Karl Lärka
Encyclopedia
Karl Lärka was one of the more important 20th-century documentary photographers in Sweden. Lärka's prime concern was to document the peasant culture that he understood was beginning to disappear, the culture of the lands around lake Siljan
Siljan (lake)
Siljan, in Dalarna in central Sweden, is Sweden's sixth largest lake. The cumulative area of Siljan and the adjacent, smaller lakes Orsasjön and Insjön is . Siljan reaches a maximum depth of , and its surface is situated above sea level...

 in Dalarna, one with agriculture, forestry
Forestry
Forestry is the interdisciplinary profession embracing the science, art, and craft of creating, managing, using, and conserving forests and associated resources in a sustainable manner to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human benefit. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands...

 and many people with stories about older times. Most of his photography was done from 1916 to 1934, and he combined it with lecture tours about the countryside of Siljan. He also documented many of the stories elderly people in the villages told him and was very active in the Swedish local heritage movement that started in the 1920s. More than 4,200 of his photographic plate
Photographic plate
Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a means of photography. A light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was applied to a glass plate. This form of photographic material largely faded from the consumer market in the early years of the 20th century, as more convenient and less fragile...

s are today in the municipal archive of Mora.

Karl Lärka as photographer

Karl Lärka's photographs are characterized by his concern to document a disappearing culture. People, animals and buildings are portrayed in their own context. The people cultivate the land, work in the forest, build houses, wash clothes, cook or pose with working horses. He describes weddings, people, interiors, transhumance
Transhumance
Transhumance is the seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. In montane regions it implies movement between higher pastures in summer and to lower valleys in winter. Herders have a permanent home, typically in valleys. Only the herds travel, with...

 and village streets with a great sense of feeling for composition
Composition (visual arts)
In the visual arts – in particular painting, graphic design, photography and sculpture – composition is the placement or arrangement of visual elements or ingredients in a work of art or a photograph, as distinct from the subject of a work...

 and quality.

Many of Lärka's portrait
Portrait
thumb|250px|right|Portrait of [[Thomas Jefferson]] by [[Rembrandt Peale]], 1805. [[New-York Historical Society]].A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness,...

s are typically documentary. People are portrayed in their daily chores, often in positions and with attributes they choose themselves. They differ significantly from the studio portraits of that time, in which people often dressed up and posed. With his connection to the Swedish labour movement
Swedish labour movement
The labour movement in Sweden dates back to at least the 1850's, when Swedish workers initiated the organizing of previously spontaneous food riots into strikes, hence acting as an autonomous group. Modern types av labour unions emerged in the 1870's...

, Lärka was known as a "democratic photographer". He let people decide for themselves what to wear, how they wanted to stand, and whether or not they should smile or not. The documentary work procedure of Lärka is also shown in his recording of older people's stories, a method he combined with his photography.

During his photographic career, Lärka experienced great developments in photographic technique. In the early days of the 20th century he used photographic plate
Photographic plate
Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a means of photography. A light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was applied to a glass plate. This form of photographic material largely faded from the consumer market in the early years of the 20th century, as more convenient and less fragile...

s, like all other serious photographers. He got his first box camera
Box camera
The box camera is, with the exception of the pin hole camera, a camera in its simplest form. The form of the classic box camera is no more than a cardboard or plastic box with a lens in one end and film at the other. A simple box camera has only a single element meniscus fixed focus lens and...

 during his time at a folk high school
Folk high school
Folk high schools are institutions for adult education that generally do not grant academic degrees, though certain courses might exist leading to that goal...

. Later he changed for a larger-format American camera acquired from a retailer who had bought it for photographing thieves in his shop at Sollerön.

Lärka experimented with mixtures of magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole...

 and potassium permanganate
Potassium permanganate
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula KMnO4. It is a salt consisting of K+ and MnO4− ions. Formerly known as permanganate of potash or Condy's crystals, it is a strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to give intensely purple solutions, the...

 for flash
Flash (photography)
A flash is a device used in photography producing a flash of artificial light at a color temperature of about 5500 K to help illuminate a scene. A major purpose of a flash is to illuminate a dark scene. Other uses are capturing quickly moving objects or changing the quality of light...

 and did "reverted" enlargements before enlarger
Enlarger
An enlarger is a specialized transparency projector used to produce photographic prints from film or glass negatives using the gelatin silver process, or from transparencies.-Construction:...

s arrived, by illuminating photographic paper
Photographic paper
Photographic paper is paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals, used for making photographic prints.Photographic paper is exposed to light in a controlled manner, either by placing a negative in contact with the paper directly to produce a contact print, by using an enlarger in order to create a...

 through the camera lens.Later, when he had access to an enlarger, Lärka copied his pictures onto fine-grain
Film grain
Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons. While film grain is a function of such particles it is not the same...

 film to be able to show his pictures in his skioptikon (a early form of slide projector) at his lectures.

