| colspan="2" |Kubutz and Shuruk
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:white;height:100px"|ֻ, וּ> | colspan="2" |Kubutz Example
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:white;height:50px"|קֻבּוּץ
|-
| colspan="2" style="width:250px;background:white" | The word Kubutz in Hebrew

Hebrew language

Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Culturally, is it considered by Jews and other religious groups as the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages had originated among diaspora Jews, and the Hebrew language is also used by non-Jewish groups, such...

. The first vowel (the three diagonal dots) is the Kubutz itself.> | colspan="2" |Shuruk Example
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:white;height:50px"|שׁוּרוּק
|-
| colspan="2" style="width:250px;background:white" | The word Shuruk in Hebrew

Hebrew language

Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Culturally, is it considered by Jews and other religious groups as the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages had originated among diaspora Jews, and the Hebrew language is also used by non-Jewish groups, such...

. Both letters Waw with a dot in the middle are examples of Shuruk.> | colspan="2" |Other Niqqud>

IPA	u
Transliteration Romanization of Hebrew Hebrew uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel points. The romanization of Hebrew is the use of the Latin alphabet to transliterate Hebrew words....	u
English example	moon
Same appearance as Shuruk	Dagesh, Mappiq

Kubutz and Shuruk are the two Hebrew

Hebrew alphabet

The Hebrew alphabet , known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, block script, or more historically, the Assyrian script, is used in the writing of the Hebrew language, as well as other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. There have been two...

 niqqud vowel

Vowel

In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as English sh! , where there is a constriction or closure at some...

 signs that represent the sound [u].

Appearance

The Kubutz sign is represented by three diagonal dots "ֻ" underneath a letter.

The Shuruk is the letter Waw with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is identical to the grammatically different signs Dagesh and Mappiq, but in a fully vocalized text it is practically impossible to confuse them: Shuruk itself is a vowel sign, so if the letter before the Waw doesn't have its own vowel sign, then the Waw with the dot is a Shuruk and otherwise it is a Waw with a Dagesh or a Mappiq. Furthermore, the Mappiq only appears at the end of the word and only in the letter He

He (letter)

He is the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician , Aramaic, Hebrew , Syriac and Arabic . Its sound value is a voiceless glottal fricative ....

 (ה) in modern Hebrew and in the Bible it sometimes appears in Aleph

Aleph

* Aleph or Alef is the first letter of the Semitic abjads descended from Proto-Canaanite, Arabic alphabet, Phoenician alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet-People:*Aleph , an Italo disco artist and alias of Dave Rodgers...

 (א) and only in some Bible manuscripts it appears in the letter Waw, for example in the word גֵּוּ ('torso

Torso

Trunk or torso is an anatomical term for the central part of the many animal bodies from which extend the neck and limbs. The trunk includes the thorax and abdomen.-Major organs:...

') [ɡev]. Compare for example Waw with Dagesh in מְגֻוָּן [məɡuvˈvan] 'varied' (without niqqud: מגוון) as opposed to Shuruk in מִגּוּן [miɡˈɡun] 'protection' (without niqqud: מיגון); see also orthographic variants of Waw).

Name

In older grammar books the Kubbutz is called Qibbûṣ Pum etc. (קִבּוּץ פּוּם), compression or contraction of the mouth. This was shortened to Qibbûṣ (also transliterated as Kibbutz etc.) but later all the names of vowel signs were changed to include their own sound in their first syllable. This way Kibutz changed to Kubutz, and this is the common name today, although the name "Kibutz" is still occasionally used, for example by the Academy of the Hebrew Language.

Shuruk was earlier called Shureq (שׁוּרֶק), but this name is rarely used today.

Shuruk in modern texts

For details on the sounds of Hebrew, see WP:IPA for Hebrew and Hebrew phonology

Hebrew phonology

This article is about the phonology of the Hebrew language based on the Israeli dialect. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof, including geographical variants....

