Immanuel Beit Yaakov controversy
Encyclopedia
The "Immanuel Beit Yaakov controversy" concerns the founding of a Chassidic girls' school in the town of Immanuel in September 2007. A Shas-Mayan Sephardic girls' school, "Ohel Rachel VeLeah", was also founded in Immanuel in September 2007. Although the Chassidic school was founded and attended by members of both the Sephardic and Ashkenazic communities, with Rav Shimon Ba'adani as final Rabbinic suthority, the Chassidic school was sued by Yoav Lallum, who does not reside in Immanuel, and his group "Noar KeHalacha", with assistance from the New Israel Fund
. and the "Tmura" and "Achoti" organizations,; the allegation - this was solely an ethnic split between Sephardim and Ashkenazim.
Attorney Mordechai Bass was sent by the Ministry of Education in January 2008 to investigate the allegations of discrimination. Bass concluded: "I am convinced that there is no ethnic discrimination....When ethnic discrimination actually occurs, we must combat it with all our might. I express my sorrow about complaints like these - thrown in the air - that increase hatred among Israel, and are totally baseless.”
In June 2010, the fathers of the girls who attend the Chassidic school, one-third of whom are Sephardic, were jailed by the Israeli Supreme Court without a trial. There was no hearing, no cross-examination of palintiffs or defendants. They were released before the end of their sentence when large-scale protests against what was alleged to be an inhumane and illegal incarceration swept the country. Secular journalist Nahum Barnea
described the court decision as one "made not from the heart, nor from the head, but rather from the belly".
Understanding the expansion of power of the Israeli Supreme court in the 1990s assists in understanding the Immanuel Beit Yaakov topic. "The Supreme Court...operates under Aharon Barak’s dictum that the Court can hear a case brought by anyone about anything — unlike most countries, such as the US, where a person has to be affected by something in order to bring it to court."
Attorney Aviad Visoli argues that the fact that the Israel Supreme Court held no hearing renders the court's decision illegal. "Each parent should have had a separate trial and been able to give testimony. They were not granted their day in court, not in actuality, not under the law."
The Sephardic parents of the Chassidic school had presented an emergency appeal to appear before the Supreme Court. They point out that every family was invited to apply. Their request to appear before the court was denied.
The court has since approved a separate school for the Haredi girls in the 2010-2011 academic year, albeit without funding.
Hasidic
group.
Slonim educational institutions are open to all who agree to abide by their school by-laws.
In the fall of 2007 two new schools were founded: the Beis Yaakov Chasidi and Ohel Rachel VeLeah. The Beis Yaakov Chasidi consisted of first through eighth grades, and was placed in the vacated part of the original Beis Yaakov that had housed the high school until the high school got its own building in 2004. The Ohel Rachel and Leah, a Shas-Mayan Sephardic school,
was located on the first floor of this new high school, had a first grade in 2007, (see Bass report, page 6 paragraph 12) becoming a fully graded school in 2009.
Rav Shimon Ba’adani of Bnei Brak was appointed as final Rabbinic authority of the Beis Yaakov Chasidi. In October 2007 he issued a letter that was placed in every mailbox in Immanuel forbidding the bringing of grievances to the media or secular courts. Rabbi Bar Lev of Immanuel states, "Ministers Pinchasi and Margi of the Shas party were concerned about reports in the media about alleged discrimination. As soon as they saw that Rav Ba'adani was the arbitrator of the school, they were satisfied with the situation and withdrew their investigation."
Media sources alleged that the founding of the Chassidic Beit Yaakov was solely an ethnic split. In HaAretz newspaper, from 2007 until after the fathers were jailed, nearly 30% of whom were Sephardic, the reports continued that this was solely an ethnic split.
Only after HaAretz conducted a direct interview with one of the imprisoned fathers, an article in June 2010 concedes: "a third of the group ...are Sephardic themselves."
Supreme Court documents alleged that this was solely an ethnic split.
Again, there was no trial, no cross examining the defendants or plaintiffs.
The New Israel Fund, which assisted the prosecution, claimed on its website and that of its grantee organizations, that this was solely an ethnic split: "The students have been physically separated within this school based solely on ethnicity."
Allegations in the media arose in 2007 about the physical separation of the new school from the old. Attorney Mordechai Bass notes on Page 7 of his fifteen-page report:
-
- "…The yard surrounds the school from four directions, and the girls (from both schools) are able to see and play with each other. The (media) portrayal of two completely separate sections of the school yard…is not true."
Allegedly, the Chassidic school built a fence in the play yard; cement walls in the corridor; using separate staff rooms; different dress codes; etc., essentially splitting the school in two.
The Chabad
-Lubavitch girls. school was founded in the late 1990s. Many residents of Immanuel send their children to national-religious
schools in the neighboring towns of Karnei Shomron
, Kedumim
, and Shavei Shomron
; to Hasidic schools in Bnei Brak; to vocational schools in Petah Tikva, etc. Thus, there is a wide variety of choices in education for families who live in Emanuel.
ETHNIC SELF-CONCEPT OF THE PARENTS OF THE CHASSIDIC SCHOOL:
When Yaakov Menken asked Rabbi Zaide (who is a member of the Slonimer Chassidic sect) about the ethnic composition of the Chassidic school, he responded, “...every time someone asks this question, I feel sick. Am I supposed to investigate whose parent is this or that?” He could not understand why anyone would have a problem with another child in the classroom that wasn’t well-founded on grounds of religious standards....
On page 2 of the Bass report: “The percentage of Ashkenazi families in the original school is 23%, and in the new (Chasidi) school, 73%.”(Footnote at bottom: “Such figures are not totally accurate – firstly, the schools do not note the ethnicity of their students in the registration – and THIS IS A GOOD THING! (emphasis added) Secondly – this figure was…partially based on the tenor of the family name, which can also be inaccurate.” )
The plaintiffs viewed the Chassidic school as opened solely to discriminate against the girls of Sephardi origin. A belief allegedly shared throughout parts of the Sephardi community in Israel, who allegedly feel discriminated against by the Ashkenazi community - even by the secular parts of the country's Ashkenazi leadership, and, according to the New Israel Fund website, by the Haredi schools.
The plaintiffs pointed out that the students in the new section were instructed to pray in the Ashkenazi tradition and accent, which encouraged their belief about it being a force of discrimination against them.
However, the original Beis Yaakov instructs in the Sephardi accent for prayer.
There was a Channel 2
investigative report in October 2007.
"The topic has been in the headlines over the past year thanks to the efforts of the NIF (New Israel Fund) family."
The media paid special attention to the alleged separating wall; this helped the media portray it as segregation. However, Attorney Mordechai Bass states on page 7 of his report: "The yard surrounds the school from four directions, and the girls (from both schools) are able to see and play with each other. The (media) portrayal of two completely separate sections of the school yard…is not true.” See "Bass report" below.
Later the Haredi parents representative, Rav Avrohom Luria, would recognize that the wall was a PR disaster and "a serious mistake".
Rav Luria and the Haredi parents disputed the notion that the split occurred due to discrimination. They pointed out that they have 27% of Sephardi girls in their new section - including the daughter of one of the founders of the new section, Rabbi Yitzhak Bar-Lev, the official Sephardi Rabbi
of Emmanuel - and also that they allowed their girls to study together with the Sephardi pupils for decades before the split. The parents association was quoted in the Haredi media saying that "Up to three years ago, even as all other Haredi centers already contained separate schools for every community. i.e. Hasidim; Lithuanians; Sephardim; etc, Immanuel was proud to have only one school, and a wonderful relationship. our daughters were lectured by Sephardi teachers and we had no problem whatsoever".
Rav Luria explained that the split was crucial to the integrity of their children because of a new modern element that moved into town and threatened their lifestyle and the strict education that Haredi Jews give to their children - in terms of dress, exposure to television and media, music, choice of careers, etc. In fact the new track adopted rules identical to those in force at all other Haredi institutions throughout the country. "The nature of the population in Immanuel changed drastically in previous years, and when everybody sent their children to the same school it was a recipe for disaster. We asked for stricter rules that would comply with our standards but this wasn't suitable for other parents. It became clear to both sides that we need to part ways, and simply turn to the model that's already implemented in all other Haredi centers", the parents association told the media.
