Haydar Khan e Amo-oghli
Encyclopedia
Haydar Khan e Amo-oghli or Haidar Khan Amu Ogly Tariverdiev ( ,,) (December 20 1880 , Urmia
or Salmas
, Iranian Azerbaijan - October 15 1921 , Gillan
) - a revolutionary activist who acted in Iran, Republic of Azerbaijan and Central Asia and used terror to radicalize Persian politics in the early 20th century.
or Urmia
into the Tariverdiev family and was raised in Alexandropol
in Armenia
. He received training in Yerevan
and Tbilisi
in electrical engineering, before he was invited to Iran in 1901 to set up an electrical plant for Imam Reza shrine
in Mashhad
. His father's was Ali-Akbar Afshar (a physician) and his mother's name was Zahra.Because local people tend to call his father Amo (Uncle in Persian and Azeri language) , they also called him Amo-oghli (Cousin in Azeri language). He immigrated to Alexandropol in 1886. As a student of Tbilisi Polytechnic University, he became acquainted with the ideas of socialism closer and in 1898 joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
.
[the official] was also an ordinary human being” . He remained 15 months in Mashhad and after that he went to Tehran
as the engineer of Haj Amin Al-zarb electrical plant.
, Haydar Khan, now more experienced and knowledgeable, played a significant role in radicalizing the course of Iranian politics.
On the very day that the Anglo-Russian Agreement was signed in St. Petersburg in 1907, dividing Iran into two spheres of influence, Ali Asghar Khan , the powerful Persian Premier, was shot in front of the Majles. Haydar Khan admitted that he had masterminded the assassination , and this was confirmed by Hassan Taqizadeh, who, however, denies that there existed a Terror Committee on whose orders Haydar Khan carried out this act . Ali Asghar Khan had just persuaded the Shah to work with Parliament, where he had a strong enough base to guarantee its cooperation. As a result of his death, the parliamentary coalition he had built soon evaporated. Moreover the Shah became more suspicious of Parliament, and, as the politicized crowd saw the revolutionary potential of prime minister’s removal, Parliament became less willing to accommodate the Shah. The lines became sharply drawn, increasing the likelihood of violent conflict.
Other members of the political elite who attempted to bridge the gap between the Shah and the Constitutionalists were also the targets of Haydar Khan’s political terrorism. These included Mirza AHmad Khan Ala-al-Dawla and the khedmat Society, which included members of the old regime who professed Constitutionalist sympathies. However, the most radical attack by Haydar Khan took place on 28 February 1908, when a bomb was thrown at the Shah’s motorcade. Haydar Khan was found responsible for the plot and was arrested, but he was soon released at the insistence of his parliamentary Social Democrat friends . This single act of violence was followed by the Shah’s closing of Parliament. The Shah and the Constitutionalists now stood against each other, and both sides were armed. Consequently in 1909, for the first time in the Middle East, a monarch was dethroned in the name of the people.
During this conflict, Haydar Khan first escaped to Caucasia, where he helped in the provision of men and material for the revolutionaries, before returning to fight alongside them. Once the Shah had been dethroned, he joined the radical Democratic Party and organized the assassination in January 1910 of Ayatollah Mirza Sayyed Abdullah Behbahani, who led the conservative wing of the Constitutionalists.
Later, Haydar Khan, in support of the Democrats and the governmental forces during the government of the popular Mirza Hasan Khan Mostawfi-al-Mamalek
, participated in attacks against the Sattar Khan
and Baqer Khan and Mojahed groups, veterans of the armed struggle during the Constitutional revolution who were now providing military support for the Conservatives. Haydar Khan and the Democrats supported Yeprem Khan
, the Armenian head of the police force, and succeeded in disarming them. Sattar Khan died soon afterwards as a consequence of an injury he sustained in action.
In March 1911 Haydar Khan was forced to leave Iran. The Conservatives had regrouped, and the Russians, who invaded Iran and occupied Azerbaijan, did not want a revolutionary neighbor on their border. After obtaining money from the deposed Shah in Russia, by pretending that he would help him regain his throne, Haydar Khan left for Europe.
Urmia
- Demographics :According to official census of 2006, the population of Urmia is about 871,204.- Language :The population of Urmia is mainly Azerbaijani people, with Kurdish, Assyrian Christian, and Armenian minorities...
or Salmas
Salmas
Salmas is a city in and the capital of Salmas County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 79,560, in 19,806 families....
, Iranian Azerbaijan - October 15 1921 , Gillan
Gillan
Gillan was a rock band formed in 1978 by Deep Purple singer Ian Gillan.-History:In 1978 Ian Gillan had become dissatisfied with the jazz fusion style of his band called the Ian Gillan Band and dissolved it, retaining only keyboard player Colin Towns, and formed a new band entitled Gillan...
) - a revolutionary activist who acted in Iran, Republic of Azerbaijan and Central Asia and used terror to radicalize Persian politics in the early 20th century.
