Brookfield BA1, GA aviation project, 2/4 seats, ducted fan, winner of Royal Aeronautical Society

Royal Aeronautical Society

The Royal Aeronautical Society, also known as the RAeS, is a multidisciplinary professional institution dedicated to the global aerospace community.-Function:...

design competition, 1978

Eipper Quicksilver, ultralight, 1 seat, 40 hp, drive shaft and belt reduction drive, about 1980

Neukom AN-20C, UL motorglider, 1 seat, 22 hp, propeller rotating around the tail boom, 1983

Propeller inside the tail

Cruciform tail

Bede

Jim Bede

James R. "Jim" Bede is an aircraft designer, who is often credited with the creation of the modern kitplane market. He has designed well over a dozen aircraft since the 1960s, but a string of business failures have kept most of these designs out of widespread use. -Bede Aviation:Bede was raised in...

XBD-2, experimental boundary layer control

Boundary layer control

Boundary layer control refers to methods of controlling the behaviour of fluid flow boundary layers. This holds particular interest in aeronautical engineering because drag may be reduced whilst achieving high lift ....

aircraft, ducted fan, 4 seats, 2 x 145 hp, 1961

Ducted propeller as tail

Mississippi State University XAZ-1 Marvelette, experimental aircraft to test wing and ducted propeller for XV-11 Marvel, 2 seats, 95 hp, 1962

Mississippi State University XV-11 Marvel, experimental aircraft to test boundary layer control, 2 seats, 316 hp, 1965

Propeller behind the tail

Conventional tail

Bede BD-5, homebuilt, 1 seat, 55h to 100 hp, 1973, N about 150

Cirrus VK-30, homebuilt, 4 seats, 300 hp, 1988

LH-10 Ellipse, kitbuild, 2 seats, 100 hp, 2007

T-tail

Grinvalds Orion

The Grinvalds Orion is one of the earliest composite kit- and homebuilt aircraft. A 2/4 seater with a single pusher engine, it was built in France and the USA in small numbers with several variations.-Design and development:...

, homebuilt, 4 seats, 200 hp, 1981, N about 17

Miller JM-2 special, racer, 1 seat, O-200 engine, propeller below the tail, 1989 Drive shaft or maybe a simple extension shaft

Grob GF 200

The Grob GF 200 was a business aircraft of unorthodox design developed in Germany during the 1990s. It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with retractable tricycle undercarriage and a highly streamlined fuselage. The engine was mounted within the fuselage, to the rear of the passenger cabin, and...

, prototype, 4 seats, 310 hp, 1991

Inverted V-tail

Aerocar Mini-IMP

|-Related content:Related development:IMP -Micro-IMP -Holcomb Perigee...

, homebuild light aircraft, 1 seat, 60 to 100 hp, 1974

AmEagle American Eaglet

|-See also:-References:* *...

, self-launching ultralight sailplane, 1 seat, 15 hp, 1975, N=12

Lear Fan (see Y-tail below) early designs included an inverted V-tail, 1978

Y-tail

Acme Sierra

-See also:...

, experimental, 1 seat, 85 hp, 1948

Aerocar, roadable aircraft, 1 seat, 143 hp, 1949, N=6

LearAvia Lear Fan, prototypes, 2 + 6 seats, 2 x 650 hp turboprops driving single propeller, 1981, N=3

Cruciform tail

Göppingen Gö 9

The Göppingen Gö 9 was a research aircraft built to investigate the practicalities of powering a plane using a pusher propeller located far from the engine and turned by a long driveshaft....

, experimental aircraft to test pusher configuration with long drive shaft, 1 seat, 80 hp, 1941

Dornier Do 335

The Dornier Do 335 Pfeil was a World War II heavy fighter built by the Dornier company. The two-seater trainer version was also called Ameisenbär . The Pfeils performance was much better than other twin-engine designs due to its unique "push-pull" layout and the much lower drag of the in-line...

, fighter, single seat, 2 x 1,750 hp engines in push-pull configuration

Push-pull configuration

An aircraft constructed with a push-pull configuration has a mixture of forward-mounted propellers and backward-mounted propellers.-Historical:...

first flown in 1943, N=38

Dornier Do P.252, fighter project, 2 seats, 2 x 1750 hp in line, 2 contra-rotating props, 1943

Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster, experimental high speed bomber design, 3 seats, 2 x 1,325 hp, 1944, two built

HPA Toucan

-See also:...

