Huguenots in South Africa
Encyclopedia
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
are descended from Huguenot
Huguenot
The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France during the 16th and 17th centuries. Since the 17th century, people who formerly would have been called Huguenots have instead simply been called French Protestants, a title suggested by their German co-religionists, the...
s. Most of these originally settled in the Cape Colony
Cape Colony
The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652, with the founding of Cape Town. It was subsequently occupied by the British in 1795 when the Netherlands were occupied by revolutionary France, so that the French revolutionaries could not take...
, but have since been quickly absorbed into the Afrikaner
Afrikaner
Afrikaners are an ethnic group in Southern Africa descended from almost equal numbers of Dutch, French and German settlers whose native tongue is Afrikaans: a Germanic language which derives primarily from 17th century Dutch, and a variety of other languages.-Related ethno-linguistic groups:The...
and Afrikaans
Afrikaans
Afrikaans is a West Germanic language, spoken natively in South Africa and Namibia. It is a daughter language of Dutch, originating in its 17th century dialects, collectively referred to as Cape Dutch .Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see , , , , , .Afrikaans was historically called Cape...
population, thanks to sharing a similar religion to the Dutch colonists.
History
Even before the large scale arrival of the Huguenots at the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century, a small number of individual Huguenot refugees settled there. They included Francois Villion, later known as ViljoenViljoen
Viljoen is a surname of French Huguenot origin in South Africa and all Viljoens are the descendants of Francois Villion, a free wagon maker who arrived as a Huguenot refugee at the Cape of Good Hope in October 1671 from Clermont, France. He married Cornelia Campenaar from Middelburg, Holland, in...
, and the Du Toit brothers. In fact, the first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was Maria de la Quellerie, the wife of governor Jan van Riebeeck
Jan van Riebeeck
Johan Anthoniszoon "Jan" van Riebeeck was a Dutch colonial administrator and founder of Cape Town.-Biography:...
, who started the settlement at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 on behalf of the Dutch East India Company
Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East India Company was a chartered company established in 1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia...
; however, she and her husband left for Batavia after ten years.
After a commissioner was sent out from the Cape Colony in 1685 to attract more settlers, a more dedicated group of immigrants began to arrive. A larger number of French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
refugees began to arrive in the Cape after leaving their country as a result of the Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Fontainebleau
The Edict of Fontainebleau was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes of 1598, had granted the Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state...
which revoked the Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes, issued on 13 April 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. In the Edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity...
.
On December 31, 1687 a group of Huguenots set sail from France as the first of the large scale emigration of Huguenots to the Cape of Good Hope, which took place during 1688 and 1689. In total some 180 Huguenots from France, and 18 Walloons from the present-day Belgium, eventually settled at the Cape of Good Hope. A notable example of this is the emigration of Huguenots from La Motte d'Aigues in Provence
Provence
Provence ; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a region of south eastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur...
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
. After this large scale emigration, individual Huguenot immigrant families arrived at the Cape of Good Hope as late as the first quarter of the 18th century, and the state-subsidised emigration of Huguenots was stopped in 1706.
This small body of immigrants had a marked influence on the character of the Dutch settlers. They were purposely spread out and given farms amongst the Dutch farmers. Owing to the policy instituted in 1701 of the Dutch East India Company
Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East India Company was a chartered company established in 1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia...
which dictated that schools should teach exclusively in Dutch
Dutch language
Dutch is a West Germanic language and the native language of the majority of the population of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname, the three member states of the Dutch Language Union. Most speakers live in the European Union, where it is a first language for about 23 million and a second...
, that all official correspondence had to be done in Dutch, and strict laws of assembly, the French Huguenots ceased by the middle of the 18th century to maintain a distinct identity, and the knowledge of French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
diminished and eventually disappeared as a home language.. This assimilation into the colonial population was also due to the fact that many Huguenot descendants married with individuals from the Dutch population.
