Substances, mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the IARC

International Agency for Research on Cancer

The International Agency for Research on Cancer is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organisation of the United Nations....

 as Group 2A: The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogen

Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes...

ic to human

Human

Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...

s. The exposure circumstance entails exposure

Toxicity

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organisms. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ , such as the liver...

s that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.
Further details can be found in the IARC Monographs.

Agents and groups of agents

• Acrylamide
  Acrylamide
  Acrylamide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C3H5NO. Its IUPAC name is prop-2-enamide. It is a white odourless crystalline solid, soluble in water, ethanol, ether, and chloroform. Acrylamide is incompatible with acids, bases, oxidizing agents, iron, and iron salts...
  
  
• Adriamycin
• Androgenic (anabolic) steroids
  Anabolic steroid
  Anabolic steroids, technically known as anabolic-androgen steroids or colloquially simply as "steroids", are drugs that mimic the effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the body. They increase protein synthesis within cells, which results in the buildup of cellular tissue ,...
  
  
• Azacitidine
• Benz[a]anthracene
• BCNU (Bischloroethyl nitrosourea)
• Captafol
  Captafol
  Captafol is a fungicide. It is used to control almost all fungal diseases of plants except powdery mildews. It is believed to be a human carcinogen, and production for use as a fungicide in the United States stopped in 1987...
  
  
• Chloramphenicol
  Chloramphenicol
  Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial that became available in 1949. It is considered a prototypical broad-spectrum antibiotic, alongside the tetracyclines, and as it is both cheap and easy to manufacture it is frequently found as a drug of choice in the third world.Chloramphenicol is...
  
  
• α-Chlorinated toluenes (benzal chloride
  Benzal chloride
  Benzal chloride is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CHCl2. This colourless liquid is a lachrymator and is used as a building block in organic synthesis....
  
  , benzotrichloride
  Benzotrichloride
  Benzotrichloride, also known as trichlorotoluene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CCl3. It is principally used as an intermediate in the preparation of other chemical products such as dyes.-Production and uses:...
  
  , benzyl chloride
  Benzyl chloride
  Benzyl chloride, or α-chlorotoluene, is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2Cl. This colourless liquid is a reactive organochlorine compound that is a widely used chemical building block.-Preparation:...
  
  ) and benzoyl chloride
  Benzoyl chloride
  Benzoyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride, is an organochlorine compound with the formula C6H5COCl. It is a colourless, fuming liquid with an irritating odour...
  
   (combined exposures)
• CCNU
  Lomustine
  Lomustine is an alkylating nitrosourea compound used in chemotherapy. It is in the same family as streptozotocin. This is a highly lipid soluble drug, and thus crosses the blood brain barrier. This property makes it ideal for treating brain tumors, and is its primary use...
  
   (1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea)
• 4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine
• Chlorozotocin
  Chlorozotocin
  Chlorozotocin is a nitrosourea. It is used for cancer therapy.It is an analogue of streptozotocin....
  
  
• Cisplatin
  Cisplatin
  Cisplatin, cisplatinum, or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum is a chemotherapy drug. It is used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas , lymphomas, and germ cell tumors...
  
  
• Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene
• Clonorchis sinensis
  Clonorchis sinensis
  Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, is a human liver fluke in the class Trematoda, Phylum Platyhelminthes. This parasite lives in the liver of humans, and is found mainly in the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile...
  
   (infection with)
• Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
• Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
• Diethyl sulfate
  Diethyl sulfate
  Diethyl sulfate is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenicchemical compound with formula 24. It occurs as a colorless liquid with a peppermint odor.Diethyl sulfate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols....
  
  
• Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
• 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
  1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
  1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, or symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, is one of the two isomers of dimethylhydrazine. It is a potent carcinogen that acts as a DNA alkylating agent. It is used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals....
  
  
• Dimethyl sulfate
  Dimethyl sulfate
  Dimethyl sulfate is a chemical compound with formula 2SO2. As the diester of methanol and sulfuric acid, its formula is often written as 2SO4 or even Me2SO4, where CH3 or Me is methyl...
  
