Haplogroup O2b (Y-DNA)
Encyclopedia
Haplogroup O2b is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
. It is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup O2
. Haplogroup O2b is found mainly in the northernmost parts of East Asia
, from the Uriankhai
and Zakhchin
peoples of western Mongolia
to the Japanese
of Japan
, though it also has been detected sporadically in the Buryats
and Udegeys of southern Siberia, very rarely among populations of Southeast Asia
(including Indonesia
, the Philippines
, Thailand
, and Vietnam
), and Micronesia
ns. This haplogroup is found with its highest frequency and diversity values among modern populations of Japan and Korea
and is absent from most populations in China, but it has been detected in some samples of Han Chinese
from Beijing
and Jiangsu
, Daurs, Hezhes, Koreans in China, Manchu
s, and Sibes
.
or a nearby part of northern East Asia, followed by a long period of isolated evolution and population increase in the vicinity of the Korean Peninsula. Only branches of this haplogroup that are labeled as Haplogroup O2b*, i.e. those that do not exhibit the 47z mutation, have been detected among the indigenous populations of Inner Mongolia and northern Manchuria, and even then they are found only at very low frequencies. However, Haplogroup O2b* Y-chromosomes have been detected with high frequency in Korea, where they account for approximately 14% to 33% of the Korean male population.
A subclade
of Haplogroup O2b, namely Haplogroup O2b1-47z, is found with high frequency among the Yamato people
and Ryukyuan populations of Japan. Haplogroup O2b1 has been detected in approximately 22% of all males who speak a Japonic language
, while it has not been found at all among a total of twenty Ainu
males whose Y-DNA has been sampled in two genetic studies. Based on the STR haplotype diversity within Haplogroup O2b1, it has been estimated that this haplogroup began to experience a population expansion among the proto-Japanese of approximately 4,000 years ago, which makes it a good candidate for a marker of the intrusion of a Neolithic
population of the prehistoric Korean Peninsula into the southwestern parts of the Japanese Archipelago. However, the parent haplogroup, O2b*, is also found among Japanese, although at a relatively low frequency of approximately 4% to 8%, and the descendant haplogroup O2b1 is found only with low frequency among samples of modern Koreans, which suggests the possibility that Haplogroup O2b* might have colonized the Japanese Archipelago much earlier, with the subgroup O2b1 subsequently evolving within the proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan population of the western parts of the archipelago.
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
In human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome ....
. It is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup O2
Haplogroup O2 (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup O2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup O2 is a descendent branch of the greater Haplogroup O.-Distribution:...
. Haplogroup O2b is found mainly in the northernmost parts of East Asia
East Asia
East Asia or Eastern Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms...
, from the Uriankhai
Uriankhai
"Uriankhai" , also known as Urianhai or Uryangkhai, is a term applied to several neighboring ethnic groups...
and Zakhchin
Zakhchin
Zakhchin is a subgroup of the Oirats residing in Khovd Province, Mongolia.Zakhchin means 'Border people'. They are so called because they are originated form the border garrison of Dzungar Empire...
peoples of western Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
to the Japanese
Japanese people
The are an ethnic group originating in the Japanese archipelago and are the predominant ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide, approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent; of these, approximately 127 million are residents of Japan. People of Japanese ancestry who live in other countries...
of Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
, though it also has been detected sporadically in the Buryats
Buryats
The Buryats or Buriyads , numbering approximately 436,000, are the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia and are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic, a federal subject of Russia...
and Udegeys of southern Siberia, very rarely among populations of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, South-East Asia, South East Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic...
(including Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
, the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
, Thailand
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
, and Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
), and Micronesia
Micronesia
Micronesia is a subregion of Oceania, comprising thousands of small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It is distinct from Melanesia to the south, and Polynesia to the east. The Philippines lie to the west, and Indonesia to the southwest....
ns. This haplogroup is found with its highest frequency and diversity values among modern populations of Japan and Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
and is absent from most populations in China, but it has been detected in some samples of Han Chinese
Han Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
from Beijing
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
and Jiangsu
Jiangsu
' is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. The name comes from jiang, short for the city of Jiangning , and su, for the city of Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" , the second character of its name...
, Daurs, Hezhes, Koreans in China, Manchu
Manchu
The Manchu people or Man are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels , they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which...
s, and Sibes
Xibe
The Xibe or Sibo are a Tungusic ethnic group living mostly in northeast China and Xinjiang. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.- History :...
.
Subgroups
The phylogeography of Haplogroup O2b suggests an ancient origin in ManchuriaManchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
or a nearby part of northern East Asia, followed by a long period of isolated evolution and population increase in the vicinity of the Korean Peninsula. Only branches of this haplogroup that are labeled as Haplogroup O2b*, i.e. those that do not exhibit the 47z mutation, have been detected among the indigenous populations of Inner Mongolia and northern Manchuria, and even then they are found only at very low frequencies. However, Haplogroup O2b* Y-chromosomes have been detected with high frequency in Korea, where they account for approximately 14% to 33% of the Korean male population.
A subclade
Subclade
In genetics, subclade is a term used to describe a subgroup of a subgenus or haplogroup. It is commonly used today in describing genealogical DNA tests of human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups....
of Haplogroup O2b, namely Haplogroup O2b1-47z, is found with high frequency among the Yamato people
Yamato people
is a name for the dominant native ethnic group of Japan. It is a term that came to be used around the late 19th century to distinguish the residents of the mainland Japan from other minority ethnic groups who have resided in the peripheral areas of Japan, such as the Ainu, Ryukyuan, Nivkh, Ulta, as...
and Ryukyuan populations of Japan. Haplogroup O2b1 has been detected in approximately 22% of all males who speak a Japonic language
Japonic languages
Japonic languages is a term which identifies and characterises the Japanese which is spoken on the main islands of Japan and the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands. This widely accepted linguistics term was coined by Leon Serafim....
, while it has not been found at all among a total of twenty Ainu
Ainu people
The , also called Aynu, Aino , and in historical texts Ezo , are indigenous people or groups in Japan and Russia. Historically they spoke the Ainu language and related varieties and lived in Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin...
males whose Y-DNA has been sampled in two genetic studies. Based on the STR haplotype diversity within Haplogroup O2b1, it has been estimated that this haplogroup began to experience a population expansion among the proto-Japanese of approximately 4,000 years ago, which makes it a good candidate for a marker of the intrusion of a Neolithic
Neolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
population of the prehistoric Korean Peninsula into the southwestern parts of the Japanese Archipelago. However, the parent haplogroup, O2b*, is also found among Japanese, although at a relatively low frequency of approximately 4% to 8%, and the descendant haplogroup O2b1 is found only with low frequency among samples of modern Koreans, which suggests the possibility that Haplogroup O2b* might have colonized the Japanese Archipelago much earlier, with the subgroup O2b1 subsequently evolving within the proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan population of the western parts of the archipelago.