Franschhoek
Western Cape
The Western Cape is a province in the south west of South Africa. The capital is Cape Town. Prior to 1994, the region that now forms the Western Cape was part of the much larger Cape Province...
province of South Africa. The valley was originally known as Olifantshoek ("Elephant's Corner"), so named because of the vast herds of elephants that roamed the area. The name of the area soon changed to le Coin Français ("the French Corner"), and later to Franschhoek, with many of the settlers naming their new farms after the areas in France from which they came. La Motte, La Cotte, Cabriere, Provence, Chamonix, Dieu Donne and La Dauphine were among some of the first established farms-—most of which still retain their original farm houses today.
Museum and monuments
A large monument
Huguenot Monument
The Huguenot Monument in Franschhoek, South Africa, is dedicated to the cultural influences that Huguenots have brought to the Cape Colony after their immigration during the 17th and 18th centuries....
to commemorate the arrival of the Huguenots in South Africa was inaugurated on 17 April 1948 at Franschhoek. A museum dedicated to the Huguenot history in South Africa is located adjacent to the monument.
A smaller monument commemorating the 300th anniversary of the arrival of the Huguenots is located in the Johannesburg Botanical Garden
Johannesburg Botanical Garden
The Johannesburg Botanical Garden is located in the suburb of Emmarentia in Johannesburg, South Africa.The gardens were established in 1968 and cover an area of around...
.
Legacy
Johannesburg Botanical Garden
The Johannesburg Botanical Garden is located in the suburb of Emmarentia in Johannesburg, South Africa.The gardens were established in 1968 and cover an area of around...
. Examples of the more common names are Blignaut, Cronje (Cronier), de Klerk (Le Clercq), Visagie (Visage), de Villiers
De Villiers
de Villiers may refer to:*AB de Villiers, a current South African international cricketer*De Villiers Graaff, a former South African politician.*Fanie de Villiers, a former South African cricketer...
, du Preez, du Plessis, du Toit, Fourie
Fourie
Fourie is a common South African surname originating from French Huguenot settlers.-People:Surname*Abrie Fourie , South Africa-born artist*Charles J...
, Fouche, Giliomee (Guilliaume), Hugo, Joubert
Joubert
Joubert is a surname that originates from central France, variation of Jaubert Joubert is a surname that originates from central France, variation of Jaubert Joubert is a surname that originates from central France, variation of Jaubert (Joubert is a surname that originates from central France,...
, Jordaan (Jourdan), Labuschagne (la Buscagne), Lange, le Roux, Leonard, Lombard, Malan
Malan
-People:*César Malan*David Malan*Lucio Malan , Italian politician*Solomon Caesar Malan*William Gerald Malan, Missouri bankerMembers of the prominent South African Malan family:*F. S...
, Malherbe, Marais, Nel
NEL
NEL or Nel may refer to:People:*André Nel , South African cricketer*Anton Nel , American classical pianist*Dewald Nel , Scottish cricketer...
, Pienaar
Pienaar
Pienaar is a surname of Huguenot origin that is particularly common in South Africa. It may refer to:...
, Roux, Terreblanche, Taljard, Theron
Theron
Theron, originally Greek pronounced and meaning "Hunter", or as a last name , may refer to:*Theron of Acragas , 5th century BC tyrant of Acragas, Sicily*Therons, a race of fictional aliens in the Dan Dare stories...
and Viljoen
Viljoen
Viljoen is a surname of French Huguenot origin in South Africa and all Viljoens are the descendants of Francois Villion, a free wagon maker who arrived as a Huguenot refugee at the Cape of Good Hope in October 1671 from Clermont, France. He married Cornelia Campenaar from Middelburg, Holland, in...
(Villion).
Some of the descendants of these original Huguenot families became prominent figures in South African society, most notably F.W. de Klerk
Frederik Willem de Klerk
Frederik Willem de Klerk , often known as F. W. de Klerk, is the former seventh and last State President of apartheid-era South Africa, serving from September 1989 to May 1994...
, the last State President of apartheid-era South Africa.
Some of the original forms of the surnames have been put in brackets.