, Human Powered Aircraft, 2 pilots, 1972

Vmax PROBE, experimental racer, 1 seat, 100 hp, 1997

Star Kraft SK-700, executive prototype, 8 seats, 2 x 350 hp engines in push-pull configuration

Push-pull configuration

An aircraft constructed with a push-pull configuration has a mixture of forward-mounted propellers and backward-mounted propellers.-Historical:...

, 1994

H tail (2 fins)

Ryson STP-1 Swallow

-See also:...

, experimental motorglider, 2 seats, 67 hp, 1972

Propeller above fuselage

Schleicher ASH 26

|-External Links:***Simons M, Segelflugzeuge 1965-2000, Equip, 2004...

, single seat glider, retractable belt driven propeller, 50 hp, 1995, N=234

Three surfaces layout : canard, wing(s) and tailplane

The Canard

Canard (aeronautics)

In aeronautics, canard is an airframe configuration of fixed-wing aircraft in which the forward surface is smaller than the rearward, the former being known as the "canard", while the latter is the main wing...

serves as control or lifting surface or both.

Propeller inside the aft framework

Voisin-Farman I

The 1907 Voisin biplane was the first successful powered aircraft designed by aeronautical engineer and manufacturer Gabriel Voisin. It was used by the French aviator Henri FarmanBorn in France to British parents, Henry Farman took French nationality in 1937 to make the first heavier-than-air...

, 1 seat, 50 hp, direct drive, 1907, N=60

MAXIM Biplane, experimental, 1 seat, 80 hp, 3 propellers, 1910

Propeller behind the tail

Aceair AERIKS 200

-References:* Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK:Jane's Information Group, 2003. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5.-External links:* http://www.canardzone.com/forum/showpost.php?p=11756&postcount=6http://www.over-flyer.ch/...

, planned kitplane, 2 seats, 105 hp, drive shaft, 2002

Engines and props on wings

Piaggio P.180 Avanti, executive transport, 10 seats, 2 x 850 hp turboprops, direct drive, first flew 1986, N>200

Canard and tandem layouts

In a Canard

Canard (aeronautics)

layout, there is a smaller wing ahead of the main wings. A tandem layout

Tandem wing

thumb|right|QAC Quickie Q2A tandem wing aircraft usually involves two full-sized wings, both of which are full airfoils. Sometimes an aircraft of this configuration can look like a variation on the biplane, but is in fact very different. The forward wing is often technically a canard, fitted with...

has both front and aft wings of similar dimensions.

As for conventional layout, the propeller to ground clearance at takeoff is a design issue, aircraft of this type must include either taller main gear, a skid or ventral fin, a high thrust line, or a reduced propeller diameter.

Direct drive from the engine is the most common form:

Single engine

Chain drive

Langley Aerodrome

The Langley Aerodrome was a pioneering but unsuccessful manned, powered flying machine designed at the close of the 19th century by Smithsonian Institution Secretary Samuel Langley. The U.S...

Number 5, experimental unmanned model, tandem wing layout, 1 hp steam engine driving 2 propellers, first flight 1896

Wright Flyer

The Wright Flyer was the first powered aircraft, designed and built by the Wright brothers. They flew it four times on December 17, 1903 near the Kill Devil Hills, about four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, U.S.The U.S...

, experimental aircraft, 1 seat, one engine 12 hp, 2 propellers, first flight 1903

Direct drive

Ambrosini SS.2, concept test aircraft, 1 seat, 16 hp, 1935see Ambrosini SS.4#Development

Ambrosini SS.4

The SAI-Ambrosini SS.4 was an Italian fighter prototype developed in the late 1930s but never mass produced. The radical design for its day featured a canard-style wing layout and a 'pusher' propeller...

