Kol (people)
Encyclopedia
The Kol people is a generic name for the Munda
, Ho
, and Oraon
tribes (Adivasi)
of eastern India
who live in the states
of Jharkhand
, Orissa
, and West Bengal
, and spread over into parts of Bihar
, Uttar Pradesh
, Chhattisgarh
, Madhya Pradesh
, Assam
, Tripura
, Bangladesh
, and Nepal
.
are found mainly in the southern districts of Mirzapur
, Varanasi
, Banda
and Allahabad
. It is the largest tribe found in Uttar Pradesh, and numbered 135,617 according to the 1981 Census of India. They are said to have emigrated from central India some five centuries ago. The Kol are further divided into a number of exogamous
clans, such as the Rojaboria, Rautia, Thakuria, Monasi, Bhil, Chero and Barawire. They are now Hindu
and speak the Bundelkhandi dialect. Most Kol are landless, and the forest is their main source of income. They collect firewood and leaves from the forest and sell these at the local markets. The Kol have been granted Scheduled Caste status.
They rebelled to resist British entry into their dominion.Soon they joined the Munda rebellion.
It was only in the middle of 19th century that the kols and the mundas were finally defeated.
In 1820 the Raja of Singhbum acknowledged the supremacy of the British.The restless Kol tribes,however,resented the agreement and broke into a rebellion in 1831-1832.They were joined by the Munda tribe.
The immediate cause of the Kol uprising was the oppression of the local tribes by the non-adivasi thikadars(contractors) or farmers
of rented lands.
The Kols,the Mundas and the Oreons joined and burnt the houses of many diku(outsider) landlords and killed many of them.The British suppressed the rebellion with great effort.A register of all tribal land was completed in 1862.It was in favour of the landlords than the adivasis.
The Adivasi kols of Chotonagpur area was devided into many subcast like 'Ho', 'Mumda', 'Onrao' etc.. They lived independently there. (1) In 1820 the king of Porhat accepted the British governance and settled to give a huge tax to the British Government. After that he demanded the surrounding area as his realm. The British Government accepted his demand. The problem was arise when he went collect the revenue from the Ho, one of the sub-cast of kol. They killed the retainers or servants of the the king. After that the kol dressed with bow and arrow, the jabbing etc. came to a fight with the English. They fought till the death and hinder the English a lot; but at last the wood-word kol had to surrender in 1821.
(2) In 1831 the kols rebeled again. In that part of Chotonagpur area the 'Ijara' was given to Hindu, Muslim, Shikh Mahajans. They exceeded the limit of oppression. In protection of the oppression Buddhu Vagat, Joya Vagat, Jhindrai Manik and Sui Munda amassed the kols. In 1831 Munda and Onrao cultivator broked their first revel in Ranchi district. The rebel immediately spread to Singbhum, Manbhum, Hajaribag and Palamou districts. All the man like Jamindar, Jotdar(one kind of Jamindar), Businessman, Mohajon(who lends money to the farmers for interest), English Servant except Adivasi were came under the aegis of this rebel. The rebel was taken into control after the continuous effort of two years and killing a thousands of innocent children, woman and man.
are closely akin to the Mundas. In 1901 they also inhabited the Chota Nagpur Division and numbered 386,000. Also known as the Laraka (or fighters) Kols, they successfully defended their territory against all comers until they were invaded by the British in the early part of the 19th century. Like the Mundas, they are animists. Both Mundas and Hos speak dialect
s of the language family known as Munda
, Mundari, Kol, or Kolarian. The Ho specifically speak the Ho language
.
are characterized by the highest in India
percentage of East Asian haplogroup O
(41%), and also the Middle Eastern haplogroup J2
(33%).
The haplogroup composition of the Kols is:
Munda people
The Munda are tribal people of the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.They are found across Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Assam states of India, and into parts of Bangladesh...
, Ho
Ho people
The Ho people are a tribe of people belonging to the Indian state of Jharkhand.They are the fourth most numerous scheduled tribe Jharkhand after Santals, Oraons, and Mundas, and constitute around 10.5 percent of the total population in the state, numbering 7,087,068 in the 2001 census...
, and Oraon
Oraon
The Oraon उरांव or Kurukh कुड़ुख tribe , also spelled Uraon, Oran, or Oram, are tribal aborigines inhabiting various states across central and eastern India as well as Bangladesh...
tribes (Adivasi)
Adivasi
Adivasi is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups claimed to be the aboriginal population of India. They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India...
of eastern India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
who live in the states
States and territories of India
India is a federal union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. The states and territories are further subdivided into districts and so on.-List of states and territories:...
of Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east...
, Orissa
Orissa
Orissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...
, and West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's GDP...
, and spread over into parts of Bihar
Bihar
Bihar is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India....
, Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh abbreviation U.P. , is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity...
, Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh is a state in Central India, formed when the 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking South-Eastern districts of Madhya Pradesh gained separate statehood on 1 November 2000....
, Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh , often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city....
, Assam
Assam
Assam , also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province , is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country...
, Tripura
Tripura
Tripura is a state in North-East India, with an area of . It is the third smallest state of India, according to area. Tripura is surrounded by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west. The Indian states of Assam and Mizoram lie to the east. The capital is Agartala and the main languages spoken are...
, Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south...
, and Nepal
Nepal
Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India...
.
Kol of Uttar Pradesh
The Kol tribals in Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh abbreviation U.P. , is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity...
are found mainly in the southern districts of Mirzapur
Mirzapur District
Mirzapur district is one of the 70 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. The district is bounded on the north by Sant Ravidas Nagar and Varanasi districts, on the east by Chandauli district, on the south by Sonbhadra district and on the norhwest by Allahabad district. The district...