School in his own neighborhood in Givat Shaul
, Jerusalem, which refused to accept his daughter into the school. Lalum lost this court battle, but still was the only Sephardi of Haredi origin willing to openly use the secular court system; the Shulchan Aruch
forbids to use the secular law system to solve disputes.
that they should step in to end the alleged discrimination. In response to his request the Ministry's Chief Executive appointed the former attorney general to The State Comptroller of Israel, Mordechai Bass, to review the case and determine if the new section is part of a Segregation effort.
After a month Bass submitted his report on March 2, 2008, that he found no discrimination, and that the sole purpose of the separation was due to religious beliefs of the separating parents. he specifically pointed out to the fact that every Sephardi parent that tried to get in the new section was accepted, and that none of the complaining parents ever actually tried to get into the new section and got rejected, to what he applies rhetorically: "If there is no rejection, where is the discrimination? [אם סירוב אין, אפליה מנין?]".
In the report he also revealed that after meeting with some of the complaining parents he actually found some ground for the proposition of the Hasidic parents that some of the Baal tshuva parents in the original school were still not fit to blend within the Haredi community. By example, that one parent repeatedly used Profanity
to describe his Ashkenazi opponents, even though it is strictly forbidden in the Haredi community.
This is a partial English translation of the report of Mordchai Bass. The Hebrew version can be viewed on the following blog:
http://beisyaakovemanuel.blogspot.com/
Page 1
Invitation to investigate
“On January 28, 2008 I was invited to evaluate the complaints of ethnic discrimination made against the Beis Yaakov Emanuel administration. I have thoroughly reviewed relevant material … and have met with administrators from the ministry of education, the "chinuch Atzmaei" (independent religious schools’ network, which Beis Yaakov is a part of), and I visited the two schools in question.”
Page 2
Evaluation of ethnicity
“The percentage of Ashkenazi families in the original school is 23%, and in the new (Chasidic) school, 73%.”
(Footnote at bottom: “Such figures are not totally accurate – firstly, the schools do not note the ethnicity of their students in the registration – and this is a good thing! Secondly – this figure was…partially based on the tenor of the family name, which can also be inaccurate.” )
Were any families refused admission to the Beis Yaakov Chasidi, Emanuel?
“All parents wanting to sign up their daughters to the new school, and were ready to accept upon themselves the school’s conditions, were accepted (lit. “not refused”). Since there was no rejection (of any applicants), where is the discrimination?”
Page 5
Description of Emanuel Community
"A varied population dwells in Emanuel – Chassidic, Lithuanian, Sephardic, some families have been Haredi for generations, some for one generation, some are newly religious for a few years. In larger towns, this variety is expressed in a variety of schools. Until this year there was only one (Haredi) school in the town.”
Attorney Bass notes the tensions between the stricter, sheltered factions and the more open, lenient factions.
Page 6
Attorney Bass notes the founding of the Sephardic girls’ school in Emanuel, Beit Rachel and Leah, under the Mayan-Shas network, which at the time had only a small first grade.
He notes the various options that the parents explored – having different tracts in the same building, or opening a new school. In the end, a new school was founded.
Page 7
“The two schools are administrated separately, with two different principals.”
Physical separation between the two schools – fact or fiction?
“…photographers claimed that the cloth that was placed on the (pre-existing) fence prevented the girls from seeing each other. This is not true. Only part of the fence was covered. The yard surrounds the school from four directions, and the girls (from both schools) are able to see and play with each other. The (media) portrayal of two completely separate sections of the school yard…is not true.”
Page 8
“Were the students in the two schools divided according to ethnicity? The plaintiffs claim yes (the top of this page exhibits the plaintiffs’ claim)….The original school has 107 Sephardic girls and 32 Ashkenazim. The percentage of Ashkenazim is thus 23%. The new (Chasidi) school has 58 Ashkenazi girls and 21 Sephardim. The percentage of Sephardim is thus 27%....I repeat that…anyone interested in registering their daughters in the new school and ready to accept the school’s way of life was not refused.
“I spoke to the plaintiffs and asked for one instance of parents who asked to register their daughter and was refused and they had no such case.
He goes on to discuss the legal technicalities of opening a new school, licensing, and so forth.
Page 11
Again - physical separation between the two schools – fact or fiction?
Attorney Bass reiterates that accusations of physical barriers between the two schools were exaggerated and that indeed there was free access between the girls of both schools. He notes that the new school occupies (the third floor) rooms which were unused. (The third floor had housed the high school, and was vacated in September 2004 when the high school got its own building.)
Paragraphs 4 and 5 address the plaintiffs’ accusation that the times of school starting and recess were at different times. Attorney Bass found this to be untrue.
Paragraph 6 on page 11 addresses the plaintiffs’ accusation that the girls in each school were forbidden contact with each other. Attorney Bass notes that there was no such ordinance issued by the school.
Page 12
More on the culture of Emanuel – Sheltering children. Here, Attorney Bass sensitively notes the great variety that exists in the Haredi world, despite its outward uniform appearance in dress. He suggests that non-Haredim attempt to understand the mentality of sheltering from the outside world, and that the more strict and sheltered Haredim would understandably be wary of having their children have close contact with more lenient and worldly Haredim.
Page 13, paragraph 22
Was there ethnic discrimination in the Beis Yaakov Emanuel?
“The division was not ethnic, it was religious. I am convinced that there is no ethnic discrimination.”
Conclusion
"When ethnic discrimination actually occurs, we must combat it with all our might. I express my sorrow about complaints like these - thrown in the air - that increase hatred among Israel, and are totally baseless.”
Signed
Attorney Mordechai Bass
Bass still found that the opening of a new section under the same permit and symbol of the old school was a violation of the Ministry
's administration regulations and therefore the school, and/or its parent organization shall be punished accordingly.
would not intervene, Lalum decided to turn to the legal system – something almost unprecedented in Haredi history. Lalum, however, had already done that before, and with permission of his spiritual guide Rabbi Yaakov Yosef
, eldest son of the renowned Sephardi Rabbi Ovadia Yosef
(although they had an estranged relationship in the past), he petitioned the Supreme Court of Israel
on February 4, 2008 to order the Education Ministry, the local municipality board of Immanuel
, the Haredi Independent Education Center and the parents' organization of the Beit Yaakov school, to stop their aid to and/or close the new section.
The three judges selected by Chief Justice Dorit Beinish to hear this case were Edmund Levy
, Hanan Melcer
, and Edna Arbel
. They accepted the case on July 14, 2008, and Levy was appointed by Beinish as the head of the panel.
, the parent organization of the Beit Yaakov school, that they should reunite both sections as one general school, and that it's only allowed to organize a separate track with different classes for the two streams but not fully divided sections. If the center and/or school won't comply then they might lose their license and/or their government funding.
But in the meantime the Ministry refused to get involved in the discrimination issue, saying that it lacks the criteria to decide this, and therefore the Independent Education Center
should be liable to assure there is no segregation in the school.
In the midst of all this there were ongoing negotiations between the Independent Education Center
and the Ministry. In August both parties agreed that the sections will be reunited, if the school will accept new binding policies for the "Hasidic track". The first version included, among others, the following rules:
This version was shown to the court, where Justice Levi, himself an Iraqi descendant, quipped on the first rule about the Ashkenazi accent that "even of you give me a thousand whips I won't be able to talk with a Lithuania
'n accent".
However, a Beis Yaakov student clarified: “The teacher instructs one accent for prayer. In the original Beis Yaakov, we were instructed in the Sephardi accent. In the Chassidic Beis Yaakov, they teach the Ashkenazi accent. But no girl is ever corrected if they use their accent from home, never. Yemenites pronounce their Chet’s and Ayin’s in their [sic] gutteral way, and have a special lilt to the HaMotzi blessing. Those who wish to use the Galicianer accent, which is not taught in either of the Beis Yaakovs, may do so."