- Aegidius Jean Blignaut, South African writer
- Jan F. E. Cilliers, Afrikaans-language poet, essayist, dramatist and reviewer.
- Sarel CilliersSarel CilliersCharl Arnoldus Cilliers was a Voortrekker leader and a preacher. With Andries Pretorius, he led the Boers to a huge victory over the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1838...
, Voortrekker leader and a preacher. - Hansie CronjeHansie CronjeWessel Johannes "Hansie" Cronje was a South African cricketer and captain of the South African national cricket team in the 1990s...
cricketer - Piet CronjePiet CronjePieter Arnoldus Cronjé, commonly known as Piet Cronjé was a general of the South African Republic's military forces during the Anglo-Boer wars of 1880-1881 and 1899-1902....
leader of the Transvaal Republic's military forces during the First and Second Anglo-Boer Wars - F.W. de KlerkFrederik Willem de KlerkFrederik Willem de Klerk , often known as F. W. de Klerk, is the former seventh and last State President of apartheid-era South Africa, serving from September 1989 to May 1994...
(born 18 March 1936; "Le Clerc"), last State President of apartheid-era South Africa. - Koos de la ReyKoos de la ReyGeneral Jacobus Herculaas de la Rey , known as Koos de la Rey, was a Boer general during the Second Boer War and is widely regarded as being one of the strongest military leaders during that conflict....
, (Jacobus Herculaas de la Rey) (22 October 1847 - 15 September 1914) was a Boer general during the Second Boer War - Fanie de VilliersFanie de VilliersPetrus Stephanus de Villiers , South Africa), was a cricketer who played 18 Tests and 83 One Day Internationals for South Africa as a right arm fast-medium bowler and right hand batsman between 1992 and 1998.De Villiers debuted in first-class cricket in 1985-86 for Northern Transvaal B...
, a former South African cricket player - Abraham de VilliersAbraham de VilliersAbraham Benjamin de Villiers more commonly known by his initials AB is a South African cricketer and captain of the South African cricket team, having succeeded Graeme Smith after the 2011 Cricket World Cup for ODIs and T20 Internationals...
, a South African cricket player (also known as AB de Villiers) - Jean de VilliersJean de VilliersJean de Villiers is a South African rugby union footballer. He started his career at wing, but now primarily plays centre. De Villiers plays for Western Province and internationally for South Africa....
, SpringboksSouth Africa national rugby union teamThe South African national rugby union team are 2009 British and Irish Lions Series winners. They are currently ranked as the fourth best team in the IRB World Rankings and were named 2008 World Team of the Year at the prestigious Laureus World Sports Awards.Although South Africa was instrumental...
rugby player - Pieter de VilliersPieter de Villiers (hurdler)Pieter de Villiers is a South African hurdler.-Achievements:-References:...
, South African athlete and Olympian (400m hurdles) - Morne du PlessisMorne du PlessisMorne du Plessis is a former South African rugby union player. He is often described as one of the Springboks' most successful captains. Playing at number 8, his national career spanned ten years, five of which he was captain...
, Springboks rugby player - I. D. du PlessisI. D. du PlessisIzak David du Plessis, who published under the name I.D. du Plessis , is an Afrikaans-language writer. A successful writer in many genres, he is included among the Dertigers.1...
, poet - Ampie du PreezAmpie du PreezAmpie Du Preez is a South African singer-songwriter. In 2010 he collaborated with South African cricketer AB de Villiers on their debut album, Maak Jou Drome Waar ....
, singer-songwriter - Frik du PreezFrik du PreezFrederik Christoffel Hendrik "Frik" du Preez is a former South African rugby union player who represented Northern Transvaal and the Springboks. He was born on a farm near Rustenburg and went to school at the Parys High School in Parys...
("du Prez"), Springboks rugby player, named as South Africa's rugby player of the 20th century - Alexander du ToitAlexander Du ToitAlexander Logie du Toit was a geologist from South Africa, and an early supporter of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift.Born in Newlands, Cape Town in 1878, du Toit was educated at the Diocesan College in Rondebosch and the University of the Cape of Good Hope...
