Introitus et Exitus Cameræ Apostolicæ (Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...

: What Comes In and What Goes Out of the Apostolic Camera) is a six-hundred-and-six-volume financial record of the Apostolic Camera

Apostolic Camera

The Apostolic Camera, or in Latin Camera Apostolica or Apostolica Camera, is the central board of finance in the Papal administrative system, which at one time was of great importance in the government of the States of the Church, and in the administration of justice, led by the Camerlengo of the...

 of the Holy See

Holy See

The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, in which its Bishop is commonly known as the Pope. It is the preeminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church. As such, diplomatically, and in other spheres the Holy See acts and...

, from 1279 to 1524, located in the Vatican Secret Archives

Vatican Secret Archives

The Vatican Secret Archives , located in Vatican City, is the central repository for all of the acts promulgated by the Holy See. The Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having primal incumbency until death, owns the archives until the next appointed Papal successor...

. The volumes span the reigns of thirty-two popes from Pope Nicholas III

Pope Nicholas III

Pope Nicholas III , born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, Pope from November 25, 1277 to his death in 1280, was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight Popes, been made cardinal-deacon of St...

 to Pope Clement VII

Pope Clement VII

Clement VII , born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was a cardinal from 1513 to 1523 and was Pope from 1523 to 1534.-Early life:...

. The volumes relating to the Avignon Popes

Avignon Papacy

The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven Popes resided in Avignon, in modern-day France. This arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown....

 (1305—1387) as well as the following antipope

Antipope

An antipope is a person who opposes a legitimately elected or sitting Pope and makes a significantly accepted competing claim to be the Pope, the Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church. At times between the 3rd and mid-15th century, antipopes were typically those supported by a...

s were moved from Comtat Venaissin

Comtat Venaissin

The Comtat Venaissin, often called the Comtat for short , is the former name of the region around the city of Avignon in what is now the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France. It comprised roughly the area between the Rhône, the Durance and Mont Ventoux, with a small exclave located to the...

 to the Secret Archives in 1783.

The records include both the books in which an array of Curial officials recorded receipts and expenditures, and general annual accounts of items. They were recorded in journal form until 1378, denoting the expenditures of each subset of the papal household, military expenses, construction costs, and art commissioning. However, Introitus et Exitus is fundamentally an incomplete record of the financial dealings of the Holy See, as the Apostolic Camera itself represents only the surplusses of various regional transactions, and popes conducted significant financial dealings off balance sheet. Notably, these records often exclude direct cash payments made by popes themselves or mediated through the Curia's Bank of the Holy Spirit

Bank of the Holy Spirit

The Bank of the Holy Spirit was a bank founded by Pope Paul V on December 13, 1605. The Bank was the first national bank in Europe , the first public deposit bank in Rome, and the oldest continuously-operating bank in Rome until its merger in 1992.-First period :The Bank was founded by Pope Paul V...

.

Because of the thoroughness of the records down to the minutest details, they have been used by historians to establish the daily living conditions in the papal household and the administration of the Papal States

Papal States

The Papal State, State of the Church, or Pontifical States were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia .The Papal States comprised territories under...

. The records have been utilized by art historians

Art history

Art history has historically been understood as the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i.e. genre, design, format, and style...

, notably Eugène Müntz

Eugène Müntz

Eugène Müntz was an Alsatian-born French art historian.He was a professor of the history of art at the Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts, where he lectured from 1885 to 1893...

, to determine the number of artists who contributed to certain works, authenticate works of unknown origin, and to discover previously unknown works. They have also been scoured by economic historians

Economic history

Economic history is the study of economies or economic phenomena in the past. Analysis in economic history is undertaken using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and by applying economic theory to historical situations and institutions...

 to study past Europe

Europe

Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...

an exchange rate

Exchange rate

In finance, an exchange rate between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency...

s and interest rate

Interest rate

An interest rate is the rate at which interest is paid by a borrower for the use of money that they borrow from a lender. For example, a small company borrows capital from a bank to buy new assets for their business, and in return the lender receives interest at a predetermined interest rate for...

s. The sudden appearance of debts from the Apostolic Camera to Cardinals Campofregoso, Domenico della Rovere

Domenico della Rovere

-Biography:He was born at Vinovo, near Turin, and was a relative of Pope Sixtus IV, and took advantage of the latter's extensive nepotism.In 1478 he was appointed as Bishop of Tarantaise succeeding his brother, Cristoforo. In the same year, on 10 February, he was created cardinal of San Vitale by...

, Sanseverino, and Orsini after a gap in the records in August 1492 has been used to allege that simony

Simony

Simony is the act of paying for sacraments and consequently for holy offices or for positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus , who appears in the Acts of the Apostles 8:9-24...

 occurred in the papal conclave, 1492

Papal conclave, 1492

The papal conclave of 1492 convened after the death of Pope Innocent VIII , elected unanimously on the fourth ballot Cardinal Rodrigo Borja as Pope Alexander VI...

.

Other records of the Apostolic Camera include Liber Censuum

Liber Censuum

The Liber Censuum Romanæ Ecclesiæ is an eighteen-volume financial record of the real estate revenues of the papacy from 492 to 1192. The span of the record includes the creation of the Apostolic Camera and the effects of the Gregorian Reform...

(492—1192), Obligationes et Solutiones, Obligationes communes, Collectoriae, and Diversae Cameralia; the artificially created Registra Vaticana includes documents of the Camera mixed with those of the Chancery of Apostolic Briefs, and other secretariats; the Registra Avenionensia catalogs materials relating jointly to the Chancery and the Camera.