The Shuruk is used to mark [u] at the last syllable of the word and in open syllables in the middle of the word:

• שָׁמְרוּ ('they guarded') [ʃaˈməʁu]
• חָתוּל ('cat') [χaˈtul]
• תְּשׁוּבָה ('answer', Tshuva) [təʃuˈva]

Regardless of syllable type, Shuruk is always written in foreign words and names if they weren't adapted to Hebrew word structure (mishkal):

• אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטָה ('university') [universita]
• הַמְבּוּרְג ('Hamburg
  Hamburg
  -History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
  
  ') [hambuʁɡ]
• אוּקְרָאִינָה ('Ukraine
  Ukraine
  Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
  
  ') [ukʁaʔina] (closed syllable)

Differently from all other niqqud signs, a Shuruk can stand on its own in the beginning of the word and not after a consonant when it is the conjunction

Grammatical conjunction

In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each...

 ו־ and. Hebrew one-letter words are written together with the next word and their pronunciation may change according to the first letters of that word. The basic vocalization of this conjunction is Shva na (וְ־ [və]), but before the labial consonant

Labial consonant

Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator. This precludes linguolabials, in which the tip of the tongue reaches for the posterior side of the upper lip and which are considered coronals...

s Bet

Bet (letter)

Bet, Beth, Beh, or Vet is the second letter of many Semitic abjads, including Arabic alphabet , Aramaic, Hebrew , Phoenician and Syriac...

 (ב), Waw

Waw (letter)

Waw is the sixth letter of the Northwest Semitic family of scripts, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic ....

 (ו), Mem (מ) and Pe

Pe (letter)

Pe is the seventeenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Pei and Persian, Arabic ....

 (פ), and before any letter with Shva

Shva

Shva or, in Biblical Hebrew, Sh'wa is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign written as two vertical dots "ְ" underneath a letter. In Modern Hebrew, it indicates either the phoneme or the complete absence of a vowel , whereas in Hebrew prescriptive linguistics, four grammatical entities are differentiated:...

(except Yodh

Yodh

Yodh is the tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Yud , Syriac and Arabic...

) it becomes a Shuruk (וּ־ [u]). This is the consistent vocalization in the Bible and in normative modern Hebrew, but in spoken modern Hebrew it is not consistently productive and the conjunction may simply remain וְ־ in these cases. It is not reflected in writing without niqqud. Examples:

• וּמִכְתָּב ('and a letter') [umiχˈtav]
• וּוֶרֶד ('and a rose') [uˈveʁed]
• וּסְפָרִים ('and books') [usəfaˈʁim]

Kubutz in modern texts

Kubutz is used only in native Hebrew words and in words with foreign roots that were adapted to Hebrew word structure (mishkal), for example מְפֻרְמָט ('formatted (disk)

Disk formatting

Disk formatting is the process of preparing a hard disk drive or flexible disk medium for data storage. In some cases, the formatting operation may also create one or more new file systems...

') [məfuʁˈmat] (without niqqud מפורמט). It is written in closed syllables which do not appear at the end of the word. A closed syllable is one which ends in a consonant with Shva nakh (zero vowel) or in a consonant with Dagesh khazak (essentially two identical consonants, the first of which has Shva nakh).

Kubutz in base forms of nouns

Common noun patterns in which Kubutz appears in the base form are:

• /CuCCaC/ where the middle CC is a double consonant (with Dagesh): סֻלָּם ('scale') [sulˈlam], אֻכָּף ('saddle') [ʔukˈkaf]. Without niqqud: סולם‎, אוכף.
• /CuCCa/: חֻלְדָּה ('rat') [χulˈda], without niqqud: חולדה. To this pattern belong also the words whose roots' second and third letter are the same and merge into one consonant with Dagesh: סֻכָּה ('hut', Sukka) [sukˈka], root ס־כ־כ, without niqqud: סוכה.
• /CəCuCCa/ where the last CC is a double consonant (with Dagesh): נְקֻדָּה ('point') [nəqudˈda]. The Dagesh is not realized in modern Hebrew, but if the letter with the Dagesh is Bet
  Bet (letter)
  Bet, Beth, Beh, or Vet is the second letter of many Semitic abjads, including Arabic alphabet , Aramaic, Hebrew , Phoenician and Syriac...
  