, geologist - Daniel du ToitDaniel du ToitDaniel du Toit was a South African astronomer.He discovered or co-discovered a number of comets, including 57P/du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte, 66P/du Toit, 79P/du Toit-Hartley. He worked at Boyden Observatory.-References:*...
, South African astronomer - Christiaan du ToitChristiaan du ToitLieutenant-General Christiaan Ludolph de Wet du Toit DSO was a South African military commander...
, South African military commander - D. F. du Toit, co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real AfrikanersGenootskap van Regte AfrikanersThe Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners was formed on 14 August 1875 in the town of Paarl by a group of Afrikaans speakers from the current Western Cape region...
- S. G. du Toit, co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners
- Stephanus Jacobus du Toit, co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners
- Jacobus Johannes FouchéJacobus Johannes FouchéJacobus Johannes Fouché served as the second President of South Africa from 1968 to 1975.Born in the Boer republic of the Orange Free State , Fouché was a successful farmer...
- Johnny FourieJohnny FourieJan Carel Fourie was a South African Jazz guitarists.His first passion for music come whilst watching cowboy movies and Johnny wanted to imitate their sound.After this period he heard the George Shearing quintet in 1949...
, famous jazz guitarist. - Elsa JoubertElsa JoubertElsa Joubert , born as Elsabé Antoinette Murray on 19 October 1922 in Paarl, is an Afrikaans-speaking South African writer. Elsa Joubert rose to prominence with her novel Die swerfjare van Poppie Nongena, which was translated into 13 languages and also staged as a drama.Elsa Joubert grew up in...
, South African novelist in Afrikaans - Gideon JoubertGideon JoubertGideon Joubert was a South African writer and journalist who was known for his Intelligent Design-opinions, especially present in his book, Die Groot Gedagte, which was his biggest success.- Life :...
, South African author and journalist Afrikaans science non-fiction author - Marius JoubertMarius JoubertMarius Charl Joubert is a South African rugby union player who plays as a centre for ASM Clermont Auvergne in the French Top 14. He has previously played for the Boland Cavaliers, Free State Cheetahs and Western Province in the Currie Cup and the Stormers and the Central Cheetahs in the Super 14...
, Springboks rugby player - Petrus Jacobus JoubertPetrus Jacobus JoubertPetrus Jacobus Joubert , better known as Piet Joubert was Commandant-General of the South African Republic from 1880 to 1900.-Early life:...
, boer commandant-general of the South African Republic from 1880 to 1900 - Piet Joubert
- Ruda Landman
- Frederick Le RouxFrederick Le RouxFrederick Louis le Roux was a South African cricketer who played in one Test in 1914....
, South African cricketer - Garth Le RouxGarth Le RouxGarth Stirling Le Roux in Kenilworth, Cape Town is a former South African first class cricketer. He went to Wynberg Boys High School, graduating in 1973....
, South African cricketer - Adolph MalanAdolph MalanAdolph Gysbert Malan DSO & Bar DFC & Bar , better known as Sailor Malan, was a famed South African World War II RAF fighter pilot who led No. 74 Squadron RAF during the height of the Battle of Britain. Malan was known for sending German bomber pilots home with dead crews as a warning to other...
(1910–1963), known as Sailor Malan, Royal Air Force fighter pilot in the Second World War - Daniel François MalanDaniel François MalanDaniel François Malan , more commonly known as D.F. Malan, was the Prime Minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954. He is seen as a champion of Afrikaner nationalism. His National Party government came to power on the program of apartheid and began its comprehensive implementation.- Biography...
, who was a Prime Minister of South Africa elected on apartheid platform - Magnus MalanMagnus MalanGeneral Magnus André De Merindol Malan was the Minister of Defence , Chief of the South African Defence Force and Chief of the South African Army.-Early life:...