Early years
He was born in SalmasSalmas
Salmas is a city in and the capital of Salmas County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 79,560, in 19,806 families....
or Urmia
Urmia
- Demographics :According to official census of 2006, the population of Urmia is about 871,204.- Language :The population of Urmia is mainly Azerbaijani people, with Kurdish, Assyrian Christian, and Armenian minorities...
into the Tariverdiev family and was raised in Alexandropol
Gyumri
Gyumri is the capital and largest city of the Shirak Province in northwest Armenia. It is located about 120 km from the capital Yerevan, and, with a population of 168,918 , is the second-largest city in Armenia.The name of the city has been changed many times in history...
in Armenia
Armenia
Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
. He received training in Yerevan
Yerevan
Yerevan is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country...
and Tbilisi
Tbilisi
Tbilisi is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form T'pilisi and it was officially known as Tiflis until 1936...
in electrical engineering, before he was invited to Iran in 1901 to set up an electrical plant for Imam Reza shrine
Imam Reza shrine
Imām Reza shrine in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imam Reza, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. It is the largest mosque in the world by dimension and the second largest in capacity...
in Mashhad
Mashhad
Mashhad , is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its...
. His father's was Ali-Akbar Afshar (a physician) and his mother's name was Zahra.Because local people tend to call his father Amo (Uncle in Persian and Azeri language) , they also called him Amo-oghli (Cousin in Azeri language). He immigrated to Alexandropol in 1886. As a student of Tbilisi Polytechnic University, he became acquainted with the ideas of socialism closer and in 1898 joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , also known as Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or Russian Social Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party...
.
Haydar Khan in Mashhad
Haydar Khan arrived in Iran as an inexperienced young man who knew no Persian and was unfamiliar with Iranian society and culture, but was driven to action by his restlessness, his sense of mission, and a belief in his own superiority to the Iranians. Upon humiliating an official (Saham ol mulk Motavalibashi) in Khorasan, he comments in his memoirs, “I had only one purpose in mind, which was to show the people of Khorasan who lacked education and understanding thatTehran
Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
as the engineer of Haj Amin Al-zarb electrical plant.
In Tehran
He arrived Tehran in 1903, where the Constitutional Revolution was about to unfold. He may have exaggerated his role in the Constitutional Revolution when he claimed that he was the one who sent the first group of people to take refuge on the grounds of the British Embassy. However, upon the death of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah and the accession of Mohammad Ali ShahMohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar was the Shah of Persia from 8 January 1907 to 16 July 1909.-Biography:He was against the constitution that was ratified during the reign of his father, Mozzafar-al-Din Shah...
, Haydar Khan, now more experienced and knowledgeable, played a significant role in radicalizing the course of Iranian politics.
On the very day that the Anglo-Russian Agreement was signed in St. Petersburg in 1907, dividing Iran into two spheres of influence, Ali Asghar Khan , the powerful Persian Premier, was shot in front of the Majles. Haydar Khan admitted that he had masterminded the assassination , and this was confirmed by Hassan Taqizadeh, who, however, denies that there existed a Terror Committee on whose orders Haydar Khan carried out this act . Ali Asghar Khan had just persuaded the Shah to work with Parliament, where he had a strong enough base to guarantee its cooperation. As a result of his death, the parliamentary coalition he had built soon evaporated. Moreover the Shah became more suspicious of Parliament, and, as the politicized crowd saw the revolutionary potential of prime minister’s removal, Parliament became less willing to accommodate the Shah. The lines became sharply drawn, increasing the likelihood of violent conflict.
Other members of the political elite who attempted to bridge the gap between the Shah and the Constitutionalists were also the targets of Haydar Khan’s political terrorism. These included Mirza AHmad Khan Ala-al-Dawla and the khedmat Society, which included members of the old regime who professed Constitutionalist sympathies. However, the most radical attack by Haydar Khan took place on 28 February 1908, when a bomb was thrown at the Shah’s motorcade. Haydar Khan was found responsible for the plot and was arrested, but he was soon released at the insistence of his parliamentary Social Democrat friends . This single act of violence was followed by the Shah’s closing of Parliament. The Shah and the Constitutionalists now stood against each other, and both sides were armed. Consequently in 1909, for the first time in the Middle East, a monarch was dethroned in the name of the people.
During this conflict, Haydar Khan first escaped to Caucasia, where he helped in the provision of men and material for the revolutionaries, before returning to fight alongside them. Once the Shah had been dethroned, he joined the radical Democratic Party and organized the assassination in January 1910 of Ayatollah Mirza Sayyed Abdullah Behbahani, who led the conservative wing of the Constitutionalists.
Later, Haydar Khan, in support of the Democrats and the governmental forces during the government of the popular Mirza Hasan Khan Mostawfi-al-Mamalek
Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
Mirza Hasan Ashtiani Mostowfi al-Mamalek was an Iranian Politician who served as Prime Minister of Iran on six separate occasions.-Early Life:...
, participated in attacks against the Sattar Khan
Sattar Khan
Sattar Khan Sattar Khan Sattar Khan (Persian/Azeri: ستارخان, ; (October 20, 1866—November 17, 1914), honorarily titled Sardār-e Melli was a pivotal figure in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and is one of the greatest heroes of Iran.Sattar Khan,...
and Baqer Khan and Mojahed groups, veterans of the armed struggle during the Constitutional revolution who were now providing military support for the Conservatives. Haydar Khan and the Democrats supported Yeprem Khan
Yeprem Khan
Yeprem Khan Davidian , also Yefrem Khan, was an Armenian revolutionary leader and national hero of Persia...
, the Armenian head of the police force, and succeeded in disarming them. Sattar Khan died soon afterwards as a consequence of an injury he sustained in action.
In March 1911 Haydar Khan was forced to leave Iran. The Conservatives had regrouped, and the Russians, who invaded Iran and occupied Azerbaijan, did not want a revolutionary neighbor on their border. After obtaining money from the deposed Shah in Russia, by pretending that he would help him regain his throne, Haydar Khan left for Europe.