List of climate scientists
Encyclopedia
This list of climate scientists contains famous or otherwise notable persons who have contributed to the study of climate science. The list is not necessarily complete or up to date. The list includes scientists from several specialities or disciplines.
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- Myles AllenMyles AllenMyles R. Allen is head of the Climate Dynamics group at the University of Oxford's Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics Department. He is the Principal Investigator of the distributed computing project Climateprediction.net , and was principally responsible for starting this project.He has...
, head of the Climate Dynamics group at University of Oxford's Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics Department. Lead author, IPCC Third Assessment Report. Review editor, Fourth Assessment Report. - Richard AlleyRichard AlleyRichard B. Alley is an American geologist and Evan Pugh Professor of Geosciences at the Pennsylvania State University. He has authored more than 170 refereed scientific publications about the relationships between Earth's cryosphere and global climate change, and is recognized by the Institute for...
(1957- ), American, Earth's cryosphereCryosphereThe cryosphere is the term which collectively describes the portions of the Earth’s surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets, and frozen ground . Thus there is a wide overlap with the hydrosphere...
and global climate change. - Kevin AndersonKevin Anderson (scientist)Professor Kevin Anderson is the Deputy Director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research; holds a joint chair in Energy and Climate Change at the School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering at the University of Manchester and School of Environmental Sciences at University of East...
, is the Director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research and is an adviser to the British Government on climate change. - Svante ArrheniusSvante ArrheniusSvante August Arrhenius was a Swedish scientist, originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, and one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry...
(1859-1927), Swedish, greenhouse effectGreenhouse effectThe greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy is transferred to the surface and the lower atmosphere...
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- Sallie BaliunasSallie BaliunasSallie Baliunas is an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in the Solar, Stellar, and Planetary Sciences Division and formerly Deputy Director of the Mount Wilson Observatory. She serves as Senior Scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute in Washington, DC, and...
, American, astrophysicist, solar variationSolar variationSolar variation is the change in the amount of radiation emitted by the Sun and in its spectral distribution over years to millennia. These variations have periodic components, the main one being the approximately 11-year solar cycle . The changes also have aperiodic fluctuations...
. - Robert BallingRobert BallingRobert C. Balling, Jr. is a professor of geography at Arizona State University, and the former director of its Office of Climatology. His research interests include climatology, global climate change, and geographic information systems...
, American, former director of the Office of Climatology and is a professor of geography at Arizona State University, climatologyClimatologyClimatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences...
, global climate changeClimate changeClimate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average...
, and geographic information systems. - Édouard Bard, French climate scientist, specialized in past climate reconstruction.
- Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862-1951), Norwegian, forecasting, numerical models.
- Raymond S. Bradley, American, historical temperatures, paleoclimatologyPaleoclimatologyPaleoclimatology is the study of changes in climate taken on the scale of the entire history of Earth. It uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells and microfossils; it then...
, and climate variability. - Keith BriffaKeith BriffaProfessor Keith R. Briffa is a climatologist employed since 1977 by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, of which he is currently deputy director. In his professional work, he focuses on the climate change in late Holocene, with a special focus on northern portions of...
(1952- ), United Kingdom, dendrochronologyDendrochronologyDendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree-rings. Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed, in many types of wood, to the exact calendar year...
, temperature history. - Wallace Smith Broecker (1931- ), American, Pleistocene geochronologyGeochronologyGeochronology is the science of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments, within a certain degree of uncertainty inherent to the method used. A variety of dating methods are used by geologists to achieve this, and schemes of classification and terminology have been proposed...
, radiocarbon datingRadiocarbon datingRadiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 to estimate the age of carbon-bearing materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years. Raw, i.e. uncalibrated, radiocarbon ages are usually reported in radiocarbon years "Before Present" ,...
and chemical oceanographyChemical oceanographyChemical oceanography is the study of ocean chemistry: the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans. The ocean is unique in that it contains - in greater or lesser quantities - nearly every element in the periodic table....
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- Ken CaldeiraKen CaldeiraKen Caldeira is an atmospheric scientist who works at the Carnegie Institution for Science's . He researches ocean acidification, climate effects of trees, intentional climate modification, and interactions in the global Carbon cycle/climate system...
, American, geoengineeringGeoengineeringThe concept of Geoengineering refers to the deliberate large-scale engineering and manipulation of the planetary environment to combat or counteract anthropogenic changes in atmospheric chemistry The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded in 2007 that geoengineering options, such...