, former South African Minister of Defence (in the cabinet of President P. W. Botha), Chief of the South African Defence Force (SADF) and Chief of the South African Army. - Rian MalanRian MalanRian Malan is a South African author, journalist, documentarist and songwriter of Afrikaner descent. He first rose to prominence as the author of the memoir My Traitor's Heart, which, like the bulk of his work, deals with South African society in a historical and contemporary perspective and...
, celebrated South African author, journalist and political activist. - D. F. MalherbeD. F. MalherbeDaniël Francois Malherbe or D.F. Malherbe , was an Afrikaans-language novelist, poet, dramatist, and scholar.Malherbe is most noted for having written what is regarded as the...
, Afrikaans novelist - Gideon Malherbe, co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners
- Ben Marais
- Eugene MaraisEugene MaraisEugène Nielen Marais was a South African lawyer, naturalist, poet and writer.- His early years, before and during the Boer War :Marais was born in Pretoria, the thirteenth and last child of his parents, Jan Christiaan Nielen Marais and Catharina Helena Cornelia van Niekerk...
- Sarie MaraisSarie MaraisSarie Marais is a traditional Afrikaans folk song, created during either the First Anglo-Boer War or the Second Anglo-Boer War . The tune was taken from a song called Ellie Rhee dating from the American Civil War, and the words translated into Afrikaans...
- Beyers NaudéBeyers NaudéChristiaan Frederick Beyers Naudé was a South African cleric, theologian and the leading Afrikaner anti-apartheid activist...
, Afrikaner anti apartheid cleric. - Charle-Pierre Naudé, poet
- Jozua Naudé, acting President of South Africa from 1967 to 1968
- Francois PienaarFrancois PienaarJacobus Francois Pienaar is a South African former rugby union player. He played flanker for South Africa from 1993 until 1996, winning 29 international caps, all of them as captain. He is best known for leading South Africa to victory in the 1995 Rugby World Cup...
, former SpringboksSouth Africa national rugby union teamThe South African national rugby union team are 2009 British and Irish Lions Series winners. They are currently ranked as the fourth best team in the IRB World Rankings and were named 2008 World Team of the Year at the prestigious Laureus World Sports Awards.Although South Africa was instrumental...
rugby player; captain of the first Springboks team to win the Rugby World CupRugby World CupThe Rugby World Cup is an international rugby union competition organised by the International Rugby Board and held every four years since 1987....
in 19951995 Rugby World CupThe 1995 Rugby World Cup was the third Rugby World Cup. It was hosted and won by South Africa, and was the first Rugby World Cup in which every match was held in one country.... - Piet RetiefPiet RetiefPieter Mauritz Retief was a South African Boer leader. Settling in 1814 in the frontier region of the Cape Colony, he assumed command of punitive expeditions in response to raiding parties from the adjacent Xhosa territory...
, boer voortrekker - Esta TerBlancheEsta TerBlancheEsta TerBlanche , is a South African actress of Huguenot descent, best known for her roles on television soap operas in both South Africa and the United States.-Career:TerBlanche was born in Rustenburg, North West Province...
("Terre-Blanche") - Eugène Terre'BlancheEugène Terre'BlancheEugène Ney Terre'Blanche was a former member of South Africa's Herstigte Nasionale Party who founded the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging during the apartheid era...
("Terre-Blanche"), South African political activist and leader of AWBAfrikaner WeerstandsbewegingThe Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging is a South African far right separatist political and former paramilitary organization, since its creation dedicated to secessionist Afrikaner nationalism and the creation of an independent Boer-Afrikaner republic or "" in part of South Africa... - Juan TheronJuan TheronJuan "Rusty" Theron is a South African cricketer. He currently plays for the Chevrolet Warriors , the Deccan Chargers in the IPL and the South Africa national team...
, South African cricketer - Charlize TheronCharlize TheronCharlize Theron is a South African actress, film producer and former fashion model.She rose to fame in the late 1990s following her roles in 2 Days in the Valley, Mighty Joe Young, The Devil's Advocate and The Cider House Rules...
