Isotopes of dysprosium
Encyclopedia
Naturally occurring dysprosium
(Dy) is composed of 7 stable isotope
s, 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy, 161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy and 164Dy, with 164Dy being the most abundant (28.18% natural abundance
). 29 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 154Dy with a half-life
of 3.0 million years, 159Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and 166Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive
isotopes have half-lives that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being 165mDy (t½ 1.257 minutes), 147mDy (t½ 55.7 seconds) and 145mDy (t½ 13.6 seconds).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 164Dy, is electron capture
, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay product
s before 164Dy are terbium
isotopes, and the primary products after are holmium
isotopes.
Standard atomic mass: 162.500(1) u
Dysprosium
Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime...
(Dy) is composed of 7 stable isotope
Isotope
Isotopes are variants of atoms of a particular chemical element, which have differing numbers of neutrons. Atoms of a particular element by definition must contain the same number of protons but may have a distinct number of neutrons which differs from atom to atom, without changing the designation...
s, 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy, 161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy and 164Dy, with 164Dy being the most abundant (28.18% natural abundance
Natural abundance
In chemistry, natural abundance refers to the abundance of isotopes of a chemical element as naturally found on a planet. The relative atomic mass of these isotopes is the atomic weight listed for the element in the periodic table...
). 29 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 154Dy with a half-life
Half-life
Half-life, abbreviated t½, is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of unstable atoms , but it may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.The original term, dating to...
of 3.0 million years, 159Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and 166Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay is the process by which an atomic nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting ionizing particles . The emission is spontaneous, in that the atom decays without any physical interaction with another particle from outside the atom...
isotopes have half-lives that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being 165mDy (t½ 1.257 minutes), 147mDy (t½ 55.7 seconds) and 145mDy (t½ 13.6 seconds).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 164Dy, is electron capture
Electron capture
Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino...
, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay product
Decay product
In nuclear physics, a decay product is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often involves a sequence of steps...
s before 164Dy are terbium
Terbium
Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife...
isotopes, and the primary products after are holmium
Holmium
Holmium is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Its oxide was first isolated from rare earth ores in 1878 and the element was named after the city of Stockholm....
isotopes.
Standard atomic mass: 162.500(1) u
Table
| nuclide symbol |
Z(p Proton The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number.... ) |
N(n Neutron The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of... ) |
isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)Abbreviations: EC: Electron capture Electron capture Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino... IT: Isomeric transition Isomeric transition An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer.... |
daughter isotope(s)Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe Age of the universe The age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang posited by the most widely accepted scientific model of cosmology. The best current estimate of the age of the universe is 13.75 ± 0.13 billion years within the Lambda-CDM concordance model... ) |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excitation energy | |||||||||
| 138Dy | 66 | 72 | 137.96249(64)# | 200# ms | 0+ | ||||
| 139Dy | 66 | 73 | 138.95954(54)# | 600(200) ms | 7/2+# | ||||
| 140Dy | 66 | 74 | 139.95401(54)# | 700# ms | β+ Beta decay In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted from an atom. There are two types of beta decay: beta minus and beta plus. In the case of beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus , while in the case of a... |
140Tb | 0+ | ||
| 140mDy | 2166.1(5) keV | 7.0(5) µs | (8-) | ||||||
| 141Dy | 66 | 75 | 140.95135(32)# | 0.9(2) s | β+ | 141Tb | (9/2-) | ||
| β+, p Proton emission Proton emission is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state of very... (rare) |
