James Lowder
Encyclopedia
James Daniel Lowder is an American author and editor, working most often within the fantasy
Fantasy
Fantasy is a genre of fiction that commonly uses magic and other supernatural phenomena as a primary element of plot, theme, or setting. Many works within the genre take place in imaginary worlds where magic is common...

, dark fantasy
Dark fantasy
Dark fantasy is a term used to describe a fantasy story with a pronounced horror element.-Overview:A strict definition for dark fantasy is difficult to pin down. Gertrude Barrows Bennett has been called "the woman who invented dark fantasy". Both Charles L...

, and horror
Horror fiction
Horror fiction also Horror fantasy is a philosophy of literature, which is intended to, or has the capacity to frighten its readers, inducing feelings of horror and terror. It creates an eerie atmosphere. Horror can be either supernatural or non-supernatural...

 genres.

Early life and education

He graduated from Whitman-Hanson Regional High School
Whitman-Hanson Regional High School
Whitman-Hanson Regional High School is a public high school located in Whitman, Massachusetts. It is part of the Whitman-Hanson Regional School District....

 in 1981 and was inducted into the high school's hall of fame in 1991. He graduated from Marquette University
Marquette University
Marquette University is a private, coeducational, Jesuit, Roman Catholic university located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Founded by the Society of Jesus in 1881, the school is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities...

 in 1985, with an honors BA in English and History, and from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee is Wisconsin's premier public urban university. It is a coed public research university located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the United States. It is also the largest university in the Milwaukee metropolitan area and a member of the University of Wisconsin System...

 in 1999, with a Masters in Literary Studies.

Career

His earliest novels were part of the Forgotten Realms
Forgotten Realms
The Forgotten Realms is a campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. Commonly referred to by players and game designers alike as "The Realms", it was created by game designer Ed Greenwood around 1967 as a setting for his childhood stories...

and Ravenloft
Ravenloft
Ravenloft is a campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. It is an alternate time-space existence known as a pocket dimension called the Demiplane of Dread, which consists of a collection of land pieces called domains brought together by a mysterious force known only as "The Dark...

shared universe
Shared universe
A shared universe is a fictional universe to which more than one writer contributes. Work set in a shared universe share characters and other elements with varying degrees of consistency. Shared universes are contrasted with collaborative writing, in which multiple authors work on a single story....

 book lines, but beginning in the late 1990s he turned his attention more often to creator-owned projects. Some of his short stories have been cited in the honorable mention list of the annual Year's Best Fantasy and Horror
Year's Best Fantasy and Horror
Year's Best Fantasy and Horror is a reprint anthology published annually by St. Martin's Press. In addition to the short stories, supplemented by a list of honorable mentions, each edition includes a number of retrospective essays by the editors and others....

. He was an Origins Award
Origins Award
The Origins Awards are American awards for outstanding work in the game industry. They are presented by the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts and Design at the Origins Game Fair on an annual basis for the previous year, so the 1979 awards were given at the 1980 Origins.The Origins Award is commonly...

 finalist in the Best Short Fiction category for his 2003 novella, "The Night Chicago Died", a story that featured the debut of his mystery man character, The Corpse. His novels have been translated into more than ten languages.

As an editor, Lowder directed several best-selling book lines for TSR, Inc.
TSR, Inc.
Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

 in the early 1990s. He has subsequently served as executive editor for Green Knight Publishing
Green Knight Publishing
Green Knight Publishing was founded by Peter Corless after he bought the rights to the award-winning Pendragon role-playing game from Chaosium in 1998. From 1999 to 2001, Green Knight published supplements for the role-playing game, in which players take on the roles of knights and ladies...

's line of Arthurian fiction — the Pendragon fiction series
Pendragon (fiction series)
For the series written by D. J. MacHale, see The Pendragon Adventure.The Pendragon fiction series was a trade paperback line that offered reprints of "lost" classics of Arthurian fiction, as well as original novels and anthologies. First published by Chaosium, the line was taken over by Green...

