Lidzbark Warminski
Encyclopedia
Lidzbark Warmiński AUD is a town in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
in Poland
. It is the capital of Lidzbark County
.
, who called it Heilsberg. In 1306 it became the seat for the Bishopric of Warmia
and remained the Prince-Bishop
's seat for 500 years. In 1309 the settlement received town privileges
. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), the town was integrated into the Polish province of Royal Prussia
.
Nicolaus Copernicus
lived at the castle for several years, and it is believed he wrote part of his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
there.
In the winter of 1703-04 the town was the residence of King Charles XII
of Sweden
during the Great Northern War
.
Lidzbark was annexed with the rest of Warmia
by the Kingdom of Prussia
in the First Partition of Poland
in 1772. In 1807 a battle
took place near the town between the French
under Murat
and Soult
and the Russians
and Prussians under Bennigsen
.
From 1933-45 Heilsberg was the site of the large radio station Transmitter Heilsberg
. The town was heavily damaged during its conquest by the Soviet
Red Army
during World War II
in 1945. Afterwards, the town was ceded to Poland and its ethnic German
population was expelled to the west
.
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, or Warmia-Masuria Province , is a voivodeship in northeastern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Olsztyn...
in Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
. It is the capital of Lidzbark County
Lidzbark County
Lidzbark County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Lidzbark Warmiński,...
.
History
The town was originally an Old Prussian settlement known as Lecbarg until being conquered in 1240 by the Teutonic KnightsTeutonic Knights
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem , commonly the Teutonic Order , is a German medieval military order, in modern times a purely religious Catholic order...
, who called it Heilsberg. In 1306 it became the seat for the Bishopric of Warmia
Archbishopric of Warmia
The Prince-Bishopric of Warmia was a semi independent ecclesiastical state, a Prussian bishopric under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Riga that was a protectorate of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and a protectorate of Kingdom of Poland, later part of the Polish-Lithuanian...
and remained the Prince-Bishop
Prince-Bishop
A Prince-Bishop is a bishop who is a territorial Prince of the Church on account of one or more secular principalities, usually pre-existent titles of nobility held concurrently with their inherent clerical office...
's seat for 500 years. In 1309 the settlement received town privileges
Town privileges
Town privileges or city rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium.Judicially, a town was distinguished from the surrounding land by means of a charter from the ruling monarch that defined its privileges and laws. Common privileges were related to trading...
. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), the town was integrated into the Polish province of Royal Prussia
Royal Prussia
Royal Prussia was a Region of the Kingdom of Poland and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . Polish Prussia included Pomerelia, Chełmno Land , Malbork Voivodeship , Gdańsk , Toruń , and Elbląg . It is distinguished from Ducal Prussia...
.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe....
lived at the castle for several years, and it is believed he wrote part of his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus...
there.
Charles XII of Sweden
Charles XII also Carl of Sweden, , Latinized to Carolus Rex, Turkish: Demirbaş Şarl, also known as Charles the Habitué was the King of the Swedish Empire from 1697 to 1718...
of Sweden
Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire refers to the Kingdom of Sweden between 1561 and 1721 . During this time, Sweden was one of the great European powers. In Swedish, the period is called Stormaktstiden, literally meaning "the Great Power Era"...
during the Great Northern War
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in northern Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I the Great of Russia, Frederick IV of...
.
Lidzbark was annexed with the rest of Warmia
Warmia
Warmia or Ermland is a region between Pomerelia and Masuria in northeastern Poland. Together with Masuria, it forms the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship....
by the Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918. Until the defeat of Germany in World War I, it comprised almost two-thirds of the area of the German Empire...
in the First Partition of Poland
First Partition of Poland
The First Partition of Poland or First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. Growth in the Russian Empire's power, threatening the Kingdom of Prussia and the...