, ocean acidification, atmospheric chemistry. - Guy Stewart Callendar, English,(February 1898 - October 1964), steam engineer and inventor who proposed what eventually became known as the Callendar effect, the theory that linked rising carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere to global temperature.
- Mark CaneMark CaneMark Cane is an American climate scientist. He obtained his PhD at MIT in 1975. He is currently the G. Unger Vetlesen Professor Of Earth And Climate Sciences at Columbia University and the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory...
, American, modeling and prediction of the El Niño-Southern OscillationEl Niño-Southern OscillationEl Niño/La Niña-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, is a quasiperiodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean roughly every five years...
. - John ChristyJohn ChristyJohn R. Christy is a climate scientist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville whose chief interests are satellite remote sensing of global climate and global climate change. He is best known, jointly with Roy Spencer, for the first successful development of a satellite temperature...
, director of the Earth System Science Center at The University of Alabama in Huntsville. Best known (with Dr. Roy Spencer) for developing the first version of the satellite temperature record. - Paul J. CrutzenPaul J. CrutzenPaul Jozef Crutzen is a Dutch Nobel prize winning atmospheric chemist.Crutzen is best known for his research on ozone depletion. He lists his main research interests as “Stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate”...
(1933- ), Dutch, stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate.
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- Kerry EmanuelKerry EmanuelKerry Emanuel is an American professor of meteorology currently working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. In particular he has specialized in atmospheric convection and the mechanisms acting to intensify hurricanes. He coined the term "hypercane" in 1994. In 2007, he was...
(1955- ), American, atmospheric dynamics specializing in hurricanes. - Matthew EnglandMatthew EnglandMatthew England is a physical oceanographer and climate scientist. England completed a B.Sc. and a Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sydney, Australia...
(1966-), Australian, physical oceanographer and climate dynamicist.
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- Joe FarmanJoe FarmanJoseph Charles Farman is the British geophysicist who, together with Brian Gardiner and Jon Shanklin, published the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica...
, British, ozone hole above Antarctica - Joseph FourierJoseph FourierJean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was a French mathematician and physicist best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations. The Fourier transform and Fourier's Law are also named in his honour...
(1768-1830), French, greenhouse effectGreenhouse effectThe greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy is transferred to the surface and the lower atmosphere...
. - Inez FungInez FungInez Fung is a professor of atmospheric science at the University of California, Berkeley jointly appointed in the Department of Earth and Planetary Science and the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management...
American, climate modeling, biogeochemical cycles, and climate change.
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- Peter GleickPeter GleickDr. Peter H. Gleick is a scientist working on issues related to the environment, economic development, and international security, with a focus on global freshwater challenges. He works at the Pacific Institute in Oakland, California, which he co-founded in 1987. In 2003 he was awarded a MacArthur...
(1956- ), American, hydroclimatologist, hydrologic impacts of climate change, snowfall/snowmelt responses, water adaptation strategies, consequences of sea-level rise. - Jonathan M. GregoryJonathan M. GregoryJonathan M. Gregory is a climate modeller working on mechanisms of global and large-scale change in climate and sea level on multidecadal and longer timescales...
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- Joanna HaighJoanna HaighJoanna D. Haigh is Head of Department and Professor of Atmospheric Physics at Imperial College London in the faculty of natural sciences. She is known for her work on solar variability, but also works on radiative transfer, stratosphere-troposphere coupling and climate modelling...
, British, solar variability - James E. Hansen (1941- ), American, planetary atmospheres, remote sensing, numerical models, and global warming.
- Ann Henderson-SellersAnn Henderson-SellersProfessor Ann Henderson-Sellers was the Director of the World Climate Research Programme in 2006 and 2007 and was the Director of the Environment Division at ANSTO from 1998 to 2005. She was the Deputy Vice-Chancellor of The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology from 1996-1998...
(1952- ), Australian, climate change risk evaluation. - John T. HoughtonJohn T. HoughtonAs co-chair of the IPCC, he defends the IPCC process, in particular against charges of failure to consider non-CO2 explanations of climate change. In evidence to, the Select Committee on Science and Technology in 2000 he said:...
(1931- ), British, atmospheric physics, remote sensing.
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- Phil Jones (1952- ), British, instrumental climate change, palaeoclimatology, detection of climate change.