  
• Epichlorohydrin
  Epichlorohydrin
  Epichlorohydrin is an organochlorine compound and an epoxide. This is a colorless liquid with a pungent, garlic-like odor, moderately soluble in water, but miscible with most polar organic solvents. Epichlorohydrin is a highly reactive compound and is used in the production of glycerol, plastics,...
  
  
• Ethylene dibromide
• Ethyl carbamate
  Ethyl carbamate
  Ethyl carbamate is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H7NO2 first prepared in the nineteenth century. Structurally, it is an ester of carbamic acid...
  
   (urethane)
• N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea
• Etoposide
  Etoposide
  Etoposide phosphate is an anti-cancer agent. It is known in the laboratory as a topoisomerase poison. Etoposide is often incorrectly referred to as a topoisomerase inhibitor in order to avoid using the term "poison" in a clinical setting...
  
  
• Glycidol
  Glycidol
  Glycidol is an organic compound that contains both epoxide and alcohol functional groups. Being bifunctional, it has a variety of industrial uses...
  
  
• Indium phosphide
• 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ)
• Lead compounds, inorganic
• Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus
  Rhadinovirus
  Rhadinoviruses are a genus of herpesviruses that include the Human herpesvirus 8 , also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus , which causes Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. Other names for the Rhadinovirus genus include Rhadinoviridae...
  
  /human herpesvirus 8
• 5-Methoxypsoralen
• Methyl methanesulfonate
  Methyl methanesulfonate
  Methyl methanesulfonate is an alkylating agent and a carcinogen. It is also a suspected reproductive toxicant, and may also be a skin/sense organ toxicant. It is used in cancer treatment.-Chemical reactions with DNA:...
  
  
• MNNG (N-Methyl-N´-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
• N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea
• Nitrate
  Nitrate
  The nitrate ion is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula NO and a molecular mass of 62.0049 g/mol. It is the conjugate base of nitric acid, consisting of one central nitrogen atom surrounded by three identically-bonded oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The nitrate ion carries a...
  
   or nitrite
  Nitrite
  The nitrite ion has the chemical formula NO2−. The anion is symmetric with equal N-O bond lengths and a O-N-O bond angle of ca. 120°. On protonation the unstable weak acid nitrous acid is produced. Nitrite can be oxidised or reduced, with product somewhat dependent on the oxidizing/reducing agent...
  
   (ingested) under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation
  Nitrosation
  Nitrosation is a process of converting organic compounds into nitroso derivatives, i.e. compounds containing the R-NO functionality.-C-Nitroso compounds:C-Nitroso compounds, such as nitrosobenzene, are typically prepared by oxidation of hydroxylamines:...
  
  
• Nitrogen mustard
  Nitrogen mustard
  The nitrogen mustards are cytotoxic chemotherapy agents similar to mustard gas. Although their common use is medicinal, in principle these compounds can also be deployed as chemical warfare agents. Nitrogen mustards are nonspecific DNA alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustard gas was stockpiled by...
  
  
• N-Nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)
• N-Nitrosodimethylamine
  N-Nitrosodimethylamine
  N-Nitrosodimethylamine , also known as dimethylnitrosamine , is a semi-volatile organic chemical that is highly toxic and is a suspected human carcinogen. The US Environmental Protection Agency has determined that the maximum admissible concentration of NDMA in drinking water is 7 ng L−1...
  
   (NDMA)
• Phenacetin
  Phenacetin
  Phenacetin is an analgesic, once widely used; its use has declined because of its adverse effects.-History:Phenacetin was introduced in 1887, and was used principally as an analgesic, and was one of the first synthetic fever reducers to go on the market...
  
  
• Procarbazine hydrochloride
• Styrene-7,8-oxide
• Teniposide
  Teniposide
  Teniposide is a chemotherapeutic medication mainly used in the treatment of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia . It is in a class of drugs known as podophyllotoxin derivatives and slows the growth of cancer cells in the body....
  