   (ב‎), Kaph
  Kaph
  Kaph is the eleventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Kaf , Arabic alphabet , Persian alphabet...
  
   (כ‎) or Pe
  Pe (letter)
  Pe is the seventeenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Pei and Persian, Arabic ....
  
   (פ), then it is pronounced as a stop consonant
  Stop consonant
  In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or an oral stop, is a stop consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. The occlusion may be done with the tongue , lips , and &...
  
  : כְּתֻבָּה ('Ketubba', 'prenuptial agreement
  Prenuptial agreement
  A prenuptial agreement, antenuptial agreement, or premarital agreement, commonly abbreviated to prenup or prenupt, is a contract entered into prior to marriage, civil union or any other agreement prior to the main agreement by the people intending to marry or contract with each other...
  
  ') [kətubˈba], חֲנֻכָּה ('housewarming', Hanukka) [ħanukˈka]. Without niqqud: נקודה‎, חנוכה.
• /CuCCan/: שֻׁלְחָן ('desk') [ʃulˈχan], without niqqud: שולחן.
• /CuCCoCet/ with Dagesh in the middle letter of the root: כֻּתֹּנֶת ('coat', 'garment') [kutˈtonet]; with a four letter root: גֻּלְגֹּלֶת ('skull') [ɡulˈɡolet]. Without niqqud: כותונת‏, גולגולת.
• /CuCCeCet/: כֻּסֶּמֶת ('spelt
  Spelt
  Spelt is a hexaploid species of wheat. Spelt was an important staple in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times; it now survives as a relict crop in Central Europe and northern Spain and has found a new market as a health food. Spelt is sometimes considered a subspecies of the...
  
  ', 'buckwheat
  Buckwheat
  Buckwheat refers to a variety of plants in the dicot family Polygonaceae: the Eurasian genus Fagopyrum, the North American genus Eriogonum, and the Northern Hemisphere genus Fallopia. Either of the latter two may be referred to as "wild buckwheat"...
  
  ') [kusˈsemet], קֻבַּעַת ('goblet') [qubˈbaʕat]. Without niqqud: כוסמת‏, קובעת.

Kubutz in declined forms of nouns

Common noun patterns in which Kubutz appears in the declined form are:

• Declined forms of words, whose roots' second and third letter are the same, and which have a Holam haser in the last syllable of their base form: דֻּבִּים ('bears') [dubˈbim], the plural of דֹּב [dov], root ד־ב־ב‎; כֻּלָּם ('all of them') [kulˈlam], a declined form of כֹּל [kol], root כ־ל־ל. All these words are written with Waw in texts without niqqud: דובים‎, דוב‎, כולם‎, כול‎.
• Declined forms of words which have the pattern /CaCoC/ in the singular and become /CəCuCCim/ in the plural: כָּתֹם ('orange', [kaˈtom]), pl. כְּתֻמִּים ([kətumˈmim]), עָגֹל ('round', [ʕaˈɡol]), pl. עֲגֻלִּים ([ʕaɡulˈlim]). Without niqqud: כתום‎, כתומים‎, עגול‎, עגולים‎. Exception: מָתוֹק ('sweet', [maˈtok]), pl. מְתוּקִים ([məˈtukim]), with Holam gadol and Shuruk and without Dagesh.
• Some words, in the base form of which the penultimate syllable has [o] and is stressed (sometimes called seggolate), may be written with Kubutz or with Kamatz katan when declined. For example, base form: מַשְׂכֹּרֶת (wage, [masˈkoʁet]); declined: מַשְׂכָּרְתָּהּ [maskoʁˈtah] or מַשְׂכֻּרְתָּהּ [maskuʁˈtah], both being normative spellings and pronunciations of her wage. Without niqqud, in any case: משכורת‎, משכורתה.