 — and as a consulting editor for CDS Books on their City of Heroes
City of Heroes
City of Heroes is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game based on the superhero comic book genre, developed by Cryptic Studios and published by NCsoft. The game was launched in North America on April 27, 2004 and in Europe on February 4, 2005 with English, German and French language...

novels. Lowder has edited more than a dozen anthologies, with subjects ranging from King Arthur
King Arthur
King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to Medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and...

 to superhero
Superhero
A superhero is a type of stock character, possessing "extraordinary or superhuman powers", dedicated to protecting the public. Since the debut of the prototypical superhero Superman in 1938, stories of superheroes — ranging from brief episodic adventures to continuing years-long sagas —...

es to zombies. He has won several Origins Awards and an ENnie Award
ENnies
The Annual Gen Con EN World RPG Awards are annual, fan-based awards for role-playing game products and publishers hosted at Gen Con in Indianapolis, Indiana...

, and been shortlisted for an International Horror Guild Award
International Horror Guild Award
The International Horror Guild Award is a recognition presented by the International Horror Guild to recognize the achievements of those who create in the field of horror and dark fantasy. Nancy A. Collins, the founder of the award, felt there was a need for an award granted by a large,...

 for these projects. Though many of these anthologies have been published in connection with role-playing game
Role-playing game
A role-playing game is a game in which players assume the roles of characters in a fictional setting. Players take responsibility for acting out these roles within a narrative, either through literal acting, or through a process of structured decision-making or character development...

 product lines, they often contain only creator-copyrighted stories. This makes them unusual, as game publishers frequently insist on work for hire
Work for hire
A work made for hire is an exception to the general rule that the person who actually creates a work is the legally recognized author of that work...

 contracts for such projects.

Lowder also works in comic books. He has penned scripts for several companies, including DC
DC Comics
DC Comics, Inc. is one of the largest and most successful companies operating in the market for American comic books and related media. It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment a company of Warner Bros. Entertainment, which itself is owned by Time Warner...

, Devil's Due, and Desperado
Desperado Publishing
Desperado Publishing is an American independent comic book publisher, established in 2004. Located in Norcross, Georgia, Desperado's president is Joe Pruett, its creative director is Stephan Nilson, and its director of business development is former Caliber Press publisher Gary Reed.-Overview:With...

. His short work "Lost Loves", from the Moonstone Monsters: Demons anthology, was a finalist for the Bram Stoker Award
Bram Stoker Award
The Bram Stoker Award is a recognition presented by the Horror Writers Association for "superior achievement" in horror writing. The awards have been presented annually since 1987, and the winners are selected by ballot of the Active members of the HWA...

 in 2004 for Best Illustrated Narrative
Bram Stoker Award for Best Illustrated Narrative
Nominees are listed below the winner for each year.* 1998: ** Sergio Aragones' Dia de las Muertos by Sergio Aragones & Mark Evanier** Preacher by Garth Ennis** The Son of Man by Garth Ennis...

. He contributed as a writer and consulting editor to the Worlds of Dungeons & Dragons comic book series, published by Devil's Due. He became the editor for the monthly series Hack/Slash
HACK/slash
Hack/Slash is an ongoing comic books series, launched from several one shots of the same name, published by Image Comics ....

 with issue #25 and continued with the series when it moved from Devil's Due to Image
Image Comics
Image Comics is a United States comic book publisher. It was founded in 1992 by high-profile illustrators as a venue where creators could publish their material without giving up the copyrights to the characters they created, as creator-owned properties. It was immediately successful, and remains...

.

Lowder's critical essays and film and book reviews have appeared in such publications as Amazing Stories
Amazing Stories
Amazing Stories was an American science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback's Experimenter Publishing. It was the first magazine devoted solely to science fiction...

and Polyhedron, the latter of which featured his long-running video review column "Into the Dark" from 1991 to 1994. He has written support material for various role-playing games, including Dungeons & Dragons
Dungeons & Dragons
Dungeons & Dragons is a fantasy role-playing game originally designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson, and first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. . The game has been published by Wizards of the Coast since 1997...

and Call of Cthulhu
Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)
Call of Cthulhu is a horror fiction role-playing game based on H. P. Lovecraft's story of the same name and the associated Cthulhu Mythos.The game, often abbreviated as CoC, is published by Chaosium.-Setting:...

.