After further deliberations, and by instruction of the court, the first rule was removed. So was the rule about using the Modesty laws from Rabbi Wosner
changed after the court viewed him as "too strict", to a "Panel of authoritative Rabbi's from the Independent Education Center
". The changes were accepted by all parties, including the Hasidic Parents of Emmanuel.
However, both, the court and the Ministry, also demanded that the divider be removed; that they reunite the staff room, and use the same dress codes. The Hasidic parents were ready to remove any physical divider, but refused to oblige to the demands to reunite the school, claiming that they wouldn't send their children in one school with the other girls from homes that they don't want their daughters associating with.
Professor Daphna Barak-Erez has commented: "One of the most significant impacts of Judge Aaron Barak on Israeli law is found in the change which he led with regard to all matters of justiciability. Under the leadership of Judge Barak, the Supreme Court significantly increased the [range of] fields in which it is [willing to intervene].
In his article, "Tragedy of Sentencing Error" Israeli attorney Aviad Visoli provides legal context on the Israeli Supreme Court. Here is a partial English translation:
"The only law that falls upon the parents is mandatory education – to register the child in an educational institution and to ensure their continuous attendance. There is no doubt that the parents fulfilled this.
"On the seventh of April, 2010, the parents were included in the suit.
"The Supreme Court has no authority to preside in judgment over the parents. Paragraph 15 of the basic law of judgment states the following on the authority of the court: “(The Supreme Court) may give orders to government bodies, municipal bodies, and those individuals who fulfill a public function according to the law. (These orders) can be to force action or to prevent action in the fulfillment of their public duties according to the law.” The Supreme Court has no authority to issue an order against anyone who is not fulfilling a public role. The Court, by law, cannot instruct an individual citizen to send his child to a particular school.
"Thus, the Supreme Court has no authority to give any order to any private individual who is not fulfilling a public duty. According to the law, the Supreme Court has no authority to order anyone to send his child to any particular school.
"The Supreme Court is duty bound to enforce the laws passed by the Knesset. It has no authority to create new laws, and certainly not new laws that expand its own authority.
"The court’s decision in ordering the parents to send their daughters to a school they do not wish to is supposedly based upon the law that applies to recalcitrant citizens. However, it appears that this decision itself is illegal as it exceeds the power granted by the legislature. This is not a “marginal” violation, but a broad and systemic violation of the law."
"Shurat HaDin", an organization of human rights,
filed a petition on June 18, 2010 for the immediate release of the fathers: "The Supreme Court is authorized to give orders to those working in a public capacity only, that is, those who are fulfilling a public duty....The law does not allow the Supreme Court to rule on private individuals or to give orders to private individuals, and the court cannot grant itself this authority...."
The head of Shurat HaDin, Attorney Nitzna Darshan Litner, clarifies, "the Supreme Court has stretched its interpretation of the law to its limit. But no reinterpretation can grant authority that the law specifically does not allow."
Attorney Aviad Visoli states that the incarceration was illegal noting that the parents never had a trial, "each parent should have had a separate trial and been able to give testimony. They were not granted their day in court, not in actuality, not under the law."
Journalist Shmuel Kofer comments on judicial activism of the Israeli Supreme Court, "when judges use their position as a political - ideological platform, this is not merely politicization of justice, nor does it merely invalidate the decisions of the knesset and government, it degrades the Supreme Court itself."
Law professor Daniel Freedman, "the actions of Admond Levi show how justice degenerates when "law is everywhere.'"
Ben Dror Yemini, journalist on legal affairs for Ma'ariv, comments, "when there is a case against Sephardim or the religious, Admond Levi is put at the forefront to avoid any accusations of anti-Sephardic or anti-religious bias."
The Hasidic parents constantly claimed that Levi, an Iraqi descendant and the only Mizrahi/Sephardi judge on the court, took an unusual and personal interest in the case. Rav Luria, the above mentioned spokesperson for the parents claimed that "The behavior of Justice Levy was strange, to speak mildly. One of the petitioners even said that Levy gave him his email and his cell phone number so that he could be sure to stay up to date on all developments".
He then added: "During the arguments, Edmond Levy spoke as if he was the petitioner. Some of this is reflected in the transcripts. [His comments] give the clear impression, and please allow us to be shocked, [of] interference from the Court in Haredi education. This interference is without precedent, even in the days of Aharon Barak
. It lacks any legal basis. The judges just decide according to their gut feelings".
Attorney Rabbi Mordechai Green, founder of Betzedek, represented the parents before the High Court. In his brief, he pleaded that the Court not allow "a clash that is of a religious, value-oriented and conscience driven nature, that does serious harm to the legal rights of the parents as anchored in the Basic Laws of the State of Israel....The Court is deviating from its liberal approach in an exceptional way and it is forcing the individual a specific way of behavior that is against his free choice and inner convictions.Background on the Situation at Emmanuel
wrote the ruling. In his syllabus he quotes the Bass Report, which concluded that there was no ethnic discrimination, and that the separation was based only on religious criteria because the "Hasidim aren't interested to reveal their daughters to a modern lifestyle, which includes, according to them, inappropriate language and behavior that doesn't match the strict modesty laws they practice".
After a long summary of the events leading up to the ruling, and the legal statues for the case, Levy sums up the legal dilemma:
Levy then determines that:
Afterward Levy turns to the factual side of the case and finds that:
Therefore:
and Hanan Melcer
agreed to Levi's ruling and added their comments.
Like Levy, Arbel also pointed to the proposed article that all prayers should be in Ashkenazi accent as proof that the "real intention" of the separation was segregation between Sephardim and Ashkenazim. She added that the same argument applies to another rule in the proposed school code that "all students and their parents are required to adhere to the authority of the chosen Ashkenazi Rabbi", even if they are from Sephardi origin and they should have been allowed to follow the teachings of their own, Sephardic, rabbis. "This broad and unrestrained requirement through the code shows in my opinion the real desire that stands behind it, to separate between communities and not between different religious levels". (Although she probably didn't realize that the proposed authoritative Rabbi over the "whole" new section, Rabbi Bar-Lev, is himself from Sephardi origin. Nevertheless, the word "Ashkenazi" next to Rabbi never appeared in the code).
Rav Shimon Ba’adani of Bnei Brak had been appointed as arbitrator and final authority of the Beis Yaakov Chasidi
Aviad Visoli states that the Supreme Court held no hearing, no cross-examination of plaintiffs or defendants, rendering the court's decision illegal.
Melcer wrote longer comments, wherein he tried to compare this ruling to the historic Brown v. Board of Education
that ended segregation in the US and outlawed the "separate but equal" mentality. he goes farther than his colleagues and declares the "religious argument" as a hidden "camouflage" for discrimination, without any explanation. He also throws in that, contrary to the United States, religious freedom "still hasn't gotten constitutional status" in Israel. In the end he agrees to the ruling of judge Levi.
The parents of the Chassidic school then sent their daughters to a Chassidic school in Bnei Brak. After one day,the court forbid the parents to send their daughters to the school in Bnei Brak or any other school besides the original Beis Yaakov, or even home school them, lest they be held in contempt of court.
As the start of the new school year approached, the Hasidic parents were determined not to send their daughters in one school with the other, less strict, Haredi pupils, so they tried to find a way that would satisfy the court and still won't force them to compromise on their religious beliefs.
-based "Ma'ayan HaChinuch HaTorani
" education network had been founded in the same year that the Beis Yaakov Chassidi was founded - 2007 (see Bass report, page 6 paragraph 10). 108 students from the original school switched to the new Sephardi school, 104 of those were Sephardi girls.
"...no one calls the entirely Sephardic Ma’ayan HaChinuch school in Emanuel racist...."
Some 160 students remained in the old school, about 80 girls in the original section, and 74 in the Hasidic section. Physical dividers were removed. Both sections used the same entrance; uniform; staff room; And so on. The sections were only fully divided during the study hours.
All the parties involved were satisfied. Ezra Gershi, one of the original petitioners and then mayor of Immanuel, sent an official municipality letter to Yoav Lelum declaring the matter closed.
per day (approximately 1300 USD), with the Ministry of Education issuing a closure order for the private school.