  
• Tetrachloroethylene
  Tetrachloroethylene
  Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name tetrachloroethene and many other names, is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2. It is a colourless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid." It has a sweet odor detectable by...
  
  
• Trichloroethylene
  Trichloroethylene
  The chemical compound trichloroethylene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent. It is a clear non-flammable liquid with a sweet smell. It should not be confused with the similar 1,1,1-trichloroethane, which is commonly known as chlorothene.The IUPAC name is...
  
  
• 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
  1,2,3-Trichloropropane
  1,2,3-Trichloropropane is a chemical compound that is commonly used as an industrial solvent. Although it is not currently labeled as a contaminant by the United States federal government, new research shows that it could have severe health effects...
  
  
• Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
  Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
  Tris phosphate is a chemical once widely used as a flame retardant in plastics and textiles.-Safety and regulation:...
  
  
• Ultraviolet radiation A
• Ultraviolet radiation B
• Ultraviolet radiation C
• Vinyl bromide
  Vinyl bromide
  Vinyl bromide is a simple vinyl halide. It is soluble in chloroform, ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone and benzene.- Uses :Vinyl bromide is used to manufacture bromopolymers and mainly polyvinyl bromide...
  
  
• Vinyl fluoride
  Vinyl fluoride
  Vinyl fluoride is an organic halide with the chemical formula C2H3F. It is a colorless gas with a faint etherlike odor. It is used as the monomeric precursor to the fluoropolymer polyvinylfluoride.-Production:...
  
  

Mixtures

• Creosote
  Creosote
  Creosote is the portion of chemical products obtained by the distillation of a tar that remains heavier than water, notably useful for its anti-septic and preservative properties...
  
  s (from coal tar
  Coal tar
  Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of extremely high viscosity, which smells of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar is among the by-products when coal iscarbonized to make coke or gasified to make coal gas...
  
  s)
• Diesel engine
  Diesel engine
  A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber...
  
   exhaust
• High-temperature frying
  Frying
  Frying is the cooking of food in oil or another fat, a technique that originated in ancient Egypt around 2500 BC. Chemically, oils and fats are the same, differing only in melting point, but the distinction is only made when needed. In commerce, many fats are called oils by custom, e.g...
  
  , emissions from
• Hot mate
  Mate (beverage)
  Mate , also known as chimarrão or cimarrón, is a traditional South American infused drink, particularly in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, southern states of Brazil, south of Chile, the Bolivian Chaco, and to some extent, Syria and Lebanon...
  
  
• Household combustion of biomass fuel (primarily wood), indoor emissions from
• Non-arsenical insecticide
  Insecticide
  An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and the household. The use of insecticides is believed to be one of the major factors behind...
  
  s (occupational exposures in spraying and application of)
• Polychlorinated biphenyl
  Polychlorinated biphenyl
  Polychlorinated biphenyls are a class of organic compounds with 2 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl, which is a molecule composed of two benzene rings. The chemical formula for PCBs is C12H10-xClx...
  
  s

Exposure circumstances

• Art glass, glass containers and pressed ware (manufacture of)
• Carbon electrode manufacture
• Cobalt
  Cobalt
  Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is found naturally only in chemically combined form. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal....
  
   metal with tungsten carbide
  Tungsten carbide
  Tungsten carbide is an inorganic chemical compound containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. Colloquially, tungsten carbide is often simply called carbide. In its most basic form, it is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes for use in industrial machinery,...
  
  
• Hairdresser
  Hairdresser
  Hairdresser is a term referring to anyone whose occupation is to cut or style hair in order to change or maintain a person's image. This is achieved using a combination of hair coloring, haircutting, and hair texturing techniques...
  
   or barber (occupational exposure as a)
• Petroleum refining (occupational exposures in)
• Shift work
  Shift work
  Shift work is an employment practice designed to make use of the 24 hours of the clock. The term "shift work" includes both long-term night shifts and work schedules in which employees change or rotate shifts....
  
  that involves circadian disruption

External links

• IARC Monographs - Classifications - Group2A