Novels

  • Crusade (TSR
    TSR, Inc.
    Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

    , 1991)
  • Knight of the Black Rose (TSR
    TSR, Inc.
    Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

    , 1991)
  • The Ring of Winter (TSR
    TSR, Inc.
    Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

    , 1992)
  • Prince of Lies (TSR
    TSR, Inc.
    Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

    , 1993)
  • Name Your Nightmare (Random House Sprinter
    Random House
    Random House, Inc. is the largest general-interest trade book publisher in the world. It has been owned since 1998 by the German private media corporation Bertelsmann and has become the umbrella brand for Bertelsmann book publishing. Random House also has a movie production arm, Random House Films,...

    , 1995); written as J.D. Lowder.
  • Spectre of the Black Rose (Wizards of the Coast
    Wizards of the Coast
    Wizards of the Coast is an American publisher of games, primarily based on fantasy and science fiction themes, and formerly an operator of retail stores for games...

    , 1999); with Voronica Whitney-Robinson.

Short Fiction

  • "The Family Business" (in Realms of Valor, TSR
    TSR, Inc.
    Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

    , 1993)
  • "The Rigor of the Game" (in Tales of Ravenloft, TSR
    TSR, Inc.
    Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

    , 1994)
  • "Laughter in the Flames" (in Realms of Infamy, TSR
    TSR, Inc.
    Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

    , 1994)
  • "Make 'Em Laugh" (in Truth Until Paradox, White Wolf
    White Wolf
    White Wolf is a publisher of role-playing games, notably the World of Darkness.White Wolf may also refer to:*White Wolf , a location in Yosemite National Park*White Wolf , a Canadian heavy metal band...

    , 1995)
  • "Persistence of Vision" (in City of Darkness: Unseen, White Wolf
    White Wolf
    White Wolf is a publisher of role-playing games, notably the World of Darkness.White Wolf may also refer to:*White Wolf , a location in Yosemite National Park*White Wolf , a Canadian heavy metal band...

    , 1995)
  • "Truth in Advertising" (in The Splendour Falls, White Wolf
    White Wolf
    White Wolf is a publisher of role-playing games, notably the World of Darkness.White Wolf may also refer to:*White Wolf , a location in Yosemite National Park*White Wolf , a Canadian heavy metal band...

    , 1995)
  • "The Price of Freedom" (in Troll Magazine #1, December 1997)
  • "The Club Rules" (in Realms of Mystery, TSR
    TSR, Inc.
    Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

    , 1998)
  • "The Hollow Man" (in Shadis
    Shadis
    Shadis was an independent gaming magazine that published articles on role-playing games. Started by Jolly Blackburn, it began as an independent gaming fanzine in 1990, and was later transformed into a quality small-press magazine in 1993. Each issue contained a variety of articles covering many...

    #52, October 1998)
  • "Heresies and Superstitions" (in The Leading Edge #39, March 2000)
  • "Pretender of the Faith" (in Historical Hauntings, DAW
    DAW Books
    DAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...

    , 2001)
  • "The Unquiet Dreams of Cingris the Stout" (in Gaming Frontiers #2, March 2002)
  • "The Night Chicago Died" (in Pulp Zombies, Eden Studios, 2003)
  • "The Weeping Masks" (in Shadows Over Baker Street
    Shadows Over Baker Street
    Shadows Over Baker Street: New Tales of Terror! is an anthology of stories, each by a different author and each concerning an exploit of Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes set against the backdrop of H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos...

    , Del Rey
    Del Rey Books
    Del Rey Books is a branch of Ballantine Books, which is owned by Random House and, in turn since 1998, by Bertelsmann AG. It is a separate imprint established in 1977 under the editorship of author Lester del Rey and his wife Judy-Lynn del Rey. It specializes in science fiction and fantasy...

    , 2003)
  • "She Dwelleth in the Cold of the Moon" (in The Repentant, DAW
    DAW Books
    DAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...

    , 2003)
  • "Fanboy" (in Path of the Bold, Guardians of Order
    Guardians of Order
    Guardians of Order was a Canadian company founded in 1996 by Mark C. MacKinnon in Guelph, Ontario. The company's business output consisted of role-playing games . Their first game is the anime inspired Big Eyes, Small Mouth. In 2006 Guardians of Order ceased operations due to overwhelming...

    , 2004)
  • "Bandits in the Paths of Fame" (in Dragon
    Dragon (magazine)
    Dragon is one of the two official magazines for source material for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game and associated products, the other being Dungeon. TSR, Inc. originally launched the monthly printed magazine in 1976 to succeed the company's earlier publication, The Strategic Review. The...