The large plates were heavy, and when they were exposed, Lärka was forced to find a dark space and reload. When the first sheet film arrived, his work was made easier and there was no longer any risk that the light would disappear while reloading, which sometimes had happened before.

One of his cameras was an American large format
Large format
Large format refers to any imaging format of 4×5 inches or larger. Large format is larger than "medium format", the 6×6 cm or 6×9 cm size of Hasselblad, Rollei, Kowa, Pentax etc cameras , and much larger than the 24×36 mm frame of 35 mm format.The main advantage...

 camera, made for 13×18 in (33×46 cm) plates, equipped with separate shutter (Thornton-Pickard Snap-Shot, 1–1/80 sec), Aplanat B no 4 lens from E Suter (Basel) and separate Waterhouse stop
Waterhouse stop
The Waterhouse stop or Waterhouse diaphragm is an interchangeable diaphragm with an aperture for controlling the entry of light into a camera. A thin piece of metal is drilled with a hole ; a set of these with varying hole sizes makes up a set of Waterhouse stops, corresponding to what today we...

 (1:4 or 1:8). He also used three smaller folding camera
Folding camera
A folding camera is a camera that can be folded to a compact and rugged package when not in use. The camera objective is sometimes attached to a pantograph-like mechanism, in which the lid usually is a component. The objective extends to give correct focus when unfolded. A cloth or leather bellows...

s for the format 10×15 cm. In later life, when he no longer photographed professionally, he got a modern camera for 135 film
135 film
The term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for cartridge film wide, specifically for still photography. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by the late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film format...

 and took both color
Color photography
Color photography is photography that uses media capable of representing colors, which are traditionally produced chemically during the photographic processing phase...

 and black-and-white
Monochrome photography
Monochrome photography is photography where the image produced has a single hue, rather than recording the colours of the object that was photographed. It includes all forms of black-and-white photography, which produce images containing tones of grey ranging from black to white. Most modern...

 photos.

Childhood and youth

Karl Lärka was born in 1892 in the village of Gruddbo at Sollerön
Sollerön
Sollerön is a locality situated in Mora Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 946 inhabitants in 2005.The documentary photographer, Karl Lärka , was born in Sollerön....

 in Dalarna
Dalarna
', English exonym: Dalecarlia, is a historical province or landskap in central Sweden. Another English language form established in literature is the Dales. Places involving the element Dalecarlia exist in the United States....

, Sweden. When he was thirteen he was taught by Uno Stadius, who had a folk high school
Folk high school
Folk high schools are institutions for adult education that generally do not grant academic degrees, though certain courses might exist leading to that goal...

 at Sollerön and told Lärka the importance of documenting everything he observed regarding culture and history. The Lärka family had economic troubles which led to the suicide of Jöns Lärka, Karl's father, in 1906. This struck Karl Lärka particularly hard since he had to help support the family by forestry and farm work. Thus it was only after his military service
Military service
Military service, in its simplest sense, is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, whether as a chosen job or as a result of an involuntary draft . Some nations require a specific amount of military service from every citizen...

 that Lärka had a chance to think about his own future. He dreamt of becoming a builder
Construction worker
A construction worker or builder is a professional, tradesman, or labourer who directly participates in the physical construction of infrastructure.-Construction trades:...

 and was a capable draughtsman
Draughtsman
A draughtsman or draftsman , is a person skilled in drawing, either:*drawing for artistic purposes, or*technical drawing for practical purposes such as architecture or engineering...

, but there was no money for any higher education. Instead he started his education at the Bachmans school for handicraft in Hedemora
Hedemora
Hedemora is the oldest locality in Dalarna County and the seat of Hedemora Municipality, Sweden, with 15,164 inhabitants in 2011.Despite its small population, Hedemora is for historical reasons normally still referred to as a city...

. There he got to know the district court judge Lars Trotzig, who understood Lärka's talent and tried to help him get a scholarship for an education in civil engineering
Civil engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings...

 at the Royal Institute of Technology
Royal Institute of Technology
The Royal Institute of Technology is a university in Stockholm, Sweden. KTH was founded in 1827 as Sweden's first polytechnic and is one of Scandinavia's largest institutions of higher education in technology. KTH accounts for one-third of Sweden’s technical research and engineering education...

 in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...