The plural form of words which end in ־וּת was in the past written with a Kubutz in texts with niqqud: sg. חָנוּת ('shop'), [ħaˈnut], pl. חֲנֻיּוֹת [ħanujˈjot]. In March 2009 the Academy decided to simplify the niqqud of such words by eliminating the Dagesh in the letter yodh

Yodh

Yodh is the tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Yud , Syriac and Arabic...

 and changing the Kubutz to Shuruk: חֲנוּיוֹת‎. This doesn't change the pronunciation, since in modern Hebrew the dagesh is not realized anyway. The spelling without niqqud is also unchanged: חנויות.

Kubutz in verbs

Kubutz is common in verbs in the passive binyanim Pual and Huf'al and in some conjugated forms of verbs whose roots' second and third letters are the same.

Pual

Verbs and participles in the passive binyan Pual usually have a Kubutz in the first letter of the root: כֻּנַּס ('was gathered') [kunˈnas], מקֻבָּל ('acceptable') [məqubˈbal], without niqqud: כונס‎, מקובל.

If the second letter of the root is one of the guttural consonant

Guttural consonant

Guttural is a term used to describe any of several speech sounds whose primary place of articulation is near the back of the oral cavity. In some definitions this is restricted to pharyngeal consonants, but in others includes some but not all velar and uvular consonants...

s Aleph

Aleph

* Aleph or Alef is the first letter of the Semitic abjads descended from Proto-Canaanite, Arabic alphabet, Phoenician alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet-People:*Aleph , an Italo disco artist and alias of Dave Rodgers...

 (א), He

He (letter)

He is the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician , Aramaic, Hebrew , Syriac and Arabic . Its sound value is a voiceless glottal fricative ....

 (ה), Ayin

Ayin

' or ' is the sixteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic . It is the twenty-first letter in the new Persian alphabet...

 (ע) and Resh

Resh

Resh is the twentieth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet . Its sound value is one of a number of rhotic consonants: usually or , but also or in Hebrew....

 (ר) - but not Heth

Heth

-People:* Children of Heth, a Canaanite nation in the Hebrew Bible, purportedly named after Heth, son of Canaan, son of Ham, son of Noah* figures in the Book of Mormon:** Heth , an early Jaredite** Heth a later Jaredite...

 (ח) -, the Kubutz changes to holam haser in a process called tashlum dagesh (תשלום דגש‎): יְתֹאַר ('will be described') [yətoˈʔaʁ], מְדֹרָג ('graded') [mədoˈʁaɡ]; without niqqud: יתואר‎, מדורג.

Huf'al

Kubutz is used in the prefixes of verbs and participles in the passive binyan Huf'al: הֻרְדַּם ('was put to sleep') [huʁˈdam], מֻסְדָּר ('organized') [musˈdaʁ]. It is also correct to write words in this binyan with Kamatz katan in the prefix: הָרְדַּם‎, מָסְדָּר ([hoʁˈdam], [mosˈdaʁ]). Without niqqud, in any case: הורדם‎, מוסדר.

The Kubutz is used only if the prefix is a closed vowel, which is the majority of cases. With some root patterns, however, it becomes an open vowel, in which case a Shuruk is written:

• Roots whose first letter is Yodh
  Yodh
  Yodh is the tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Yud , Syriac and Arabic...
  
   (י‎): הוּטַב ('become better') [huˈtav], root י־ט־ב‎; הוּרַד ('brought down') [huˈrad], root י־ר־ד.
• Roots whose middle letter is Waw
  Waw (letter)
  Waw is the sixth letter of the Northwest Semitic family of scripts, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic ....
  
   (ו) or Yodh
  Yodh
  Yodh is the tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Yud , Syriac and Arabic...
  
   (י‎): הוּקַם ('erected') [huˈqam], root קום‎; הוּבַן ('understood') [huˈvan], root בין.
• Roots whose second and third letter are the same: הוּגַן ('protected') [huˈɡan], root גננ.