    #336, October 2005)
  • "Beneath the Skin" (in Heroes in Training, DAW
    DAW Books
    DAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...

    , 2007)

Comic Book Scripts

  • "Duel of Hearts" (in TSR Worlds Annual #1, DC Comics
    DC Comics
    DC Comics, Inc. is one of the largest and most successful companies operating in the market for American comic books and related media. It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment a company of Warner Bros. Entertainment, which itself is owned by Time Warner...

    , September 1990)
  • "Art for Art's Sake" (in First Night
    First Night
    First Night is an artistic and cultural celebration on New Year's Eve, taking place from afternoon until midnight. Some cities have all their events during the celebration outside, but some cities have events that are hosted indoors by organizations in the city, such as churches and theaters...

     Program
    , city of Boston
    Boston
    Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...

    , December 1996)
  • "Traitor's Gate" (in Mythography #2 & #3, Bardic Press, February and April 1997)
  • "Passion Play" (in Vampire: The Masquerade: Blood and Shadows, Moonstone
    Moonstone Books
    Moonstone Books is an American comic book, graphic novel, and prose fiction publisher based in Chicago focused on pulp fiction comic books and prose anthologies as well as horror and western tales....

    , November 2003)
  • "Lost Loves" (in Moonstone Monsters: Demons, Moonstone
    Moonstone Books
    Moonstone Books is an American comic book, graphic novel, and prose fiction publisher based in Chicago focused on pulp fiction comic books and prose anthologies as well as horror and western tales....

    , August 2004)
  • "The Man Who Collected Gods" (in Negative Burn
    Negative Burn
    Negative Burn is a black-and-white anthology comic book published beginning in 1993 by Caliber Press, and subsequently by Image Comics and Desperado Publishing...

    #16, Desperado
    Desperado Publishing
    Desperado Publishing is an American independent comic book publisher, established in 2004. Located in Norcross, Georgia, Desperado's president is Joe Pruett, its creative director is Stephan Nilson, and its director of business development is former Caliber Press publisher Gary Reed.-Overview:With...

    , December 2007)
  • "The Rigor of the Game" (in Worlds of Dungeons & Dragons #3, Devil's Due, July 2008)
  • "Night Funeral in Eminence" (in Hack/Slash, volume 9: Torture Prone, Image
    Image Comics
    Image Comics is a United States comic book publisher. It was founded in 1992 by high-profile illustrators as a venue where creators could publish their material without giving up the copyrights to the characters they created, as creator-owned properties. It was immediately successful, and remains...

    , September 2011)
  • "The Corpse: Orphans of the Air" (ongoing serial, begins in Hack/Slash #6, Image
    Image Comics
    Image Comics is a United States comic book publisher. It was founded in 1992 by high-profile illustrators as a venue where creators could publish their material without giving up the copyrights to the characters they created, as creator-owned properties. It was immediately successful, and remains...

    , September 2011)

Anthologies (as editor)

  • Realms of Valor (TSR
    TSR, Inc.
    Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

    , 1993)
  • Realms of Infamy (TSR
    TSR, Inc.
    Blume and Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company called TSR Hobbies, Inc., with Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, owning the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc....

    , 1994)
  • The Doom of Camelot (Green Knight Publishing
    Green Knight Publishing
    Green Knight Publishing was founded by Peter Corless after he bought the rights to the award-winning Pendragon role-playing game from Chaosium in 1998. From 1999 to 2001, Green Knight published supplements for the role-playing game, in which players take on the roles of knights and ladies...

    , 2000)
  • The Book of All Flesh
    The Book of All Flesh
    The Book of All Flesh is the first of three Zombie anthologies James Lowder edited for Eden Studios as a tie-in to their gaming system All Flesh Must Be Eaten. The book is followed by The Book of More Flesh and The Book of Final Flesh....

    (Eden Studios, 2001)
  • Legends of the Pendragon (Green Knight Publishing
    Green Knight Publishing
    Green Knight Publishing was founded by Peter Corless after he bought the rights to the award-winning Pendragon role-playing game from Chaosium in 1998. From 1999 to 2001, Green Knight published supplements for the role-playing game, in which players take on the roles of knights and ladies...