On June 15, 2010 the Israeli Supreme Court ordered the parents of the Chassidic school to return their children to the Immanuel Beit Yaakov, and announced a two-week prison term for any of the parents who had not complied by June 16. The parents rejected the court order as a violation of religious independence, and voluntarily submitted to incarceration on June 17.
for Haredim in Israel, and over 100,000 turned up in Jerusalem for protests against the imprisonment; clerics of both Ashkenazi and Sephardi
strains of Israeli Haredi Judaism (including Tuvia Blau and Yaakov Yosef
) have also entered into rabbinical negotiations on the issue.
On 18 June 2010 two of the parents lodged an emergency appeal against their imprisonment. The appeal is on the grounds of lack of due process, since the parents were never given a hearing in their alleged contempt of court. Another appeal was lodged on 20 June 2010 by Shurat Hadin on the grounds that the actions of the court were ultra vires
, since the Supreme Court of Justice is explicitly excluded from giving judgement against individuals. That same day, negotiations for withdrawing the complaint fell through.
It has been noted that the Hasidic stream at the Immanuel school has a much higher percentage of Sephardim than the membership of the Supreme Court.
who have resided for most of Israel's history in a system which has allegedly given concessions and jurisdictions to the Jewish religious authorities, in addition to far greater perks to secular institutions, including subsidies for theaters and sports sites. The challenge of the Supreme Court
against Ashkenazi religious dictates is also perceived as casting light upon a long-running perception of the High Court as being biased in favor of secular Israeli concerns. Note that the court approved a separate school for the chasidic girls in the 2010 academic year, albeit without funding. A number of sephardic girls whose families consented to the school's modesty code are attending, as well.
New Israel Fund
The New Israel Fund is a U.S. based non-profit organization established in 1979, and describes its objective as social justice and equality for all Israelis.-Ideology:...
. and the "Tmura" and "Achoti" organizations,; the allegation - this was solely an ethnic split between Sephardim and Ashkenazim.
Attorney Mordechai Bass was sent by the Ministry of Education in January 2008 to investigate the allegations of discrimination. Bass concluded: "I am convinced that there is no ethnic discrimination....When ethnic discrimination actually occurs, we must combat it with all our might. I express my sorrow about complaints like these - thrown in the air - that increase hatred among Israel, and are totally baseless.”
In June 2010, the fathers of the girls who attend the Chassidic school, one-third of whom are Sephardic, were jailed by the Israeli Supreme Court without a trial. There was no hearing, no cross-examination of palintiffs or defendants. They were released before the end of their sentence when large-scale protests against what was alleged to be an inhumane and illegal incarceration swept the country. Secular journalist Nahum Barnea
Nahum Barnea
Nahum Barnea is an Israeli journalist. Barnea writes for Yedioth Ahronoth and Ha'Ayin HaShevi'it. He won the Israel Prize in 2007.-Biography:...
described the court decision as one "made not from the heart, nor from the head, but rather from the belly".
Understanding the expansion of power of the Israeli Supreme court in the 1990s assists in understanding the Immanuel Beit Yaakov topic. "The Supreme Court...operates under Aharon Barak’s dictum that the Court can hear a case brought by anyone about anything — unlike most countries, such as the US, where a person has to be affected by something in order to bring it to court."
Attorney Aviad Visoli argues that the fact that the Israel Supreme Court held no hearing renders the court's decision illegal. "Each parent should have had a separate trial and been able to give testimony. They were not granted their day in court, not in actuality, not under the law."
The Sephardic parents of the Chassidic school had presented an emergency appeal to appear before the Supreme Court. They point out that every family was invited to apply. Their request to appear before the court was denied.
The court has since approved a separate school for the Haredi girls in the 2010-2011 academic year, albeit without funding.
Background
The Immanuel Beit Yaakov hosts a population of girl students from both Ashkenazi and Sephardic schools of Judaism, with many of the parents of the Ashkenazi students coming from the SlonimSlonim (Hasidic dynasty)
Slonim is a Hasidic dynasty originating in the town of Slonim, which is now in Belarus.Today, there are two Slonimer Rebbes, both in Israel: one resides in Jerusalem and the other in Bnei Brak...
Hasidic
Hasidic Judaism
Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism, from the Hebrew —Ḥasidut in Sephardi, Chasidus in Ashkenazi, meaning "piety" , is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalisation of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of the Jewish faith...
group.
Slonim educational institutions are open to all who agree to abide by their school by-laws.
In the fall of 2007 two new schools were founded: the Beis Yaakov Chasidi and Ohel Rachel VeLeah. The Beis Yaakov Chasidi consisted of first through eighth grades, and was placed in the vacated part of the original Beis Yaakov that had housed the high school until the high school got its own building in 2004. The Ohel Rachel and Leah, a Shas-Mayan Sephardic school,
was located on the first floor of this new high school, had a first grade in 2007, (see Bass report, page 6 paragraph 12) becoming a fully graded school in 2009.
Rav Shimon Ba’adani of Bnei Brak was appointed as final Rabbinic authority of the Beis Yaakov Chasidi. In October 2007 he issued a letter that was placed in every mailbox in Immanuel forbidding the bringing of grievances to the media or secular courts. Rabbi Bar Lev of Immanuel states, "Ministers Pinchasi and Margi of the Shas party were concerned about reports in the media about alleged discrimination. As soon as they saw that Rav Ba'adani was the arbitrator of the school, they were satisfied with the situation and withdrew their investigation."
Media sources alleged that the founding of the Chassidic Beit Yaakov was solely an ethnic split. In HaAretz newspaper, from 2007 until after the fathers were jailed, nearly 30% of whom were Sephardic, the reports continued that this was solely an ethnic split.
Only after HaAretz conducted a direct interview with one of the imprisoned fathers, an article in June 2010 concedes: "a third of the group ...are Sephardic themselves."
Supreme Court documents alleged that this was solely an ethnic split.
Again, there was no trial, no cross examining the defendants or plaintiffs.
The New Israel Fund, which assisted the prosecution, claimed on its website and that of its grantee organizations, that this was solely an ethnic split: "The students have been physically separated within this school based solely on ethnicity."
Allegations in the media arose in 2007 about the physical separation of the new school from the old. Attorney Mordechai Bass notes on Page 7 of his fifteen-page report:
-
- "…The yard surrounds the school from four directions, and the girls (from both schools) are able to see and play with each other. The (media) portrayal of two completely separate sections of the school yard…is not true."
Allegedly, the Chassidic school built a fence in the play yard; cement walls in the corridor; using separate staff rooms; different dress codes; etc., essentially splitting the school in two.
The Chabad
Chabad
Chabad or Chabad-Lubavitch is a major branch of Hasidic Judaism.Chabad may also refer to:*Chabad-Strashelye, a defunct branch of the Chabad school of Hasidic Judaism*Chabad-Kapust or Kapust, a defunct branch of the Chabad school of Hasidic Judaism...
-Lubavitch girls. school was founded in the late 1990s. Many residents of Immanuel send their children to national-religious
National Religious Party
The National Religious Party ) was a political party in Israel representing the religious Zionist movement. Formed in 1956, at the time of its dissolution in 2008, it was the second oldest surviving party in the country after Agudat Yisrael, and was part of every government coalition until 1992...
schools in the neighboring towns of Karnei Shomron
Karnei Shomron
Karnei Shomron is an Israeli settlement and local council established in 1977 in the northwestern West Bank, east of Kfar Sava. It is north-east of Tel Aviv and north of Jerusalem. In 2006, the population of Karnei Shomron was 6,300...
, Kedumim
Kedumim
Kedumim , also spelled Qedumim, is an Israeli settlement and a town located in the Samarian hills of the West Bank that was founded during Hanukkah 1975 and now enjoys the municipal status of local council. Founded in 1975 by members of the Gush Emunim settlement movement, its current population is...
, and Shavei Shomron
Shavei Shomron
Shavei Shomron is a communal village and an Israeli settlement in the northern West Bank, founded in 1977. Located to the west of Nablus on the road to Tulkarm, it is within the municipal jurisdiction of the Shomron Regional Council. As of 2003, it had a population of 604, mostly religious...