, prototype fighter, 1 seat, 960 hp, 1939

Miles M.35 "Libellula", fighter aircraft concept, tandem wing,Where the two wings are similar in size the configuration may be referred to as a tandem wing. 1 seat, 130 hp, 1942

Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender, prototype fighter aircraft, 1 seat, 1275 hp, 1943, N=3

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8

|-See also:-References:Bibliography* Gordon, Yefim and Komissarov, Dmitry. OKB Mikoyan: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, 2009 ISBN 1-85780-307-5...

, prototype, 3 seats, 110 hp, 1945

Lockspeiser LDA-01

-References:* Jackson, A.J.British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 3, 1974, Putnam, London, ISBN 0 370 10014 X, Page 259* Taylor, John W.R, . Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976-77. London: Macdonald and Jane's. 1976. Page 190. ISBN 0354 00538 3....

, research aircraft, 1 seat, 160 hp, 1971

Rutan VariEze

-See also:-References:* "Flying the VariEze", Air Progress, April 1978.* * * * Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0748-2.* * Flight International 1976...

, homebuilt, 2 seats, 100 hp, 1975, N>400

Rutan Long-EZ

-See also:-External links:****...

, homebuilt, 2 seats, 115 hp, 1979 N>800

OMAC Laser 300

|-See also:...

, prototype, 6 seats, 750 hp, 1981, N=3

AASI Jetcruzer

|-External links:****-See also:...

, executive prototypes, 6 seats, 850 hp, 1989, N=3

Steve Wright Stagger-Ez

Stagger-Ez is a three place pusher canard aircraft, featuring staggered seating, a dihedral canard, and rounder fuselage differences from other canard aircraft in its class . It was designed by Steve Wright.-See also:...

, homebuilt, modified Cozy, 3 seats, 180 hp, 2003

Drive shaft

Kyūshū J7W

Kyushu J7W

|-See also:-References:NotesBibliography* Green, William. Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Three: Fighters. London: Macdonald & Co. Ltd., 1961 . ISBN 0-356-01447-9....

, prototype fighter, 1 seat, 2130 hp, 1945, N=2

Gossamer Condor

-See also:-Further reading:*Morton Grosser. Gossamer Odyssey: The Triumph of Human-Powered Flight. MBI Press, 2004; Dover Publications, Inc., 1991; Houghton Mifflin Co., 1981*Morton Grosser. On Gossamer Wings. York Custom Graphics, 1982...

, 1 seat, human powered, winner of Kremer prize, 1977

E-Racer, homebuilt, mid-fuselage automotive engine, 2 seats, 260 hp, first flight 1986

Two engines

symmetrical layout

Avtek 400

-References:* * *...

, executive prototype, 8 seats, 2 x 680 hp above wing, 1984

Beechcraft Starship

The Beechcraft Starship is a twin-turboprop six- to eight-passenger pressurized business aircraft produced by Beech Aircraft Corporation .-Development:...

, executive, 8 seats, 2 x 1,200 hp, 1989, N=53

In line layout (push-pull)

Rutan Defiant

|-References:*...

, homebuilt, 4 seats, 2 x 160 hp, 1978, N=19

Rutan Voyager, prototype for long-distance record flight, 2 seats, 130 + 110 hp, 1984 Extension shaft on aft engine. The tractor propeller was only used during take-off and initial flight

Joined wing
Closed wing
A closed wing is a non-planar wing planform concept. The term closed wing encompasses a number of designs, including the annular wing , the joined wing, and the box wing...

layout

Brown Airplane, 2 seats, drive shaft, about 1932

Ligeti Stratos, 1 seat, 24 hp, 1985

Tailless aircraft and flying wing

Tailless aircraft

A tailless aircraft traditionally has all its horizontal control surfaces on its main wing surface. It has no horizontal stabilizer - either tailplane or canard foreplane . A 'tailless' type usually still has a vertical stabilising fin and control surface...

lack a horizontal stabilizer, flying wing

Flying wing

A flying wing is a tailless fixed-wing aircraft which has no definite fuselage, with most of the crew, payload and equipment being housed inside the main wing structure....

s lack a distinct fuselage, with crew engines, payload et cetera contained within the wing structure.

Single engine

Lippisch Delta 1, 1 seat, 1931

Pterodactyl Ascender

The Pterodactyl Ascender is a family of U.S. designed and built ultralight aircraft that were sold in kit form between 1979 and 1984 under Pterodactyl Limited and is currently being sold by DFE Ultralights....