- Jean JouzelJean JouzelJean Jouzel, is a French glaciologist and climatologist. He is a world renowned specialist in major climatic shifts based on his analysis of Antarctic and Greenland ice...
, French, glaciologist and climatologist specializing in major climatic shifts
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- Thomas R. KarlThomas R. KarlThomas R. Karl is the director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Climatic Data Center.- Opinions :Karl wrote:- Awards :...
(1951- ), American, climate extremes and variability. - Charles David KeelingCharles David KeelingCharles David Keeling was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory first alerted the world to the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to the "greenhouse effect" and global warming...
(1928-2005), American, atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements, Keeling CurveKeeling curveThe Keeling Curve is a graph which plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since 1958. It is based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii under the supervision of Charles David Keeling. Keeling's measurements showed the...
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- Kurt LambeckKurt LambeckKurt Lambeck is Professor of Geophysics at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. His current research interests include the interactions between ice sheets, oceans and the solid Earth, as well as changes in ocean levels and their impact on human populations.Lambeck is also...
, Australian, cryosphere-hydrosphere-lithosphere interactions, and sea level rise and its impact on human populations. - Richard LindzenRichard LindzenRichard Siegmund Lindzen is an American atmospheric physicist and Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Lindzen is known for his work in the dynamics of the middle atmosphere, atmospheric tides and ozone photochemistry. He has published more than...
(1940- ), American, dynamic meteorology, especially planetary waves. - Edward Norton LorenzEdward Norton LorenzEdward Norton Lorenz was an American mathematician and meteorologist, and a pioneer of chaos theory. He discovered the strange attractor notion and coined the term butterfly effect.-Biography:...
(1917-2008), American, discovery of the strange attractor notion and coined the term butterfly effectButterfly effectIn chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions; where a small change at one place in a nonlinear system can result in large differences to a later state...
. - James LovelockJames LovelockJames Lovelock, CH, CBE, FRS is an independent scientist, environmentalist and futurologist who lives in Devon, England. He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep our planet healthy by controlling...
(1919- ), British, Gaia hypothesisGaia hypothesisThe Gaia hypothesis, also known as Gaia theory or Gaia principle, proposes that all organisms and their inorganic surroundings on Earth are closely integrated to form a single and self-regulating complex system, maintaining the conditions for life on the planet.The scientific investigation of the...
and biotic feedbacks.
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- Syukuro ManabeSyukuro Manabeis a Japanese meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations.-Scientific accomplishments:...
(1931- ), Japanese, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. - Gordon ManleyGordon ManleyGordon Valentine Manley, FRGS was an English climatologist who assembled the Central England temperature series of monthly mean temperatures stretching back to 1659. This is the longest standardised instrumental record available for anywhere in the world...
(1902 – 1980), English, Central England temperatureCentral England temperatureThe Central England Temperature record was originally published by Professor Gordon Manley in 1953 and subsequently extended and updated in 1974, following many decades of painstaking work...
(CET) series. - Michael E. Mann (1965- ), American, paleoclimate reconstructions.
- Patrick MichaelsPatrick MichaelsPatrick J. Michaels is an American climatologist. Michaels is a senior research fellow for Research and Economic Development at George Mason University, and a senior fellow in environmental studies at the Cato Institute...
(1950- ), American climatologist. - Gordon McBeanGordon McBeanDr. Gordon McBean is a Canadian climatologist who serves as chairman of the board of trustees of the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences....
, Canadian, boundary layer research, hydrometeorology and environmental impact research, and weather forecasting. - Milutin MilankovićMilutin MilankovicMilutin Milanković was a Serbian geophysicist and civil engineer, best known for his theory of ice ages, suggesting a relationship between Earth's long-term climate changes and periodic changes in its orbit, now known as Milankovitch cycles. Milanković gave two fundamental contributions to global...
(1879-1958), Serbian, Milankovitch cyclesMilankovitch cyclesMilankovitch theory describes the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements upon its climate, named after Serbian civil engineer and mathematician Milutin Milanković, who worked on it during First World War internment...
. - John F. B. MitchellJohn F. B. MitchellProfessor John F B Mitchell OBE FRS is a British climatologist and climate modeller.He was a convening lead author for the first and third IPCC Working Group I reports and lead author for the second...
, British, climate modelling and detection and attribution of climate change - Mario J. MolinaMario J. MolinaMario José Molina-Pasquel Henríquez is a Mexican chemist and one of the most prominent precursors to the discovering of the Antarctic ozone hole. He was a co-recipient Mario José Molina-Pasquel Henríquez (born March 19, 1943 in Mexico City) is a Mexican chemist and one of the most prominent...