; to Hasidic schools in Bnei Brak; to vocational schools in Petah Tikva, etc. Thus, there is a wide variety of choices in education for families who live in Emanuel.
Discrimination allegations
Before the Chasidi school was founded, outreach programs designed to get all the Beis Yaakov parents to take upon more strict observance, and thus circumvent the need for a new school, had been attempted.ETHNIC SELF-CONCEPT OF THE PARENTS OF THE CHASSIDIC SCHOOL:
When Yaakov Menken asked Rabbi Zaide (who is a member of the Slonimer Chassidic sect) about the ethnic composition of the Chassidic school, he responded, “...every time someone asks this question, I feel sick. Am I supposed to investigate whose parent is this or that?” He could not understand why anyone would have a problem with another child in the classroom that wasn’t well-founded on grounds of religious standards....
On page 2 of the Bass report: “The percentage of Ashkenazi families in the original school is 23%, and in the new (Chasidi) school, 73%.”(Footnote at bottom: “Such figures are not totally accurate – firstly, the schools do not note the ethnicity of their students in the registration – and THIS IS A GOOD THING! (emphasis added) Secondly – this figure was…partially based on the tenor of the family name, which can also be inaccurate.” )
The plaintiffs viewed the Chassidic school as opened solely to discriminate against the girls of Sephardi origin. A belief allegedly shared throughout parts of the Sephardi community in Israel, who allegedly feel discriminated against by the Ashkenazi community - even by the secular parts of the country's Ashkenazi leadership, and, according to the New Israel Fund website, by the Haredi schools.
The plaintiffs pointed out that the students in the new section were instructed to pray in the Ashkenazi tradition and accent, which encouraged their belief about it being a force of discrimination against them.
However, the original Beis Yaakov instructs in the Sephardi accent for prayer.
There was a Channel 2
Channel 2 (Israel)
Channel 2 is an Israeli commercial television channel.- History :In 1990, after 13 years of deliberations, the Knesset passed a law that paved the way for the establishment of commercial television in Israel. The goal was to enhance pluralism and create competition. Channel 2 began broadcasting on...
investigative report in October 2007.
"The topic has been in the headlines over the past year thanks to the efforts of the NIF (New Israel Fund) family."
The media paid special attention to the alleged separating wall; this helped the media portray it as segregation. However, Attorney Mordechai Bass states on page 7 of his report: "The yard surrounds the school from four directions, and the girls (from both schools) are able to see and play with each other. The (media) portrayal of two completely separate sections of the school yard…is not true.” See "Bass report" below.
Later the Haredi parents representative, Rav Avrohom Luria, would recognize that the wall was a PR disaster and "a serious mistake".
Rav Luria and the Haredi parents disputed the notion that the split occurred due to discrimination. They pointed out that they have 27% of Sephardi girls in their new section - including the daughter of one of the founders of the new section, Rabbi Yitzhak Bar-Lev, the official Sephardi Rabbi
Rabbi
In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word רבי , meaning "My Master" , which is the way a student would address a master of Torah...
of Emmanuel - and also that they allowed their girls to study together with the Sephardi pupils for decades before the split. The parents association was quoted in the Haredi media saying that "Up to three years ago, even as all other Haredi centers already contained separate schools for every community. i.e. Hasidim; Lithuanians; Sephardim; etc, Immanuel was proud to have only one school, and a wonderful relationship. our daughters were lectured by Sephardi teachers and we had no problem whatsoever".
Rav Luria explained that the split was crucial to the integrity of their children because of a new modern element that moved into town and threatened their lifestyle and the strict education that Haredi Jews give to their children - in terms of dress, exposure to television and media, music, choice of careers, etc. In fact the new track adopted rules identical to those in force at all other Haredi institutions throughout the country. "The nature of the population in Immanuel changed drastically in previous years, and when everybody sent their children to the same school it was a recipe for disaster. We asked for stricter rules that would comply with our standards but this wasn't suitable for other parents. It became clear to both sides that we need to part ways, and simply turn to the model that's already implemented in all other Haredi centers", the parents association told the media.
Complaints to Education Ministry
The contending parents then turned to Yoav Lalum, founder and head of the No'ar KaHalakha organization, which is a New Israel Fund grantee, whose stated aim is to fight against discrimination in Haredi schools. Laum was fresh off his own court battle with a Bais YaakovBais Yaakov
Bais Yaakov is a common name for Orthodox full-time Jewish elementary and secondary schools throughout the world for Jewish girls from religious families...
School in his own neighborhood in Givat Shaul
Givat Shaul
Givat Shaul is a neighborhood in western Jerusalem named after the Rishon Lezion, Rabbi Yaakov Shaul Elyashar, the Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel, and not, as commonly believed, for the biblical King Saul, whose capital was probably located on the hill Gibeah of Saul near Pisgat Ze'ev, on the way...
, Jerusalem, which refused to accept his daughter into the school. Lalum lost this court battle, but still was the only Sephardi of Haredi origin willing to openly use the secular court system; the Shulchan Aruch
Shulchan Aruch
The Shulchan Aruch also known as the Code of Jewish Law, is the most authoritative legal code of Judaism. It was authored in Safed, Israel, by Yosef Karo in 1563 and published in Venice two years later...
forbids to use the secular law system to solve disputes.
Bass Report
At first Lalum turned repeatedly to the Education MinistryMinistry of Education (Israel)
The Israeli Ministry of Education is the branch of government charged with overseeing public education institutions in Israel. The political head of the department is the Minster of Education, currently Gideon Sa'ar....
that they should step in to end the alleged discrimination. In response to his request the Ministry's Chief Executive appointed the former attorney general to The State Comptroller of Israel, Mordechai Bass, to review the case and determine if the new section is part of a Segregation effort.
After a month Bass submitted his report on March 2, 2008, that he found no discrimination, and that the sole purpose of the separation was due to religious beliefs of the separating parents. he specifically pointed out to the fact that every Sephardi parent that tried to get in the new section was accepted, and that none of the complaining parents ever actually tried to get into the new section and got rejected, to what he applies rhetorically: "If there is no rejection, where is the discrimination? [אם סירוב אין, אפליה מנין?]".
In the report he also revealed that after meeting with some of the complaining parents he actually found some ground for the proposition of the Hasidic parents that some of the Baal tshuva parents in the original school were still not fit to blend within the Haredi community. By example, that one parent repeatedly used Profanity
Profanity
Profanity is a show of disrespect, or a desecration or debasement of someone or something. Profanity can take the form of words, expressions, gestures, or other social behaviors that are socially constructed or interpreted as insulting, rude, vulgar, obscene, desecrating, or other forms.The...
to describe his Ashkenazi opponents, even though it is strictly forbidden in the Haredi community.
This is a partial English translation of the report of Mordchai Bass. The Hebrew version can be viewed on the following blog:
http://beisyaakovemanuel.blogspot.com/
Page 1
Invitation to investigate
“On January 28, 2008 I was invited to evaluate the complaints of ethnic discrimination made against the Beis Yaakov Emanuel administration. I have thoroughly reviewed relevant material … and have met with administrators from the ministry of education, the "chinuch Atzmaei" (independent religious schools’ network, which Beis Yaakov is a part of), and I visited the two schools in question.”
Page 2
Evaluation of ethnicity
“The percentage of Ashkenazi families in the original school is 23%, and in the new (Chasidic) school, 73%.”
(Footnote at bottom: “Such figures are not totally accurate – firstly, the schools do not note the ethnicity of their students in the registration – and this is a good thing! Secondly – this figure was…partially based on the tenor of the family name, which can also be inaccurate.” )
Were any families refused admission to the Beis Yaakov Chasidi, Emanuel?
“All parents wanting to sign up their daughters to the new school, and were ready to accept upon themselves the school’s conditions, were accepted (lit. “not refused”). Since there was no rejection (of any applicants), where is the discrimination?”