In many roots whose first letter is Nun

Nun (letter)

Nun is the fourteenth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet . It is the third letter in Thaana , pronounced as "noonu"...

 (נ) and in six roots whose first two letters are Yodh

Yodh

Yodh is the tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Yud , Syriac and Arabic...

 (י) and Tsade

Tsade

' is the eighteenth letter in many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew ' and Arabic ' . Its oldest sound value is probably , although there is a variety of pronunciation in different modern Semitic languages and their dialects...

 (צ), this letter is assimilated with the second letter of the root, which in turn takes a complementary Dagesh. This makes the syllable of the prefix closed, so accordingly the prefix takes Kubutz: הֻסַּע ('driven') [husˈsaʕ], root נסע‎; הֻצַּג ('presented') [hut͡sˈt͡saɡ], root יצג. Without niqqud: הוסע‎, הוצג.

Double roots

Kubutz appears in some conjugated forms of verbs with roots whose second and third letter are the same (also called double stems and ע"ע). Most of them are rarely used.

Examples with verb סָבַב ('turn') [saˈvav] in the future tense of binyan Qal:

• אֲסֻבֵּךְ [asubˈbeχ] (1 sg. with possessive suffix)
• תְּסֻבֶּינָה [təsubˈbena] (3 pl. f.)

In older texts

In the Bible Shuruk and Kubutz are not always used according to the above consistent rules and sometimes quite arbitrarily. For example, in appear the words: וּמְשֻׁבוֹתַיִךְ תּוֹכִחֻךְ ('and your backslidings shall reprove you', [uməʃuvoˈtajiχ toχiˈħuχ]). Kubutz is used in both of them, even though in the first word the syllable is not closed and the Waw is even a part of this word's root, and in the second word the [u] sound is in the last syllable. Contrariwise, a Shuruk is used in closed syllables where a Kubutz would be expected, for example in - עֲרוּמִּים ('naked', [ʕarumˈmim], the plural of עָרֹם, [ʕaˈrom]), instead of the more regular עֲרֻמִּים (in modern Hebrew without niqqud: ערומים).

The word נְאֻם (speech, [nəum]) is written with Kubutz in the Bible. It was previously frequently used to mark the signature on documents (e.g. נאם יוסף לוי - 'so says Yosef Levi'), but this usage is rare in modern Hebrew, where this word usually means "(a delivered) speech" and is regularly spelled with Shuruk - נְאוּם. The name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ ('Joshua

Joshua

Joshua , is a minor figure in the Torah, being one of the spies for Israel and in few passages as Moses's assistant. He turns to be the central character in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua...

', [jəhoˈʃuaʕ]) is spelled with Kubutz in the Bible, but usually יְהוֹשׁוּעַ in modern Hebrew.

In the first decades of the revival of the Hebrew language it was common in spelling without niqqud not to write the Waw in words which were written with Kubutz. For example, in the printed works of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

Eliezer Ben‑Yehuda was a Jewish lexicographer and newspaper editor. He was the driving spirit behind the revival of the Hebrew language in the modern era.-Biography:...

 the word מרבה may mean מְרֻבֶּה ('multiplied', [məʁubˈbe]) and מַרְבֶּה ('multiplying', [maʁˈbe]). This practice disappeared in the middle of twentieth century and now מְרֻבֶּה is written מרובה and מַרְבֶּה is written מרבה.

Pronunciation

In Biblical Hebrew both signs may have indicated the same sound and when the Bible manuscripts were vocalized Kubutz was simply used where the letter Waw was not written, although other possibilities were proposed by researchers, most commonly that the vowels had different length

Length (phonetics)

In phonetics, length or quantity is a feature of sounds that are distinctively longer than other sounds. There are long vowels as well as long consonants .Many languages do not have distinctive length...