(1943- ), Mexican, atmospheric chemistryAtmospheric chemistryAtmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and...
and ozone depletionOzone depletionOzone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere , and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon...
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- David E. ParkerDavid Parker (climatologist)David Parker is head of climate monitoring at the Hadley Centre.He has published extensively on the land and marine temperature record and its consistency...
, British, surface temperature trend. - William Richard PeltierWilliam Richard PeltierWilliam Richard Peltier, Ph.D., D.Sc. , is a university professor of physics at the University of Toronto. He is director of the Centre for Global Change Science and principal investigator of the Polar Climate Stability Network...
(1943- ), Canadian, global geodynamic modeling and ice sheet reconstructions; atmospheric and oceanic waves and turbulence. - Roger A. Pielke, Sr. (1946-), American, climate changeClimate changeClimate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average...
, environmental vulnerability, numerical modelingComputer simulationA computer simulation, a computer model, or a computational model is a computer program, or network of computers, that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system...
, and atmospheric dynamics. - Raymond PierrehumbertRaymond PierrehumbertRaymond T. Pierrehumbert is Louis Block Professor in Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago. He was a lead author on the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and a co-author of the National Research Council report on abrupt climate change...
, idealized climate modeling, Faint young sun paradoxFaint young sun paradoxThe faint young Sun paradox or problem describes the apparent contradiction between observations of liquid water early in the Earth's history and the astrophysical expectation that the Sun's output would be only 70% as intense during that epoch as it is during the modern epoch. The issue was raised...
. - Vicky PopeVicky PopeVicky Pope is head of the climate predictions programme at the Hadley Centre. She spent 6 years as manager of atmospheric climate model development and evaluation. Since October 2004 she has been Head of the Climate Prediction Programme which provides independent scientific advice on climate change...
, British, Head of the Climate Prediction Programme at the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and ResearchHadley Centre for Climate Prediction and ResearchThe Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change — named in honour of George Hadley — is part of, and based at the headquarters of the Met Office in Exeter...
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- Stefan RahmstorfStefan RahmstorfStefan Rahmstorf is a German oceanographer and climatologist. Since 2000, he has been a Professor of Physics of the Oceans at Potsdam University. He received his Ph.D. in oceanography from Victoria University of Wellington...
(1960- ), German, the role of ocean currents in climate change. - Veerabhadran RamanathanVeerabhadran RamanathanVeerabhadran Ramanathan is Victor Alderson Professor of Applied Ocean Sciences and director of the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. He has contributed to many areas of the atmospheric sciences including developments to...
, Indian, general circulation models, atmospheric chemistry, and radiative transfer. - Roger RevelleRoger RevelleRoger Randall Dougan Revelle was a scientist and scholar who was instrumental in the formative years of the University of California, San Diego and was one of the first scientists to study global warming and the movement of Earth's tectonic plates...
(1909-1991), American, global warming and chemical oceanographyChemical oceanographyChemical oceanography is the study of ocean chemistry: the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans. The ocean is unique in that it contains - in greater or lesser quantities - nearly every element in the periodic table....
. - William RuddimanWilliam RuddimanWilliam F. Ruddiman is a palaeoclimatologist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Virginia. Ruddiman earned an undergraduate degree in geology in 1964 at Williams College, and a Ph.D. in marine geology from Columbia University in 1969. Ruddiman worked at the US Naval Oceanographic Office...
, American, palaeoclimatologist, Early Anthropogenic Hypothesis
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- Hans Joachim SchellnhuberHans Joachim SchellnhuberHans Joachim "John" Schellnhuber is the founding Director of Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Chair of the German Advisory Council on Global Change. He is also providing advice to the President of the European Union Commission, José Manuel Barroso....
(1950 - ), German climatologist, was an author for the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. - Gavin A. Schmidt (Gavin A. Schmidt is a climatologist and climate modeler at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)
- Stephen H. Schneider (1945 - 2010), American, Professor of Environmental Biology and Global Change at Stanford UniversityStanford UniversityThe Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...
. - Stephen E. SchwartzStephen E. SchwartzStephen E. Schwartz is an atmospheric scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He served from 2004 to 2009 as the Chief Scientist of the of the United States Department of Energy...