, HollywoodCinema of the United StatesThe cinema of the United States, also known as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. Its history is sometimes separated into four main periods: the silent film era, classical Hollywood cinema, New Hollywood, and the contemporary period...
actress - TotiusTotiusTotius was the pen name of the Afrikaner poet Jacob Daniël du Toit .-Life:...
(Jakob Daniël du Toit) - poet - Constand ViljoenConstand ViljoenGeneral Constand Viljoen SSA SD SOE SM is a former South African military commander and politician. He is partly credited with preventing the outbreak of armed violence by disaffected Afrikaners prior to the 1994 elections.-Military service:Viljoen received a degree in military science in 1955...
("Villion"), former leader of the South African Freedom Front (1994 - 2001) and SADF general - Gerrit ViljoenGerrit ViljoenGerrit Van Niekerk Viljoen was a South African government minister and member of the National Party....
- H.D Viljoen (Former Inspector General SADF)
- Marais ViljoenMarais ViljoenMarais Viljoen was the last ceremonial State President of South Africa from 4 June 1979 until 3 September 1984. Viljoen became the last of the ceremonial presidents of South Africa when he was succeeded in 1984 by an executive president, P. W. Botha.- Early life :Viljoen was the youngest of six...
- Paul Visagie, athlete and direct descendant of General Piet Joubert
Various French language first names have also gained popularity amongst Afrikaners, examples being Francois, Jacques and Eugene.
Some Afrikaans writers have Huguenot surnames, and were involved in setting up the Society of Real Afrikaners.
The wine industry in South Africa
South African wine
South African wine has a history dating back to 1659, and at one time Constantia was considered one of the greatest wines in the world. Access to international markets has unleashed a burst of new energy and new investment. Production is concentrated around Cape Town, with major vineyard and...
was greatly influenced by the Huguenots, many of whom had vineyards in France. Many of the farms in the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names, such as Cabrière, La Bourgogne, La Bri, La Chataigne and La Roche.
See also
- HuguenotHuguenotThe Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France during the 16th and 17th centuries. Since the 17th century, people who formerly would have been called Huguenots have instead simply been called French Protestants, a title suggested by their German co-religionists, the...
- Huguenot MonumentHuguenot MonumentThe Huguenot Monument in Franschhoek, South Africa, is dedicated to the cultural influences that Huguenots have brought to the Cape Colony after their immigration during the 17th and 18th centuries....
- Hugenot Memorial BuildingHugenot Memorial BuildingThe Hugenot Memorial Building, located at 48 Queen Victoria Street, Cape Town, is a provincial heritage site in Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa.In 1980 it was described in the Government Gazette as...
- History of Cape ColonyHistory of Cape ColonyThe written history of Cape Colony South Africa began when Bartolomeu Dias, a Portuguese navigator, discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. In 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed along the whole coast of South Africa on his way to India. The Portuguese, attracted by the riches of Asia, made no...
- Protestantism in South AfricaProtestantism in South AfricaProtestantism in South Africa date back to the initial European settlement on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Since then, Protestantism has been the preponderant religion of the European settlers and today, of all South Africans, regardless of ancestry....
Further reading
- Lugan, BernardBernard LuganBernard Lugan is a contemporary French historian and Associate Professor of African history at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3, in France. He's also teaching at the French Institute of Defense Studies. He has an academic rank as "Maître de conférences". A specialist of Africa since 1971, he authored...
(1996). Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud ("The French People Who Made South Africa"). Bartillat. [ISBN 2-84100-086-9]. - Weiss, M. Charles (1854). History of the French Protestant Refugees, from the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes to our own days. (Translated from the French by Henry William Herbert) New York: Stringer & Townsend.
- Memory and Identity: The Huguenots in France and the Atlantic Diaspora, Bertrand Van Ruymbeke & Randy J. Sparks, Published 2003 Univ of South Carolina Press, ISBN 1570034842
- The Huguenots of South Africa 1688-1988, Pieter Coertzen & Charles Fensham, Published 1988 Tafelberg, ISBN: 062402623X)