in 1772. In 1807 a battle
Battle of Heilsberg
The Battle of Heilsberg took place on 10 June 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars.-Overview:On 24 May 1807, the Siege of Danzig ended when Prussian General Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth capitulated to French Marshal Francois Joseph Lefebvre. With Gdansk secured, Napoleon was now free to turn...
took place near the town between the French
First French Empire
The First French Empire , also known as the Greater French Empire or Napoleonic Empire, was the empire of Napoleon I of France...
under Murat
Joachim Murat
Joachim-Napoléon Murat , Marshal of France and Grand Admiral or Admiral of France, 1st Prince Murat, was Grand Duke of Berg from 1806 to 1808 and then King of Naples from 1808 to 1815...
and Soult
Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult
Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duke of Dalmatia , the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman, named Marshal of the Empire in 1804. He was one of only six officers in French history to receive the distinction of Marshal General of France...
and the Russians
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
and Prussians under Bennigsen
Levin August, Count von Bennigsen
Levin August Gottlieb Theophil , Count von Bennigsen was a German general in the service of the Russian Empire....
.
From 1933-45 Heilsberg was the site of the large radio station Transmitter Heilsberg
Transmitter Heilsberg
The transmitter Heilsberg was a large transmitter in the former East Prussia, approximately 3 kilometers northwest of Lidzbark Warmiński at the road from Heilsberg to Preussisch Eylau...
. The town was heavily damaged during its conquest by the Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
in 1945. Afterwards, the town was ceded to Poland and its ethnic German
Ethnic German
Ethnic Germans historically also ), also collectively referred to as the German diaspora, refers to people who are of German ethnicity. Many are not born in Europe or in the modern-day state of Germany or hold German citizenship...
population was expelled to the west
Expulsion of Germans after World War II
The later stages of World War II, and the period after the end of that war, saw the forced migration of millions of German nationals and ethnic Germans from various European states and territories, mostly into the areas which would become post-war Germany and post-war Austria...
.
Education
- Wszechnica Warmińska, founded on 21 May 2004
- Comprehensive Schools im. Kazimierza Jagiellończyka
- Trade Schools im. Stanisława Staszica
- Farner School
- Primary School No. 1 im. Mikołaja Kopernika
- Primary School No. 3 im. Ignacego Krasickiego
- Primary School No. 4 im. Jana Pawła II
- High/grammar School No. 1
- High/grammar School No. 2
- National Music School I Level
- Not Public Kindergarten No. "Kubuś"
- Not Public Kindergarten No. "Miś"
- Not Public Kindergarten No. "Puchatek"
- Public Kindergarten No. 5
- Public Kindergarten No. 6
Famous Persons
- Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe....
(Mikołaj Kopernik) (1473–1547), famous astronomer, mathematician, physician, and canonCanon (priest)A canon is a priest or minister who is a member of certain bodies of the Christian clergy subject to an ecclesiastical rule .... - Eustathius von Knobelsdorf (1519–71), WarmiaWarmiaWarmia or Ermland is a region between Pomerelia and Masuria in northeastern Poland. Together with Masuria, it forms the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship....
Domherr, poet, lyricist of noble family von Knobelsdorf - Matthias Johann Meyer or Matthias Meyer, (died 1737) baroque painter
- Ernst BurchardErnst BurchardErnst Burchard was a German physician, sexologist, and gay rights advocate and author.Burchard was born in Heilsberg . He studied medicine in Tübingen, Würzburg and Kiel, taking his doctoral degree in 1900 with a dissertation on Einige Fälle von vorübergehender Glycosurie...
(1876–1920), doctor and scientist - Bruno Hippler (1894–1942), officer
- Ferdinand Schulz (1892–1929), German sail gliding pioneer, named Irakus von Ostpreussen
- Zbigniew Mikołejko (born 1951), philosopher and historian of religion
External links
http://www.lidzbark.com/ http://lidzbarkwarminski.pl/ http://www.warmia-mazury.pl/powiaty/lidzbark.html- Map of Warmia Catholic Diocese in 1755 http://www.heilsberg.org/