.
Thanks to his contacts with Trotzig and later on Anders Zorn
Anders Zorn
Anders Leonard Zorn was one of Sweden’s foremost artists who obtained international success as a painter, sculptor and printmaker in etching.-Biography:...

, Lärka got the opportunity to work with some building restoration projects. He documented many, among them the restoration of Zorns Gammelgård. He never got the chance to become a civil engineer, as Trotzig never succeeded in getting him a scholarship. Instead, he took winter courses at the folk high school of Brunnsvik in 1915-1917 and became good friends with his classmate Dan Andersson
Dan Andersson
Daniel "Dan" Andersson was a Swedish author and poet. He also set some of his own poems to music. Andersson married primary school teacher Olga Turesson, the sister of artist Gunnar Turesson, in 1918...

.

Inspired by another classmate, Johan Öhman, Lärka started photographing the peasant culture at Sollerön. He did this with Öhman and initially with Öhman's camera; but by charging his classmates for portraits, Lärka could afford the first camera of his own, a simple Agfa.

Photography projects and lecture tours

After his education at Brunnsvik, Lärka started working on commission as a documentary photographer. In 1919 he was engaged by the local history association of Dalarna
Dalarna
', English exonym: Dalecarlia, is a historical province or landskap in central Sweden. Another English language form established in literature is the Dales. Places involving the element Dalecarlia exist in the United States....

 to document people in the village of Finngruvan in Venjan
Venjan
Venjan is a locality situated in Mora Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 307 inhabitants in 2005....

, Dalarna. The project was part of a racial study of a kind then regarded as scientific. Little is known about Lärka's own opinions about such studies. It is known that he wasn´t that interested in the categorizing of the people of Dalarna in different groups according to their skulls
Cranioscopy
Cranioscopy is a term created by Franz Joseph Gall , a German neuroanatomist and physiologist who was a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain, to name his technique to infer brain localization of function on the basis of the external anatomy of the skull or...

, and preferred to listen to the stories of the old men. He was known for having no respect for representatives of the authorities, and took a well-known photograph of Dan Andersson while Andersson was making a fool of the Stockholm ethnologists
Ethnology
Ethnology is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.-Scientific discipline:Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct...

 in the project.

Lärka tried to get the Nordic Museum
Nordic Museum
The Nordic Museum is a museum located on Djurgården, an island in central Stockholm, Sweden, dedicated to the cultural history and ethnography of Sweden from the Early Modern age until the contemporary period...

 interested in making an inventory
Inventory
Inventory means a list compiled for some formal purpose, such as the details of an estate going to probate, or the contents of a house let furnished. This remains the prime meaning in British English...

 of the parish
Parish
A parish is a territorial unit historically under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of one parish priest, who might be assisted in his pastoral duties by a curate or curates - also priests but not the parish priest - from a more or less central parish church with its associated organization...

 of Sollerön and tried to get funds to gather his notes and photos. He did not succeed in any of this. Lärka became recognized as a good photographer but his commitment to preserving and documenting the culture of the lands around lake Siljan was first recognized many years later.

By this time, Lärka started his lecturing tours. They started as picture shows for friends and others in the villages around Siljan, with the help of a so-called sciopticon. It was the first time many in the audience had experienced any of the forerunners of cinema. After a while the activity grow larger and Lärka's lecture tours were included in tours organised from Stockholm, with many lecturers involved. Lärka lectured during 1920 all over Sweden, often dressed in Sollerö costume
National costume
Folk costume expresses an identity through costume which usually to a geographic area or a period of time in history, but can also indicate social, marital and/or religious status...

 and sometimes together with the folk musician Axel Myrman.

At the same time, Lärka still documented, both in writing and photos, his home district on his own initiative. In 1924 he assisted Gustaf Ankarcrona in photographing old wall-paintings in Dalarna. The whole work was supposed to result in an exhibition and a book, but Ankarcrona became ill during the inventory trip and never fully recovered; as a consequence, the book was never printed. The material was eventually published in Svante Svärdström's doctoral thesis from 1949 Lärka's colour photographs were made by separation negatives, because colour film was not widely known.

Marriage and the burial grounds at Sollerön

Until 1926, Karl Lärka lived in the Lärka House at Sollerön. In 1925 he married Svea Romson, and moved one year later to Rombo House in Östnor
Östnor
Östnor is a locality situated in Mora Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 523 inhabitants in 2005.- References :...

, owned by Sveas father, Erik Romson. Lärka
continued with his lecturing, which not always was a respectable occupy in the eye of the people in the village. A married man should be home and work at the farm, was the opinion.