, Varanasi
Varanasi District
Varanasi district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India, with Varanasi city as the district headquarters. Varanasi district is a part of Varanasi division. The district occupies an area of 1,535 km². The district has a population of 3,138,671 .-Divisions:The...
, Banda
Banda District
Banda district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Banda is the district headquarters. It is a part of Chitrakoot Division.Banda is famous for its Shajar stone, used for making jewellery, and the historically and architecturally significant sites Khajuraho and Kalinjar. Khajuraho is...
and Allahabad
Allahabad District
Allahabad district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Allahabad town is the district headquarters. Allahabad district is a part of Allahabad Division.As of 2011 it is the most populous district of Uttar Pradesh ....
. It is the largest tribe found in Uttar Pradesh, and numbered 135,617 according to the 1981 Census of India. They are said to have emigrated from central India some five centuries ago. The Kol are further divided into a number of exogamous
Exogamy
Exogamy is a social arrangement where marriage is allowed only outside of a social group. The social groups define the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. In social studies, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects:...
clans, such as the Rojaboria, Rautia, Thakuria, Monasi, Bhil, Chero and Barawire. They are now Hindu
Hindu
Hindu refers to an identity associated with the philosophical, religious and cultural systems that are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. As used in the Constitution of India, the word "Hindu" is also attributed to all persons professing any Indian religion...
and speak the Bundelkhandi dialect. Most Kol are landless, and the forest is their main source of income. They collect firewood and leaves from the forest and sell these at the local markets. The Kol have been granted Scheduled Caste status.
Kol rebellion
The kols inhabited large portion of the chota nagpur region.They rebelled to resist British entry into their dominion.Soon they joined the Munda rebellion.
It was only in the middle of 19th century that the kols and the mundas were finally defeated.
In 1820 the Raja of Singhbum acknowledged the supremacy of the British.The restless Kol tribes,however,resented the agreement and broke into a rebellion in 1831-1832.They were joined by the Munda tribe.
The immediate cause of the Kol uprising was the oppression of the local tribes by the non-adivasi thikadars(contractors) or farmers
of rented lands.
The Kols,the Mundas and the Oreons joined and burnt the houses of many diku(outsider) landlords and killed many of them.The British suppressed the rebellion with great effort.A register of all tribal land was completed in 1862.It was in favour of the landlords than the adivasis.
The Adivasi kols of Chotonagpur area was devided into many subcast like 'Ho', 'Mumda', 'Onrao' etc.. They lived independently there. (1) In 1820 the king of Porhat accepted the British governance and settled to give a huge tax to the British Government. After that he demanded the surrounding area as his realm. The British Government accepted his demand. The problem was arise when he went collect the revenue from the Ho, one of the sub-cast of kol. They killed the retainers or servants of the the king. After that the kol dressed with bow and arrow, the jabbing etc. came to a fight with the English. They fought till the death and hinder the English a lot; but at last the wood-word kol had to surrender in 1821.
(2) In 1831 the kols rebeled again. In that part of Chotonagpur area the 'Ijara' was given to Hindu, Muslim, Shikh Mahajans. They exceeded the limit of oppression. In protection of the oppression Buddhu Vagat, Joya Vagat, Jhindrai Manik and Sui Munda amassed the kols. In 1831 Munda and Onrao cultivator broked their first revel in Ranchi district. The rebel immediately spread to Singbhum, Manbhum, Hajaribag and Palamou districts. All the man like Jamindar, Jotdar(one kind of Jamindar), Businessman, Mohajon(who lends money to the farmers for interest), English Servant except Adivasi were came under the aegis of this rebel. The rebel was taken into control after the continuous effort of two years and killing a thousands of innocent children, woman and man.
Ho
The HosHo people
The Ho people are a tribe of people belonging to the Indian state of Jharkhand.They are the fourth most numerous scheduled tribe Jharkhand after Santals, Oraons, and Mundas, and constitute around 10.5 percent of the total population in the state, numbering 7,087,068 in the 2001 census...
are closely akin to the Mundas. In 1901 they also inhabited the Chota Nagpur Division and numbered 386,000. Also known as the Laraka (or fighters) Kols, they successfully defended their territory against all comers until they were invaded by the British in the early part of the 19th century. Like the Mundas, they are animists. Both Mundas and Hos speak dialect
Dialect
The term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors,...
s of the language family known as Munda
Munda languages
-Anderson :Gregory Anderson's 1999 proposal is as follows. Individual languages are highlighted in italics.*North Munda **Korku**Kherwarian***Santhali***Mundari*South Munda **Kharia–Juang***Juang***Kharia...
, Mundari, Kol, or Kolarian. The Ho specifically speak the Ho language
Ho language
Ho is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken primarily in India by about 3,803,126 people. It is written with the Devanagari and the Varang Kshiti scripts. It is spoken by the Ho people. 0.103% of India's Population speaks this language as per the 2001 census.The Script was...
.
DNA
In genetics, the Kol peoples in Southern Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh abbreviation U.P. , is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity...
are characterized by the highest in India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
percentage of East Asian haplogroup O
Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup O is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N, and is one of several descendants of Haplogroup K ....
(41%), and also the Middle Eastern haplogroup J2
Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J. It is further divided into two complementary clades, J2a-M410 and J2b-M12.-Origins:...
(33%).
The haplogroup composition of the Kols is:
- Haplogroup OHaplogroup O (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup O is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N, and is one of several descendants of Haplogroup K ....
– 41% - Haplogroup J2Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J. It is further divided into two complementary clades, J2a-M410 and J2b-M12.-Origins:...
– 33% - Haplogroup R1a1 – 15%
- Haplogroup H1Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup H is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in South Asia. It is generally rare outside of the South Asia but is common among the Romani people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup.-Origins:...
– 11%