Page 5
Description of Emanuel Community
"A varied population dwells in Emanuel – Chassidic, Lithuanian, Sephardic, some families have been Haredi for generations, some for one generation, some are newly religious for a few years. In larger towns, this variety is expressed in a variety of schools. Until this year there was only one (Haredi) school in the town.”
Attorney Bass notes the tensions between the stricter, sheltered factions and the more open, lenient factions.
Page 6
Attorney Bass notes the founding of the Sephardic girls’ school in Emanuel, Beit Rachel and Leah, under the Mayan-Shas network, which at the time had only a small first grade.
He notes the various options that the parents explored – having different tracts in the same building, or opening a new school. In the end, a new school was founded.
Page 7
“The two schools are administrated separately, with two different principals.”
Physical separation between the two schools – fact or fiction?
“…photographers claimed that the cloth that was placed on the (pre-existing) fence prevented the girls from seeing each other. This is not true. Only part of the fence was covered. The yard surrounds the school from four directions, and the girls (from both schools) are able to see and play with each other. The (media) portrayal of two completely separate sections of the school yard…is not true.”
Page 8
“Were the students in the two schools divided according to ethnicity? The plaintiffs claim yes (the top of this page exhibits the plaintiffs’ claim)….The original school has 107 Sephardic girls and 32 Ashkenazim. The percentage of Ashkenazim is thus 23%. The new (Chasidi) school has 58 Ashkenazi girls and 21 Sephardim. The percentage of Sephardim is thus 27%....I repeat that…anyone interested in registering their daughters in the new school and ready to accept the school’s way of life was not refused.
“I spoke to the plaintiffs and asked for one instance of parents who asked to register their daughter and was refused and they had no such case.
He goes on to discuss the legal technicalities of opening a new school, licensing, and so forth.
Page 11
Again - physical separation between the two schools – fact or fiction?
Attorney Bass reiterates that accusations of physical barriers between the two schools were exaggerated and that indeed there was free access between the girls of both schools. He notes that the new school occupies (the third floor) rooms which were unused. (The third floor had housed the high school, and was vacated in September 2004 when the high school got its own building.)
Paragraphs 4 and 5 address the plaintiffs’ accusation that the times of school starting and recess were at different times. Attorney Bass found this to be untrue.
Paragraph 6 on page 11 addresses the plaintiffs’ accusation that the girls in each school were forbidden contact with each other. Attorney Bass notes that there was no such ordinance issued by the school.
Page 12
More on the culture of Emanuel – Sheltering children. Here, Attorney Bass sensitively notes the great variety that exists in the Haredi world, despite its outward uniform appearance in dress. He suggests that non-Haredim attempt to understand the mentality of sheltering from the outside world, and that the more strict and sheltered Haredim would understandably be wary of having their children have close contact with more lenient and worldly Haredim.
Page 13, paragraph 22
Was there ethnic discrimination in the Beis Yaakov Emanuel?
“The division was not ethnic, it was religious. I am convinced that there is no ethnic discrimination.”
Conclusion
"When ethnic discrimination actually occurs, we must combat it with all our might. I express my sorrow about complaints like these - thrown in the air - that increase hatred among Israel, and are totally baseless.”
Signed
Attorney Mordechai Bass
Bass still found that the opening of a new section under the same permit and symbol of the old school was a violation of the Ministry
Ministry of Education (Israel)
The Israeli Ministry of Education is the branch of government charged with overseeing public education institutions in Israel. The political head of the department is the Minster of Education, currently Gideon Sa'ar....
's administration regulations and therefore the school, and/or its parent organization shall be punished accordingly.
Lalum turns to the court
The day following the release of the Bass report, as he realized that the Education MinistryMinistry of Education (Israel)
The Israeli Ministry of Education is the branch of government charged with overseeing public education institutions in Israel. The political head of the department is the Minster of Education, currently Gideon Sa'ar....
would not intervene, Lalum decided to turn to the legal system – something almost unprecedented in Haredi history. Lalum, however, had already done that before, and with permission of his spiritual guide Rabbi Yaakov Yosef
Yaakov Yosef
Ya'akov Yosef is an Israeli rabbi and former politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Shas between 1984 and 1988.-Biography:Yosef was born in Egypt towards the end of the Mandate era, the second son of Ovadia Yosef, a prominent rabbi. He was educated in the Porat Yosef and Kol Torah...
, eldest son of the renowned Sephardi Rabbi Ovadia Yosef
Ovadia Yosef
Ovadia Yosef is the former Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel, a recognised Talmudic scholar and foremost halakhic authority.He currently serves as the spiritual leader of the Shas political party in the Israeli parliament...
(although they had an estranged relationship in the past), he petitioned the Supreme Court of Israel
Supreme Court of Israel
The Supreme Court is at the head of the court system and highest judicial instance in Israel. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem.The area of its jurisdiction is all of Israel and the Israeli-occupied territories. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme...
on February 4, 2008 to order the Education Ministry, the local municipality board of Immanuel
Immanuel (town)
Immanuel is an Israeli settlement and a town with local council status in the West Bank. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics ,...
, the Haredi Independent Education Center and the parents' organization of the Beit Yaakov school, to stop their aid to and/or close the new section.
The three judges selected by Chief Justice Dorit Beinish to hear this case were Edmund Levy
Edmund Levy
Edmund E. Levy was a judge of the Supreme Court of Israel and member of the Judicial Selection Committee .-Biography:Levy was born in Iraq to supporters of the Herut movement...
, Hanan Melcer
Hanan Melcer
Hanan Melcer is a current judge in the Supreme Court of Israel.Melcer was born in Tel Aviv to Holocaust survivors of Polish origin. He studied in Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium, and earned his Master's degree in Statutory law from the Tel Aviv University in the Academic reserve frame, where he also...
, and Edna Arbel
Edna Arbel
Edna Arbel is a justice on Israel's Supreme Court. She has held this post since May 2004. She is a native of Jerusalem.- Professional background :...
. They accepted the case on July 14, 2008, and Levy was appointed by Beinish as the head of the panel.
Negotiations
The Education Ministry immediately responded that it accepts the findings of the Bass report about the illegal use of one permit for two schools without reporting it to the ministry, and that in itself is grounds enough to revoke the school's license. They warned the Independent Education CenterIndependent Education Center (Israel)
The Independent Education Center of Israel was created in 1953 through the State Education law that was then implemented in the young Israel...
, the parent organization of the Beit Yaakov school, that they should reunite both sections as one general school, and that it's only allowed to organize a separate track with different classes for the two streams but not fully divided sections. If the center and/or school won't comply then they might lose their license and/or their government funding.
But in the meantime the Ministry refused to get involved in the discrimination issue, saying that it lacks the criteria to decide this, and therefore the Independent Education Center
Independent Education Center (Israel)
The Independent Education Center of Israel was created in 1953 through the State Education law that was then implemented in the young Israel...
should be liable to assure there is no segregation in the school.
In the midst of all this there were ongoing negotiations between the Independent Education Center
Independent Education Center (Israel)
The Independent Education Center of Israel was created in 1953 through the State Education law that was then implemented in the young Israel...
and the Ministry. In August both parties agreed that the sections will be reunited, if the school will accept new binding policies for the "Hasidic track". The first version included, among others, the following rules:
- The prayers will be conducted in Hebrew, but in Ashkenazi accent. The pupils should also use this accent at home, to facilitate on the students that aren't used to this accent at home.
- The rabbinical authority for the Hasidic track will be the official Sephardi Rabbi from Emmanuel, Rabbi Yitzhok Bar-Lev. The parents pledge to assure there is no conflict between the spiritual authority at home and the Rabbi.
- For modesty reasons, the girls won't be allowed to drive bicycles outside of their home.
- The parents shell control with whom their daughters associate after school, that they should only be with other girls whose lifestyle doesn't contradict with the Beit Yaakov teachings.
- The parents should be clothed modestly, in accordance with the Modesty laws of Rabbi Shmuel WosnerShmuel WosnerRabbi Shmuel Wosner is a Haredi rabbi and posek living in Bnei Brak, Israel....
. - There should be no radio at home, No television, No computer where they could watch movies, and No access to the internet.