140Gd | ||||||||
| 142Dy | 66 | 76 | 141.94637(39)# | 2.3(3) s | β+ (99.94%) | 142Tb | 0+ | ||
| β+, p (.06%) | 141Gd | ||||||||
| 143Dy | 66 | 77 | 142.94383(21)# | 5.6(10) s | β+ | 143Tb | (1/2+) | ||
| β+, p (rare) | 142Gd | ||||||||
| 143mDy | 310.7(6) keV | 3.0(3) s | (11/2-) | ||||||
| 144Dy | 66 | 78 | 143.93925(3) | 9.1(4) s | β+ | 144Tb | 0+ | ||
| β+, p (rare) | 143Gd | ||||||||
| 145Dy | 66 | 79 | 144.93743(5) | 9.5(10) s | β+ | 145Tb | (1/2+) | ||
| β+, p (rare) | 144Gd | ||||||||
| 145mDy | 118.2(2) keV | 14.1(7) s | β+ | 145Tb | (11/2-) | ||||
| 146Dy | 66 | 80 | 145.932845(29) | 33.2(7) s | β+ | 146Tb | 0+ | ||
| 146mDy | 2935.7(6) keV | 150(20) ms | IT Isomeric transition An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer.... |
146Dy | (10+)# | ||||
| 147Dy | 66 | 81 | 146.931092(21) | 40(10) s | β+ (99.95%) | 147Tb | 1/2+ | ||
| β+, p (.05%) | 146Tb | ||||||||
| 147m1Dy | 750.5(4) keV | 55(1) s | β+ (65%) | 147Tb | 11/2- | ||||
| IT (35%) | 147Dy | ||||||||
| 147m2Dy | 3407.2(8) keV | 0.40(1) µs | (27/2-) | ||||||
| 148Dy | 66 | 82 | 147.927150(11) | 3.3(2) min | β+ | 148Tb | 0+ | ||
| 149Dy | 66 | 83 | 148.927305(9) | 4.20(14) min | β+ | 149Tb | 7/2(-) | ||
| 149mDy | 2661.1(4) keV | 490(15) ms | IT (99.3%) | 149Dy | (27/2-) | ||||
| β+ (.7%) | 149Tb | ||||||||
| 150Dy | 66 | 84 | 149.925585(5) | 7.17(5) min | β+ (64%) | 150Tb | 0+ | ||
| α Alpha decay Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and thereby transforms into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less... (36%) |
146Gd | ||||||||
| 151Dy | 66 | 85 | 150.926185(4) | 17.9(3) min | β+ (94.4%) | 151Tb | 7/2(-) | ||
| α (5.6%) | 147Gd | ||||||||
| 152Dy | 66 | 86 | 151.924718(6) | 2.38(2) h | EC Electron capture Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino... (99.9%) |
152Tb | 0+ | ||
| α (.1%) | 148Gd | ||||||||
| 153Dy | 66 | 87 | 152.925765(5) | 6.4(1) h | β+ (99.99%) | 153Tb | 7/2(-) | ||
| α (.00939%) | 149Gd | ||||||||
| 154Dy | 66 | 88 | 153.924424(8) | 3.0(15)×106 a | α | 150Gd | 0+ | ||
| β+β+ (rare) | 154Gd | ||||||||
| 155Dy | 66 | 89 | 154.925754(13) | 9.9(2) h | β+ | 155Tb | 3/2- | ||
| 155mDy | 234.33(3) keV | 6(1) µs | 11/2- | ||||||
| 156Dy | 66 | 90 | 155.924283(7) | Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 152Gd or β+β+ decay to 156Gd with a half-life Half-life Half-life, abbreviated t½, is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of unstable atoms , but it may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.The original term, dating to... over 1018 years |
0+ | 5.6(3)×10−4 | |||
| 157Dy | 66 | 91 | 156.925466(7) | 8.14(4) h | β+ | 157Tb | 3/2- | ||
| 157m1Dy | 161.99(3) keV | 1.3(2) µs | 9/2+ | ||||||
| 157m2Dy | 199.38(7) keV | 21.6(16) ms | IT | 157Dy | 11/2- | ||||
| 158Dy | 66 | 92 | 157.924409(4) | Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 154Gd or β+β+ decay to 158Gd | 0+ | 9.5(3)×10−4 | |||
| 159Dy | 66 | 93 | 158.9257392(29) | 144.4(2) d | EC | 159Tb | 3/2- | ||
| 159mDy | 352.77(14) keV | 122(3) µs | 11/2- | ||||||
| 160Dy | 66 | 94 | 159.9251975(27) | Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 156Gd | 0+ | 0.02329(18) | |||
| 161Dy | 66 | 95 | 160.9269334(27) | Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 157Gd | 5/2+ | 0.18889(42) | |||
| 162Dy | 66 | 96 | 161.9267984(27) | Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 158Gd | 0+ | 0.25475(36) | |||
| 163Dy | 66 | 97 | 162.9287312(27) | Observationally StableTheoretically capable of spontaneous fission Spontaneous fission Spontaneous fission is a form of radioactive decay characteristic of very heavy isotopes. Because the nuclear binding energy reaches a maximum at a nuclear mass greater than about 60 atomic mass units , spontaneous breakdown into smaller nuclei and single particles becomes possible at heavier masses... Can undergo bound-state β- decay to 163Ho with a half-life of 47 days when fully ion Ion An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. The name was given by physicist Michael Faraday for the substances that allow a current to pass between electrodes in a... ized |
5/2- | 0.24896(42) | |||
| 164Dy | 66 | 98 | 163.9291748(27) | Observationally Stable | 0+ | 0.28260(54) | |||
| 165Dy | 66 | 99 | 164.9317033(27) | 2.334(1) h | β- | 165Ho | 7/2+ | ||
| 165mDy | 108.160(3) keV | 1.257(6) min | IT (97.76%) | 165Dy | 1/2- | ||||
| β- (2.24%) | 165Ho | ||||||||
| 166Dy | 66 | 100 | 165.9328067(28) | 81.6(1) h | β- | 166Ho | 0+ | ||
| 167Dy | 66 | 101 | 166.93566(6) | 6.20(8) min | β- | 167Ho | (1/2-) | ||
| 168Dy | 66 | 102 | 167.93713(15) | 8.7(3) min | β- | 168Ho | 0+ | ||
| 169Dy | 66 | 103 | 168.94031(32) | 39(8) s | β- | 169Ho | (5/2-) | ||
| 170Dy | 66 | 104 | 169.94239(21)# | 30# s | β- | 170Ho | 0+ | ||
| 171Dy | 66 | 105 | 170.94620(32)# | 6# s | β- | 171Ho | 7/2-# | ||
| 172Dy | 66 | 106 | 171.94876(43)# | 3# s | β- | 172Ho | 0+ | ||
| 173Dy | 66 | 107 | 172.95300(54)# | 2# s | β- | 173Ho | 9/2+# | ||