 (quantity), Kubutz being shorter, or that the signs indicated different sounds (quality), Kubutz being more rounded, although this is a matter of debate. It is also possible that Biblical Hebrew had several varieties of [u] sounds, which were not consistently represented in writing.

Shuruk is usually a reflection of reconstructed Proto-Semitic

Proto-Semitic language

Proto-Semitic is the hypothetical proto-language ancestral to historical Semitic languages of the Middle East. Locations which have been proposed for its origination include northern Mesopotamia, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Levant with a 2009 study proposing that it may have originated around...

 long /uː/ (ū) sound, although most likely in the Bible Kubutz stands for it when the letter Waw is not written. Kubutz is one of the reflections of the short Proto-Semitic short /u/ (ŭ) sound. Kamatz Katan is a variant of Kubutz in the Bible, as they are found in complementary distribution

Complementary distribution

Complementary distribution in linguistics is the relationship between two different elements, where one element is found in a particular environment and the other element is found in the opposite environment...

 in closely related morphological patterns.

In modern Hebrew, both signs indicate the phoneme

Phoneme

In a language or dialect, a phoneme is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances....

 /u/, a close back rounded vowel

Close back rounded vowel

The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u....

. Its closest equivalent in English is the "oo" sound in moon, but the modern Hebrew pronunciation is shorter. It is transliterated

Romanization of Hebrew

Hebrew uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel points. The romanization of Hebrew is the use of the Latin alphabet to transliterate Hebrew words....

 as a "u".

In modern Hebrew writing without niqqud the /u/ sound is always written as Waw

Waw (letter)

Waw is the sixth letter of the Northwest Semitic family of scripts, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic ....

, in which case it is considered a mater lectionis

Mater lectionis

In the spelling of Hebrew and some other Semitic languages, matres lectionis , refers to the use of certain consonants to indicate a vowel. The letters that do this in Hebrew are aleph, he, waw and yod...

.

The following table contains the pronunciation

Pronunciation

Pronunciation refers to the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. If one is said to have "correct pronunciation", then it refers to both within a particular dialect....

 of the Kubutz and Shuruk in reconstructed historical forms and dialect

Dialect

The term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors,...

s using the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Symbol	Name		| Pronunciation
			| Israeli		| Ashkenazi Ashkenazi Hebrew Ashkenazi Hebrew , is the pronunciation system for Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Ashkenazi Jewish practice. Its phonology was influenced by languages with which it came into contact, such as Yiddish, German, and various Slavic languages...		| Sephardi Sephardi Hebrew language Sephardi Hebrew is the pronunciation system for Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Sephardi Jewish practice...		| Yemenite Yemenite Hebrew language Yemenite Hebrew , also referred to as Temani Hebrew , is the pronunciation system for Biblical and liturgical Hebrew traditionally used by Yemenite Jews. Yemenite Jews brought their language to Israel through immigration. Their first organized immigration to the region began in 1882.It is believed...		| Tiberian Tiberian Hebrew Tiberian Hebrew is the extinct canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh and related documents in the Roman Empire. This traditional medieval pronunciation was committed to writing by Masoretic scholars based in the Jewish community of Tiberias , in the form of the Tiberian vocalization...		| Reconstructed
		Mishnaic		Biblical
	Kubutz	[u]	?	?	?	[u, uː]	?	?
	Shuruk	[u]	[uː, iː]	[uː]	[əw]	[uː]	?	?

Vowel length comparison

These vowels lengths are not manifested in modern Hebrew. In addition, the short u is usually promoted to a long u in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation

	| Vowel Length Vowel length In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound. Often the chroneme, or the "longness", acts like a consonant, and may etymologically be one, such as in Australian English. While not distinctive in most dialects of English, vowel length is an important phonemic factor in...				| IPA		| Transliteration Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...		| English example
Long	Short	Very Short
		n/a	[u]	u	tube

Unicode encoding

|ֻ> |ּ>

Glyph	Unicode	Name
U+05BB	QUBUTS
U+05BC	DAGESH, MAPIQ, OR SHURUQ