    , 2002)
  • The Book of More Flesh (Eden Studios, 2002)
  • The Book of Final Flesh (Eden Studios, 2003)
  • Path of the Just (Guardians of Order
    Guardians of Order
    Guardians of Order was a Canadian company founded in 1996 by Mark C. MacKinnon in Guelph, Ontario. The company's business output consisted of role-playing games . Their first game is the anime inspired Big Eyes, Small Mouth. In 2006 Guardians of Order ceased operations due to overwhelming...

    , 2003)
  • Path of the Bold (Guardians of Order
    Guardians of Order
    Guardians of Order was a Canadian company founded in 1996 by Mark C. MacKinnon in Guelph, Ontario. The company's business output consisted of role-playing games . Their first game is the anime inspired Big Eyes, Small Mouth. In 2006 Guardians of Order ceased operations due to overwhelming...

    , 2004)
  • Astounding Hero Tales (Hero Games
    Hero Games
    Hero Games is the publisher of the Hero System, a generic roleplaying rules set that can be used to simulate many different genres, and was the co-developer of the Fuzion system.-History:...

    , 2007)
  • Hobby Games: The 100 Best (Green Ronin Publishing
    Green Ronin Publishing
    Green Ronin Publishing is an American company based in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 2000 by Chris Pramas, they have published several role-playing game–related products...

    , 2007)
  • Worlds of Their Own (Paizo Publishing
    Paizo Publishing
    Paizo Publishing is an American publishing company in Redmond, Washington that specializes in game aids and adventures for "the world's oldest fantasy roleplaying game" and its flagship spin-off game and setting, Pathfinder...

    , 2008)
  • The Best of All Flesh (Elder Signs Press
    Elder Signs Press
    Elder Signs Press, Inc is a Michigan-based book publisher distributed through the Independent Publishers Group. It specializes in horror, science fiction, and fantasy titles.-History:...

    , 2009)
  • Family Games: The 100 Best (Green Ronin Publishing
    Green Ronin Publishing
    Green Ronin Publishing is an American company based in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 2000 by Chris Pramas, they have published several role-playing game–related products...

    , 2010)
  • Curse of the Full Moon (Ulysses Press, 2010)
  • Triumph of The Walking Dead (BenBella Books, 2011)

Awards and nominations

  • 2001 The Doom of Camelot, Origins Award
    Origins Award
    The Origins Awards are American awards for outstanding work in the game industry. They are presented by the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts and Design at the Origins Game Fair on an annual basis for the previous year, so the 1979 awards were given at the 1980 Origins.The Origins Award is commonly...

     nominee, Best Long-Form Fiction
  • 2003 The Book of More Flesh, International Horror Guild Award
    International Horror Guild Award
    The International Horror Guild Award is a recognition presented by the International Horror Guild to recognize the achievements of those who create in the field of horror and dark fantasy. Nancy A. Collins, the founder of the award, felt there was a need for an award granted by a large,...

     nominee, Best Anthology; Origins Award nominee, Best Long-Form Fiction
  • 2004 The Book of Final Flesh, Origins Award winner, Best Long Fiction
  • 2004 "The Night Chicago Died", Origins Award nominee, Best Short Fiction
  • 2005 Path of the Bold, Origins Award winner, Best Fiction
  • 2005 "Lost Loves", Bram Stoker Award
    Bram Stoker Award
    The Bram Stoker Award is a recognition presented by the Horror Writers Association for "superior achievement" in horror writing. The awards have been presented annually since 1987, and the winners are selected by ballot of the Active members of the HWA...

     nominee, Illustrated Narrative
  • 2008 Astounding Hero Tales, Origins Award winner, Fiction Publication of the Year; ENnie Award
    ENnies
    The Annual Gen Con EN World RPG Awards are annual, fan-based awards for role-playing game products and publishers hosted at Gen Con in Indianapolis, Indiana...

     honorable mention, Best Regalia
  • 2008 Hobby Games: The 100 Best, Origins Award winner, Non-Fiction Publication of the Year; ENnie Award winner, silver, Best Regalia
  • 2009 Worlds of Dungeons & Dragons, Vol. 2, Origins Award winner, Best Fiction; ENnie Award nominee, Best Regalia
  • 2010 The Best of All Flesh, Origins Award nominee, Best Book; ENnie Award honorable mention, Best Regalia
  • 2011 Family Games: The 100 Best, Origins Award nominee, Best Game-Related Publication;

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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