- Parents shell refrain from taking their kids to Hotels and other entertainment facilities.
- The kids shouldn't stay at the homes of non-observant relatives.
This version was shown to the court, where Justice Levi, himself an Iraqi descendant, quipped on the first rule about the Ashkenazi accent that "even of you give me a thousand whips I won't be able to talk with a Lithuania
Misnagdim
Misnagdim or Mitnagdim is a Hebrew word meaning "opponents". It is the plural of misnaged or mitnaged. Most prominent among the Misnagdim was Rabbi Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman , commonly known as the Vilna Gaon or the Gra...
'n accent".
However, a Beis Yaakov student clarified: “The teacher instructs one accent for prayer. In the original Beis Yaakov, we were instructed in the Sephardi accent. In the Chassidic Beis Yaakov, they teach the Ashkenazi accent. But no girl is ever corrected if they use their accent from home, never. Yemenites pronounce their Chet’s and Ayin’s in their [sic] gutteral way, and have a special lilt to the HaMotzi blessing. Those who wish to use the Galicianer accent, which is not taught in either of the Beis Yaakovs, may do so."
After further deliberations, and by instruction of the court, the first rule was removed. So was the rule about using the Modesty laws from Rabbi Wosner
Shmuel Wosner
Rabbi Shmuel Wosner is a Haredi rabbi and posek living in Bnei Brak, Israel....
changed after the court viewed him as "too strict", to a "Panel of authoritative Rabbi's from the Independent Education Center
Independent Education Center (Israel)
The Independent Education Center of Israel was created in 1953 through the State Education law that was then implemented in the young Israel...
". The changes were accepted by all parties, including the Hasidic Parents of Emmanuel.
However, both, the court and the Ministry, also demanded that the divider be removed; that they reunite the staff room, and use the same dress codes. The Hasidic parents were ready to remove any physical divider, but refused to oblige to the demands to reunite the school, claiming that they wouldn't send their children in one school with the other girls from homes that they don't want their daughters associating with.
Allegations of court bias
Understanding the expansion of power of the Israeli Supreme court in the 1990s assists in understanding the Immanuel Beit Yaakov topic. Aharon Barak was President of the Supreme Court of Israel from 1995 to 2006. Richard A. Posner, a senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School, contrasts the American model of government checks and balances to Aaron Barak's concept of law: "In Barak's conception of the separation of powers, the judicial power is unlimited....What he means by separation of powers is that the executive and legislative branches are to have no degree of control over the judicial branch.... If each of the powers (executive, legislative, and judicial) were administered by a branch that was wholly independent and thus could ignore the others, the result would be chaos. The branches have to be mutually dependent...Professor Daphna Barak-Erez has commented: "One of the most significant impacts of Judge Aaron Barak on Israeli law is found in the change which he led with regard to all matters of justiciability. Under the leadership of Judge Barak, the Supreme Court significantly increased the [range of] fields in which it is [willing to intervene].
In his article, "Tragedy of Sentencing Error" Israeli attorney Aviad Visoli provides legal context on the Israeli Supreme Court. Here is a partial English translation:
"The only law that falls upon the parents is mandatory education – to register the child in an educational institution and to ensure their continuous attendance. There is no doubt that the parents fulfilled this.
"On the seventh of April, 2010, the parents were included in the suit.
"The Supreme Court has no authority to preside in judgment over the parents. Paragraph 15 of the basic law of judgment states the following on the authority of the court: “(The Supreme Court) may give orders to government bodies, municipal bodies, and those individuals who fulfill a public function according to the law. (These orders) can be to force action or to prevent action in the fulfillment of their public duties according to the law.” The Supreme Court has no authority to issue an order against anyone who is not fulfilling a public role. The Court, by law, cannot instruct an individual citizen to send his child to a particular school.
"Thus, the Supreme Court has no authority to give any order to any private individual who is not fulfilling a public duty. According to the law, the Supreme Court has no authority to order anyone to send his child to any particular school.
"The Supreme Court is duty bound to enforce the laws passed by the Knesset. It has no authority to create new laws, and certainly not new laws that expand its own authority.
"The court’s decision in ordering the parents to send their daughters to a school they do not wish to is supposedly based upon the law that applies to recalcitrant citizens. However, it appears that this decision itself is illegal as it exceeds the power granted by the legislature. This is not a “marginal” violation, but a broad and systemic violation of the law."
"Shurat HaDin", an organization of human rights,
filed a petition on June 18, 2010 for the immediate release of the fathers: "The Supreme Court is authorized to give orders to those working in a public capacity only, that is, those who are fulfilling a public duty....The law does not allow the Supreme Court to rule on private individuals or to give orders to private individuals, and the court cannot grant itself this authority...."
The head of Shurat HaDin, Attorney Nitzna Darshan Litner, clarifies, "the Supreme Court has stretched its interpretation of the law to its limit. But no reinterpretation can grant authority that the law specifically does not allow."
Attorney Aviad Visoli states that the incarceration was illegal noting that the parents never had a trial, "each parent should have had a separate trial and been able to give testimony. They were not granted their day in court, not in actuality, not under the law."
Journalist Shmuel Kofer comments on judicial activism of the Israeli Supreme Court, "when judges use their position as a political - ideological platform, this is not merely politicization of justice, nor does it merely invalidate the decisions of the knesset and government, it degrades the Supreme Court itself."
Law professor Daniel Freedman, "the actions of Admond Levi show how justice degenerates when "law is everywhere.'"
Ben Dror Yemini, journalist on legal affairs for Ma'ariv, comments, "when there is a case against Sephardim or the religious, Admond Levi is put at the forefront to avoid any accusations of anti-Sephardic or anti-religious bias."
The Hasidic parents constantly claimed that Levi, an Iraqi descendant and the only Mizrahi/Sephardi judge on the court, took an unusual and personal interest in the case. Rav Luria, the above mentioned spokesperson for the parents claimed that "The behavior of Justice Levy was strange, to speak mildly. One of the petitioners even said that Levy gave him his email and his cell phone number so that he could be sure to stay up to date on all developments".
He then added: "During the arguments, Edmond Levy spoke as if he was the petitioner. Some of this is reflected in the transcripts. [His comments] give the clear impression, and please allow us to be shocked, [of] interference from the Court in Haredi education. This interference is without precedent, even in the days of Aharon Barak
Aharon Barak
Aharon Barak is a Professor of Law at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya and a lecturer in law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Yale Law School, and the University of Toronto Faculty of Law....
. It lacks any legal basis. The judges just decide according to their gut feelings".
Attorney Rabbi Mordechai Green, founder of Betzedek, represented the parents before the High Court. In his brief, he pleaded that the Court not allow "a clash that is of a religious, value-oriented and conscience driven nature, that does serious harm to the legal rights of the parents as anchored in the Basic Laws of the State of Israel....The Court is deviating from its liberal approach in an exceptional way and it is forcing the individual a specific way of behavior that is against his free choice and inner convictions.Background on the Situation at Emmanuel
Court ruling
On August 6, 2009, the court ruled unanimously that it considers the division in Emmanuel as segregationist in nature, and it should therefore be ended immediately. There was no hearing, no cross-examination of plaintiffs or defendants.Judge Levy delivers the court opinion
The lead judge Edmund LevyEdmund Levy
Edmund E. Levy was a judge of the Supreme Court of Israel and member of the Judicial Selection Committee .-Biography:Levy was born in Iraq to supporters of the Herut movement...
wrote the ruling. In his syllabus he quotes the Bass Report, which concluded that there was no ethnic discrimination, and that the separation was based only on religious criteria because the "Hasidim aren't interested to reveal their daughters to a modern lifestyle, which includes, according to them, inappropriate language and behavior that doesn't match the strict modesty laws they practice".