, ultralight, 1 seat, 16 hp, 1979, N=1396

Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet, research aircraft, 1 seat, 2000 hp, 1943

Sud Est Aviation SE 2100, prototype, 2 seats, 140 hp, 1945

Fauvel AV.45, motor glider, 1 seat, 40 hp, 1960

Rohr 2-175, 2 seats, 150 hp, prototype, drive shaft and shrouded propeller, 1974

Westland-Hill Pterodactyl

The Westland-Hill Pterodactyl series of experimental tailess or flying wing aircraft designs were developed starting in the 1920s. They are named after the genus Pterodactylus, a well-known type of Pterosaur commonly known as the pterodactyl....

designs - various

Multi engines

Horten V, 1 seat, 2 x 79 hp, 1938

Handley Page Manx

-See also:-Bibliography:* Barnes, Chris. "Tailess Experimental". Aeroplane Monthly, January 1980, Volume 8 No. 1. pp. 4—9.* Barnes, C. H. Handley Page Aircraft Since 1907. London: Putnam & Company, Ltd., 1987. ISBN 0-85177-803-8....

, experimental tailless aircraft, 2 seats, 2 x 140 hp, 1940

Northrop N-1M

|-See also:-References:NotesCitationsBibliography* Coleman, Ted. Jack Northrop and the Flying Wing: The Real Story Behind the Stealth Bomber. New York: Paragon House, 1988. ISBN 1-55778-079-X....

, experimental aircraft 2 seats, 2 x 275 hp, 1942

Northrop YB-35

The Northrop XB-35 and YB-35 were experimental heavy bomber aircraft developed for the United States Army Air Forces during and shortly after World War II by the Northrop Corporation. It used the radical and potentially very efficient flying wing design, in which the tail section and fuselage are...

, bomber protoype 9 seats, 4 x 3,000 hp, 1946

Rotorcraft, autogyro, gyrodyne

Propeller

Bensen autogyros

Bensen Aircraft

The Bensen Aircraft Corporation was established by Dr. Igor Bensen at Raleigh-Durham International Airport in North Carolina in 1952 to develop and market a variety of helicopters and autogyros of Bensen's own design....

Wallis autogyros

CarterCopter

The CarterCopter is an experimental compound autogyro developed by Carter Aviation Technologies to demonstrate slowed rotor technology. On 17 June 2005, the CarterCopter became the first rotorcraft to achieve mu-1 , an equal ratio of airspeed to rotor tip speed, but crashed on the next flight and...

Fairey Jet Gyrodyne

|-See also:-Bibliography:* Charnov, Dr. Bruce H. The Fairey Rotodyne: An Idea Whose Time Has Come – Again? Retrieved: 18 May 2007.* Green, William and Pollinger, Gerald...

, experimental gyrodyne, 550 hp driving two propellers

McDonnell XV-1

|-See also:-Bibliography:* Connor, R. and R. E. Lee. . 24 September 2001. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC. Accessed 4 December 2007....

, experimental compound helicopter, 550 hp

Ducted fan

Avian Gyroplane

The Avian 2/180 Gyroplane was a two seat, single engine autogyro built in Canada in the 1960s. Several prototypes were built but production was not achieved.-Design:...

, 2 seats, 200 hp, 1960

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Conventional layout

Prop ahead of the tail

Propeller behind the tail

Engines and props on wings

Engines and props on lateral pods

Engines and props behind the pilot

Engine to propeller transmission by drive shaft, belt or chain

Propeller ahead of the tail

Propeller inside the tail

Propeller behind the tail

Propeller above fuselage

Three surfaces layout : canard, wing(s) and tailplane

Canard and tandem layouts

Single engine

Two engines

Joined wingClosed wingA closed wing is a non-planar wing planform concept. The term closed wing encompasses a number of designs, including the annular wing , the joined wing, and the box wing... layout

Tailless aircraft and flying wing

Rotorcraft, autogyro, gyrodyne

Joined wing
Closed wing
A closed wing is a non-planar wing planform concept. The term closed wing encompasses a number of designs, including the annular wing , the joined wing, and the box wing...

layout