(1941 - ), American, chemistry of air pollutants, radiative forcing of aerosols on climate. - Richard C. J. Somerville (1941 - ), American, theoretical meteorology and atmospheric physics.
- Stocker, Thomas, Swiss, climate dynamics and paleoclimate modeling and reconstruction.
- Susan SolomonSusan SolomonSusan Solomon is an atmospheric chemist working for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Solomon was one of the first to propose chlorofluorocarbons as the cause of the Antarctic ozone hole.Solomon is a member of the U.S...
(1956 - ), American, chlorofluorocarbons and ozone depletion. - J. Curt Stager (1956-), American, paleoclimatology http://climatechange.umaine.edu/people/directory/profile/j_curt_stager, authur of Deep Future: The Next 100,000 Years of Life on Earth.
- Peter A. StottPeter A. StottPeter A. Stott is a climate scientist and Manager of Understanding and Attributing Climate Change at the UK Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research in Exeter, U.K....
, British, climate scientist http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-monitoring/peter-stott. - Hans E. Suess (1909-1993), Austrian, radiocarbon dating, Suess effectSuess effectThe Suess effect is change in the ratio of the atmospheric concentrations of heavy isotopes of carbon by the admixture of large amounts of fossil-fuel derived CO2, which is depleted in 13CO2 and contains no 14CO2. It is named for the Austrian chemist Hans Suess, who noted the influence of this...
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- Simon TettSimon TettSimon Tett is a climatologist working at the University of Edinburgh. He used to work at the Hadley Centre.His most-cited paper, is "Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols," Simon Tett is a climatologist working at the University of Edinburgh. He used to...
, British, detection and attribution of climate change, model initialization, and validation. - Peter ThejllPeter ThejllPeter Andreas Thejll is a noted Danish astrophysicist and climate researcher. His research in solar variation helped provide conclusive evidence of the greenhouse effect on the Earth's climate in the late 20th century...
(1956- )Danish, Northern Hemisphere land air temperature, solar variation and greenhouse effect. - Lonnie ThompsonLonnie ThompsonLonnie Thompson , is an American paleoclimatologist and Distinguished University Professor in the School of Earth Sciences at The Ohio State University. He has achieved global recognition for his drilling and analysis of ice cores from mountain glaciers and ice caps in the tropical and sub-tropical...
(1948- ), American, paleoclimatology, ice cores. - Kevin E. TrenberthKevin E. TrenberthKevin E. Trenberth is head of the Climate Analysis Section at the USA National Center for Atmospheric Research. He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability program...
, decadal variability, El Niño-Southern Oscillation.
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- John Michael WallaceJohn Michael WallaceJohn Michael Wallace is a professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington, as well as the former director of the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean --a joint research venture between the University of Washington and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric...
, North Atlantic oscillationNorth Atlantic oscillationThe North Atlantic oscillation is a climatic phenomenon in the North Atlantic Ocean of fluctuations in the difference of atmospheric pressure at sea level between the Icelandic low and the Azores high. Through east-west oscillation motions of the Icelandic low and the Azores high, it controls the...
, Arctic oscillationArctic oscillationThe Arctic oscillation or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode is an index of the dominant pattern of non-seasonal sea-level pressure variations north of 20N latitude, and it is characterized by pressure anomalies of one sign in the Arctic with the opposite anomalies centered...
, El Niño-Southern OscillationEl Niño-Southern OscillationEl Niño/La Niña-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, is a quasiperiodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean roughly every five years...
. - Andrew WatsonAndrew Watson (scientist)Andrew James Watson FRS is a British marine and atmospheric scientist and an expert in processes affecting atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations...
(1952-), British, marineOceanographyOceanography , also called oceanology or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean...
and atmospheric sciences. - Andrew J. WeaverAndrew J. WeaverAndrew J. Weaver is a climate modeller in the School of Earth and Ocean Sciences at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, and a lead author of a chapter on Global Climate Projections in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's report Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. ....
, Canadian, climate modeling and analysis. - Carl WunschCarl WunschCarl Wunsch is the Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physical Oceanography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is known for his early work in internal waves and more recently for research into the effects of ocean circulation on climate.- Career :Wunsch received his Ph. D. in...
(1941- ), Physical oceanography and ocean acoustic tomographyOcean acoustic tomographyOcean Acoustic Tomography is a technique used to measure temperatures and currents over large regions of the ocean. On ocean basin scales, this technique is also known as acoustic thermometry. The technique relies on precisely measuring the time it takes sound signals to travel between two...
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