After a long summary of the events leading up to the ruling, and the legal statues for the case, Levy sums up the legal dilemma:
Levy then determines that:
Afterward Levy turns to the factual side of the case and finds that:
Therefore:
Judges Arbel and Melcer
Judges Edna ArbelEdna Arbel
Edna Arbel is a justice on Israel's Supreme Court. She has held this post since May 2004. She is a native of Jerusalem.- Professional background :...
and Hanan Melcer
Hanan Melcer
Hanan Melcer is a current judge in the Supreme Court of Israel.Melcer was born in Tel Aviv to Holocaust survivors of Polish origin. He studied in Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium, and earned his Master's degree in Statutory law from the Tel Aviv University in the Academic reserve frame, where he also...
agreed to Levi's ruling and added their comments.
Like Levy, Arbel also pointed to the proposed article that all prayers should be in Ashkenazi accent as proof that the "real intention" of the separation was segregation between Sephardim and Ashkenazim. She added that the same argument applies to another rule in the proposed school code that "all students and their parents are required to adhere to the authority of the chosen Ashkenazi Rabbi", even if they are from Sephardi origin and they should have been allowed to follow the teachings of their own, Sephardic, rabbis. "This broad and unrestrained requirement through the code shows in my opinion the real desire that stands behind it, to separate between communities and not between different religious levels". (Although she probably didn't realize that the proposed authoritative Rabbi over the "whole" new section, Rabbi Bar-Lev, is himself from Sephardi origin. Nevertheless, the word "Ashkenazi" next to Rabbi never appeared in the code).
Rav Shimon Ba’adani of Bnei Brak had been appointed as arbitrator and final authority of the Beis Yaakov Chasidi
Aviad Visoli states that the Supreme Court held no hearing, no cross-examination of plaintiffs or defendants, rendering the court's decision illegal.
Melcer wrote longer comments, wherein he tried to compare this ruling to the historic Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 , was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which...
that ended segregation in the US and outlawed the "separate but equal" mentality. he goes farther than his colleagues and declares the "religious argument" as a hidden "camouflage" for discrimination, without any explanation. He also throws in that, contrary to the United States, religious freedom "still hasn't gotten constitutional status" in Israel. In the end he agrees to the ruling of judge Levi.
Court aftermath
At this point the Hasidic parents were already angered with the court, in what they believed to be a forcible meddling of the court in the strict Haredi lifestyle and an inhumane attack on their right to self education, being as the Haredim in Israel have a long and ongoing feud with the High court whom it views as hostile to the ultra-orthodox Jewish community.The parents of the Chassidic school then sent their daughters to a Chassidic school in Bnei Brak. After one day,the court forbid the parents to send their daughters to the school in Bnei Brak or any other school besides the original Beis Yaakov, or even home school them, lest they be held in contempt of court.
As the start of the new school year approached, the Hasidic parents were determined not to send their daughters in one school with the other, less strict, Haredi pupils, so they tried to find a way that would satisfy the court and still won't force them to compromise on their religious beliefs.
Founding of new Sephardi school
"Ohel Rachel and Leah", under the Sephardic ShasShas
Shas is an ultra-orthodox religious political party in Israel, primarily representing Sephardic and Mizrahi Haredi Judaism.Shas was founded in 1984 by dissident members of the Ashkenazi dominated Agudat Israel, to represent the interests of religiously observant Sephardic and Mizrahi ...
-based "Ma'ayan HaChinuch HaTorani
Ma'ayan HaChinuch HaTorani
The Ma'ayan HaChinuch HaTorani , is an education network in Israel, founded in 1984 by the Sephardi Rabbi Ovadia Yosef for the purpose of providing a religious "Torah" education to the Sephardi community. Rabbi Yosef still serves as the head of the organization....
" education network had been founded in the same year that the Beis Yaakov Chassidi was founded - 2007 (see Bass report, page 6 paragraph 10). 108 students from the original school switched to the new Sephardi school, 104 of those were Sephardi girls.
"...no one calls the entirely Sephardic Ma’ayan HaChinuch school in Emanuel racist...."
Some 160 students remained in the old school, about 80 girls in the original section, and 74 in the Hasidic section. Physical dividers were removed. Both sections used the same entrance; uniform; staff room; And so on. The sections were only fully divided during the study hours.
All the parties involved were satisfied. Ezra Gershi, one of the original petitioners and then mayor of Immanuel, sent an official municipality letter to Yoav Lelum declaring the matter closed.
Additional lawsuit by Lalum
In 2010, an additional civil suit was brought before the Supreme Court of Justice by Sephardi Yoav Lalum, who had already initiated a similar suit against a Beit Yaakov school in Jerusalem two years earlier (the earlier suit was thrown out by the court). At this point the Hasidic group established a private school for their students in private apartments. The Supreme Court then fined both schools' operators with 5000 NISIsraeli new sheqel
The Israeli New Shekel is the currency of the State of Israel. The shekel is divided into 100 agorot...
per day (approximately 1300 USD), with the Ministry of Education issuing a closure order for the private school.
On June 15, 2010 the Israeli Supreme Court ordered the parents of the Chassidic school to return their children to the Immanuel Beit Yaakov, and announced a two-week prison term for any of the parents who had not complied by June 16. The parents rejected the court order as a violation of religious independence, and voluntarily submitted to incarceration on June 17.
Reaction and subsequent events
This issue has become a cause celebreCause célèbre
A is an issue or incident arousing widespread controversy, outside campaigning and heated public debate. The term is particularly used in connection with celebrated legal cases. It is a French phrase in common English use...
for Haredim in Israel, and over 100,000 turned up in Jerusalem for protests against the imprisonment; clerics of both Ashkenazi and Sephardi
Sephardic Judaism
Sephardic law and customs means the practice of Judaism as observed by the Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews, so far as it is peculiar to themselves and not shared with other Jewish groups such as the Ashkenazim...
strains of Israeli Haredi Judaism (including Tuvia Blau and Yaakov Yosef
Yaakov Yosef
Ya'akov Yosef is an Israeli rabbi and former politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Shas between 1984 and 1988.-Biography:Yosef was born in Egypt towards the end of the Mandate era, the second son of Ovadia Yosef, a prominent rabbi. He was educated in the Porat Yosef and Kol Torah...
) have also entered into rabbinical negotiations on the issue.
On 18 June 2010 two of the parents lodged an emergency appeal against their imprisonment. The appeal is on the grounds of lack of due process, since the parents were never given a hearing in their alleged contempt of court. Another appeal was lodged on 20 June 2010 by Shurat Hadin on the grounds that the actions of the court were ultra vires
Ultra vires
Ultra vires is a Latin phrase meaning literally "beyond the powers", although its standard legal translation and substitute is "beyond power". If an act requires legal authority and it is done with such authority, it is...
, since the Supreme Court of Justice is explicitly excluded from giving judgement against individuals. That same day, negotiations for withdrawing the complaint fell through.
It has been noted that the Hasidic stream at the Immanuel school has a much higher percentage of Sephardim than the membership of the Supreme Court.
Legal irregularities
Observers have noted that the decision by the commission headed by supreme court justice Edmond Levy, to imprison the mothers after the end of the school year (once the fathers are freed), is contrary to the law stipulating that court-ordered imprisonment can only be used as an inducement to obey court orders, but never as punishment.Impact
The charges of segregation of students at the Immanuel Beit Yaakov have reflected long-running divisions in Israeli Jewish culture between religious Ashkenazim, religious Sephardim and Mizrahim, and secular IsraelisHiloni
Hiloni , plural hilonim derived from the Hebrew word hulin, meaning secular or mundane, is the term used in Israel for non-religious Jews.As natives of Israel, hilonim speak Hebrew...
who have resided for most of Israel's history in a system which has allegedly given concessions and jurisdictions to the Jewish religious authorities, in addition to far greater perks to secular institutions, including subsidies for theaters and sports sites. The challenge of the Supreme Court
Supreme Court of Israel
The Supreme Court is at the head of the court system and highest judicial instance in Israel. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem.The area of its jurisdiction is all of Israel and the Israeli-occupied territories. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme...
against Ashkenazi religious dictates is also perceived as casting light upon a long-running perception of the High Court as being biased in favor of secular Israeli concerns. Note that the court approved a separate school for the chasidic girls in the 2010 academic year, albeit without funding. A number of sephardic girls whose families consented to the school's modesty code are attending, as well.