Karl Lärkas parents-in-law passed on in the 1930th and he and his wife got full responsibility for Rombo Farm, a comparativily big farm with many dairy cows , horses, pigs, goats and fields. The couple had nochildren and therefore the niece and nephews from Hofors
Hofors
Hofors is a locality and the seat of Hofors Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 7,021 inhabitants in 2005.-Districts:*Born *Böle*Bönhusberget*Centrum*Göklund*Hammaren*Lillån*Muntebo*Rönningen*Silverdalen*Standarn...

 were welcome guests during the summers. They did also accompany Karl and Svea Lärka and the animals to the summer pasture farms, which still was used. One of these was the cottage at Klikten. During the 1940's, 1950's and 1960's Karl Lärka and his wife managed the farm on their own, in the later years often without help and often with very little money. Sometimes it was a struggle and Lärkar's ingeniousness was probably a good help. He did in former years often build much of his photo equipment himself and this experience was useful also in farming.

As the great burial ground from the Viking Age
Viking Age
Viking Age is the term for the period in European history, especially Northern European and Scandinavian history, spanning the late 8th to 11th centuries. Scandinavian Vikings explored Europe by its oceans and rivers through trade and warfare. The Vikings also reached Iceland, Greenland,...

 was discovered at Sollerön in 1928, Karl Lärka became very engaged in investigate it and preserve it to future generatioons. The burial ground was located just a stone's throw from the cottage he and Svea had built for themselves at Klikten, Sollerön. Lärka spent a lot of time trying to preserve the burial ground from the destruction farming and clearing up stones meant to the field. During the 1930th Lärkas camera was broken and he had no economy to get a new. The work at their farm, his engagement for the burial field and the couples poor incomes resultet in that there was neither money nor time for Karl Lärka to go on photographing. But he did preserve his darkroom
Darkroom
A darkroom is a room that can be made completely dark to allow the processing of light sensitive photographic materials, including photographic film and photographic paper. Darkrooms have been created and used since the inception of photography in the early 19th century...

 over the years.

Distinctions

  • 1926 – The Artur Hazelius
    Artur Hazelius
    Artur Immanuel Hazelius , Swedish teacher, scholar and folklorist, founder of the Nordic Museum and the open-air museum Skansen in Stockholm....

    medal of the Nordic Museum
    Nordic Museum
    The Nordic Museum is a museum located on Djurgården, an island in central Stockholm, Sweden, dedicated to the cultural history and ethnography of Sweden from the Early Modern age until the contemporary period...

    , in bronze
    Bronze
    Bronze is a metal alloy consisting primarily of copper, usually with tin as the main additive. It is hard and brittle, and it was particularly significant in antiquity, so much so that the Bronze Age was named after the metal...

  • 1956 – The medal of Dalarnas Fornminnes - och Hembygdsförbund.
  • 1966 – The plaque of The Society of Caretaking of The Heritage.
  • 1972 – Silver medal of The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities
    Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities
    The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities also called simply the Royal Academy of Letters, abbreviated KVHAA is the Swedish royal academy for the Humanities.Its many publications include the archaeological and art historical journal Fornvännen, published since 1906.The Academy...

    .
  • 2000 – Appointed one of the premier photographers of the former century, by the Swedish photomagazine "Foto".

Exhibitions

  • 1964 – The Zorn Museum, Mora
  • 1968 – The W-68 exhibitiono in Rättvik
  • 1975 – Exhibition in Oslo
  • 1980 – The Trustee Savings Bank in Ludvika
  • 1981 – Posthumous Exhibition in Paris
  • 1992 – The House of Culture in Mora.
  • 2001–2002 – The Zorn Museum, Mora.
  • 2002 – The House of Culture in Mora.
  • 2004 – Kulturhuset
    Kulturhuset
    Opened in 1974, Kulturhuset is a cultural centre to the south of Sergels Torg in central Stockholm. It is a controversial symbol for Stockholm and the growth of modernism in Sweden...

     in Stockholm
    Stockholm
    Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...

    .

Literature and references

  • Johansson, Sune & Lärka, Karl (1974) Karl Lärkas Dalarna, LTs Förlag, Borås, ISBN 91-36-00361-1
  • Romson, Anna (2004) Kråk Ulof i Bäck å ann rikti folk. Fotografier av Karl Lärka 1916–1934., with a foreword by Per Wirtén, Modernista, Göteborgstryckeriet, ISBN 91-88748-72-3
  • Sandström, Birgitta (2001) Karl Lärka - odalman, fotograf, hembygdsvårdare, Zornsamlingarna, Västervik, ISBN 91-972519-9-2

External links

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